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Apparel CAD and Grading Learning Diary
Apparel CAD and Grading Learning Diary
OF FASHION
TECHNOLOGY PATNA
Learning Diary
Submitted to –
Navanendra Singh
Submitted by –
Akansha Choudhary
BFT/19/286
2D APPAREL CAD AND GRADING
Objective
The objective of this subject is –
To become aware of the concept of grading.
To understand anthropometry.
To know the fundamentals of pattern making, pattern
grading and marker making on apparel CAD software.
Manual Grading
The desired range of size is created one by one using pattern
templates/master patterns. A first master pattern pieces are
sketched on the pattern board and then the points are
marked around the pattern pieces as per the direction of
grade rules. In this way we can get both the enlarged or
reduced size patterns for all sizes of a particular style of
garments. A manually operated grading machine can also
perform this job. This device grips the master pattern pieces
and places on the pattern board as per the predetermined
direction after which appropriate edge can be traced out
maintaining the grade rule.
Advantages:
Advantages:
Quick process i.e. less time consumption;
High accuracy may be obtained
Disadvantages:
High initial cost is involved
Skilled operator is required.
Length Grade
Front and back neck drop is applied to shoulder neck
point. Shoulder line should remain parallel between sizes.
Body length is distributed between the shoulder neck
point and the bottom. Grading is divided between
shoulder/beck point, neck drop, armhole, waist, hip and
bottom. Body length combined grading is total of centre
front length and neck drop.
Neck width is applied at the shoulder neck point it is
always parallel to check line.
Armhole curve is combined measurement of armhole
width and armhole height grade.
Sleeve Grade
Sleeve armhole is combined measurement of sleeve cap
height grade and sleeve bicep grade along the armhole
curve.
Sleeve length from shoulder is distributed between the
sleeve cap and bottom sleeve edge. Sleeve cap grade is
applied above bicep line and sleeve cap while balance
length is divided between bicep line and sleeve cuff.
Sleeve length from shoulder is distributed between the
sleeve cap and bottom sleeve edge. Sleeve cap grade is
applied above bicep line and sleeve cap while balance
length is divided between bicep line and sleeve cuff.
Sizing System
The commercial sizing system for Men’s clothing provide a
broad range –
Height Group:
Short
Medium
Tall
Body Form:
Regular
Slim
Large
Athletic
Stocky
Portly
Dress Shirts
US England Europe Japan S-XL
Height Groups and Garment Length
Important Measurements for Pattern
Making
Our key measurements are different depending on the type of
garment you’re planning to make. Before we can talk about
them, let’s get some common acronyms out of the way.
Bottoms
Full Hip
High Hip
Waist
Total Rise
Thigh
Inseam
Bottoms
Knee Circumference
Calf Circumference
Ankle Circumference
Inseam
Outseam
Different Girth Measurement of
Human Body
head girth
neck girth
chest girth
arm length
waist girth
hip girth
height
body mass KG
How to measure
Full Bust/Chest - this is measured at the fullest point of the
bust/chest (typically along the apex) around the full
circumference of the body, parallel to the floor.
Grading Terminology
Grade – The ‘grade’ of a pattern is the incremental increase
or decrease in a pattern size at a given cardinal point. For
example; a large majority of commercial patterns will have
a 2″ grade. This means that there is a 2″ difference
between sizes.
Methods of Grading
In the apparel manufacturing basic pattern grading methods
are mainly divided into 2 types. They are
Advantages
Cost effective process
Disadvantages:
Time consuming process
Expected accuracy may not be obtained.
Disadvantages:
High initial cost is involved
Skilled operator is required.
Grade Rule
A grade rule is a designated amount a pattern is made larger
or smaller at one given point in order to make it fit a range of
sizes.
Grade Specifications
Grade specifications are relatively general but can be more
complex depending. A grade spec is a measure you specify to
indicate how much you want each size to grow or shrink (this
is also in my book in the grading section I mentioned). You
should know something about sizing to know whether you
want each size to increase an inch or two and also for height.
There are several earlier entries about this on this site that I
will link to at close.
Grading of Skirt
The Müller & Sohn grading system is recognized worldwide
and is considered the optimal basis for grading manually.
Increasing and reducing patterns in size is a tough task even
within a computer program. It requires the ability to reason as
well as technical knowledge. Thorough control of the system
is absolutely necessary when grading design patterns.
Grading a Straight Skirt Pattern with
Darts and Waistband from Size 38 to
Size 36 and 34
Each size is drawn since
there are two different
waist and hip girth
increments when grading
down the skirt pattern.
The grade rules are shown in the illustration. The hip grade for
the respective size is ¼ hip girth increment whereas the grade
rule for the waist grade is ¼ waist girth increment.
Grading Increment Calculations
Based on size chart Gr. 38 – Gr. 34:
Grade Lines
Grading of Shirt – Measurement
Specification Chart
Pattern Grading
In this process, patterns of different sizes are produced from
the original master pattern. In the tech pack grading chart is
given – Pattern maker follow that grading chart and then do
grading. Digitally graded pattern blocks are perfected for each
size and digitally checked for accuracy for each size before
proceeding to final bulk production.
Marker Making
After pattern making by using tools or by altering pattern
from digitization- grading is done. After grading the next
process is marker making. Marker efficiency is the percentage
of total fabric that is actually used in garment parts. This is
determined automatically by marker making software. Marker
efficiency is the most important part of garment
manufacturing as this is directly connected to fabric cutting
and how much fabric may waste during the production. Fabric
utilization directly affects costing so all software making
companies are continuously working hard to provide special
features to get maximum efficiency.
Fabrics Relaxation
Spandex fabrics can be relaxed from 24 to 48 hours before
spreading as per customer requirements.
Cotton fabric relaxation will depend on customer
requirements.
Marker Making
Marker making is the process of determining a most efficient
layout of pattern pieces for a style, fabric and distribution of
sizes (source: Apparel Manufacturing, Glock and Kunz).
Factories those don’t have a CAD system perform this process
manually. In manual marker making to make an efficient
marker one need time, skill and concentration. Now-a-day
Marker making is mostly done by CAD systems which give
accuracy, increase control over variables and reduces the time
required in making markers
Marker Efficiency?
Marker efficiency is defined as a ratio of area of marker used
in a garment and area of total marker.
Formula 2
Marker efficiency% = (Weight of fabric consumed by patterns
pieces in a marker / Total weight of fabric under the marker
area)*100
Computerized marker
Computerized marker making is more accurate and provides
the greatest opportunity for pattern manipulation, marker
efficiency, reuse of previously made markers, and shortest
response time. Production patterns may be developed on the
computer and/or digitized or scanned into the computer. In
addition, parameters for markers are entered into the
computer from cutting orders. These might include style
numbers, size distribution, and fabric width. Technicians
manipulate pattern images on computer screens and
experiment with various configurations to determine the best
material utilization for the marker. Protective devices are built
into the programs to ensure grain alignment and prevent
overlapping or omission of pieces or other errors. Once
markers have been planned and stored, they can be printed or
recalled and modified for new cutting orders.
Cutting Parameters
Cutting and Lay preparation depends on the following
parameters -
Fabric type
Spreading mode
Marker mode
Garment type
Pattern types
Spreading
Fabric spreading is a process by which plies of fabric is
spreaded in order to get required length and width as per
marker dimension. This is a preparatory operation for cutting
and consists of laying.
1. Flat and
2. Stepped
Objects
To place the number of plies of fabric to the length of the
marker plan correctly aligned as to length and width and
without tension.
To cut garments in bulk and saving in fabric through the
use of multi garment maker plans and the saving in cutting
time per garment that result from cutting many plies at a
time.
To make every ply plain and flat.
Spreading Mode
The modes of marker making and spreading are essential
concepts in apparel mass production, where garment
symmetry and fabric symmetry affect the selection of marker
modes as well as the methods of spreading and cutting. These
factors affect the cost of the product as well.
Symmetric Fabrics
No change in appearance when the fabric is turned 180
degrees in the same plane. In most cases, fabric symmetry is
concerned with only the face side and the back is of minimal
concern, as it shall be inside the garment and out of the view.
Solid colour plain weave fabrics are often symmetric.
Asymmetric Fabrics
If there is a change in appearance when the fabric is turned
180 degrees in the same plane then the fabric is said to be
asymmetric. Even if a fabric when rotated at 180 degrees,
causes a change in colour due to light reflection is
asymmetric. Refer to the illustration below-
Overall, we can now say that for any fabric there are the
following possibilities in which they can be spread-
Marker Mode
There are three types of marker modes:
Nap-either-way (N/E/W)
Nap-one-way (N/O/W)
Nap-up-and-down (N/U/D)
Nap-either-way (N/E/W):
In this case, the term nap is to indicate the fabric is directional
- it is different end-to-end. The nap of a fabric is created by its
structure (corduroy or an unbalanced plaid), a finish, or a
directional print. With symmetric, no directional fabrics,
pattern pieces can be placed on a marker with only
consideration for grain line. This marker mode is called nap-
either-way (N/E/W). Pieces are placed for best fabric
utilization.
Nap-one-way (N/O/W):
With asymmetrical and directional fabrics the orientation of
pattern pieces is extremely important to the consistency and
quality of the product. These fabrics require that all pattern
pieces be placed on a marker in only one direction. This is
called Nap-one-way.
Nap-up-and-down (N/U/D):
On some directional fabrics, such as corduroy, it may be
possible for all the pattern pieces of one size to be placed in
one direction and another size placed ill the opposite
direction. This is called nap-up-and-down (N/U/D).