GST CALCULATION

1 0.18 1.18
2 0.36 2.36
3 0.54 3.54
4 0.72 4.72
5 0.9 5.9
6 1.08 7.08
7 1.26 8.26
8 1.44 9.44
9 1.62 10.62
10 1.8 11.8
11 1.98 12.98
12 2.16 14.16
13 2.34 15.34
14 2.52 16.52
15 2.7 17.7
16 2.88 18.88
17 3.06 20.06
18 3.24 21.24
19 3.42 22.42
20 3.6 23.6
21 3.78 24.78
22 3.96 25.96
23 4.14 27.14
24 4.32 28.32
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTON

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. PAGE No.

Figure 1: SSAB's high-strength steels 1
Figure 2: Schematic view of welded plates including a soft interlayer 4
Figure 3: Impact of the thickness on tensile strength of steel part 5
Figure 4: Impact of arc welded steel onHT80 steel 6
Figure 5: Systematic view of parts of the welded joint 7
Figure 6: Heat affected zone (HAZ) 8
Figure 7: The effect of heat input on HAZ 10
Figure 8: View of the t8 / 5 value scheme. 12
Figure 9: Evaluation of heat flow type in the joint 13
Figure 10: HAZ in developed steel and conventional steel 15
Figure 11: Quenching process 16
Figure 12: Weldox 1100's chemical makeup 17
Figure 13: MIG/MAG welding apparatus 19
Figure 14: Effect of current and voltage on MAG welding 20
Figure 15: Y groove Tekken Experiment 22
Figure 16: Combined geometry of weld 22
Figure 17: Different types of butt weld 23
Fig. 18: Shows the various components of a weld 23
Figure 19: Effect of temperature on residual stress 24
Figure 20: Stress Strain curve for steel rod of dia 24mm 26
Figure 21: Solid sample movement during rigorous test 28
Figure 22: Hardness v/s strain hardening curve 28
Figure 23: X-ray radiography schedule view 29
Figure 24: Ultrasonic testing methods 30
Figure 25: Different element shapes 32
Figure 26: Type of element and size in a short beam 33
Figure 27: The size of an element on a perforated plate 33
Figure 28: Depicts the placement of each node 34
Figure 29: Weld joint geometries 39
Figure 30: Dimensions of a tensile test specimen 43
Figure 31: A real-world tensile sample 43
Figure 32: Scheduled viewing test coupon 45
Figure 33: Weld metal in tensile test 46
Figure 34: Dimensions of the weld metal tensile test specimen 46
Figure 35: A) 2D view of the prepared model, B) 3D view of the prepared model 47
Figure 36: Different model layers of welding 48
Figure 37: Vickers hardness measurements of several thicknesses of HAZ 49
Figure 38: Setting up properties of martials 51
Figure 39: Differently sized models 52
Figure 40: A factor in a broken area of welded metal 56
Figure 41: Calculated uniaxial applied force in 6mm wide FEM model 58
Figure 42: Calculated uniaxial applied force in 12mm wide FEM model 59

Figure 43: Calculated uniaxial applied force in 24mm wide FEM model 59
Figure 44: Calculated uniaxial applied force in 48mm wide FEM model 60
Figure 45: Calculated uniaxial applied force in 96mm wide FEM model 60
Figure 46: Comparison between S12 and S16 62
Figure 47: Vickers hardness values for S5 and S15 65
Figure 48: Vickers hardness values for S6 and S16 65
Figure 49: Distortions in tensile test samples 69

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE No. PAGE No.

Table 1: Vickers hardness measurements of several thicknesses of HAZ 9

Table 2: Thermal efficiency of different welding technologies 11
Table 3: Shape factor for different heat flow dimensions 13
Table 4: The solubility product of different particles in austenite 14
Table 5: Impact of alloying elements on mechanical properties 18
Table 6: Different methods for carbon equivalent based on EN 1011-2 21
Table 7: Weldox 960 [50] Chemical Composition 36
Table 8: Weldox 1100's Chemical Composition 36
Table 9: Weldox 960 and Weldox 1100 equipment specifications 37
Table 10: Typical all weld metal chemical and mechanical properties 37
Table 11: ISO 9692 recommended for welded geometry to burn both sides 40
Table 12: The first trial 41
Table 13: The second trial 41
Table 14: The third trial 42
Table 15: Dimensions of the tensile test specimens 44
Table 16: required tensile load 44
Table 17: Coupon size for Toxicology tests 46
Table 18: Statistics 2.36 comparison of actual and relative yield values 50
Table 19: Difficulty providing power connections 50
Table 20: FEM model's mechanical characteristics are shown 51
Table 21: Overview of the project 53
Table 22: Results of RT testing for rigorous test samples 54
Table 23: UT test results for the third trial 55
Table 24 (a) : Solid welding steel structures 55
Table 24 (b): Tensile test results 57
Table 25: Revised section of the third trial 58
Table 26: Calculated Max applied stress in all FEM models 59
Table 27: Copmarison between square and V groove weldments 63
Table 28: Approximate volume of the weld metal 64
Table 29: Comparison between samples S5, S6, S15 and S16 67
Table 30: Mechanical properties of the FEM model and experiments 67
Table 31: The FEM based UTS tensile test 68
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