Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: cbsua.sipocot@cbsua.edu.ph
Trunkline: (054) 881-6681

WEEK 2-3: II. Agriculture: AN OVERVIEW

At the end of this module, the students shall be able to:

a. Discuss the definition and importance of Agriculture to the existence and

civilization of humanity;
b. Determine the significant events in the development of Agriculture in the early age
and in the present times;
c. Discover the laws implemented to strengthen Agriculture in the Philippines; and
d. Describe the different practices, and types, of Agriculture as well as the different
farm tools, implements, and equipment.

A. What is Agriculture?
The word “agriculture” is derived from two Latin words “ager” or “agri”, meaning
soil and “cultura” meaning cultivation of the soil. In modern terms, agriculture is the art
and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and rearing livestock.
It is the science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and
raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting
products
Organic Agriculture is a system that relies on ecosystem management rather
than external agricultural inputs. It is a system that begins to consider potential
environmental and social impacts by eliminating the use of synthetic inputs, such as
synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, veterinary drugs, genetically modified seeds and
breeds, preservatives, additives and irradiation. Combines traditions, innovation and
science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good
quality of life for all involved.
Organic refers to the particular farming and processing systems, described in the
standards and not in the classical chemical sense.
The term "organic" is synonymous in other languages to "biological" or
"ecological". It is also a labeling term that denotes products considered organic based
on the Philippine National Standards for organic agriculture.
Organic production system is a system designed to:
1. Enhance biological diversity within the whole system;

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 2. Increase solid biological activity,
3. Maintain long-term solid fertility;
4. Recycle wastes of plant and animal origin in order to return nutrients to the
land, thus minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources;
5. Rely on renewable resources in locally organized agricultural systems;
6. Promote the healthy use of soil, water and air as well as minimize all forms
of pollution thereto that may result from agricultural practices;
7. Develop and promote the use of biotechnology in agriculture;
8. Handle agricultural products with emphasis on careful processing methods
in order to maintain the organic integrity and vital qualities or the product at
all stages; and
9. Become established on any existing farm through a period or conversion
the appropriate length of which is determined by site specific factors such
as the history of the land, and type of crops and Iivestock to be produced.

Principles of Organic Agriculture

1. General Level
 Improve and maintain the natural landscape and agro-ecosystem
 Avoid over exploitation and pollution of natural resources
 Minimize consumption of non-renewable energy and resources
 Produce sufficient quantities of nutritious wholesome and quality food
 Provide adequate returns, within safe, secure and healthy working environment
Acknowledge indigenous knowledge and traditional farming systems

2. Practical Level
 Maintain and increase the long term fertility of the soil
 Enhance biological cycles within the farm, especially nutrient cycles
 Provide nitrogen supply by intensive use of nitrogen fixing plants
 Biological plant protections based of prevention instead of curing
 Diversity crop varieties and animal species, appropriate to the local conditions
 Animal husbandry according to the needs of the animal
 Ban on synthetic chemical fertilizers, plant protection, hormones and growth
regulators Prohibition of genetic engineering and its products
 Ban on synthetic or harmful methods, processing aids and ingredients in food
processing

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

The four principles of organic farming — health, fairness, ecology and care —
provide a vision for agriculture that inspires environmentally friendly cultivation and
production.

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 Organic farming aims to produce superior quality products, with high nutritional
value and no chemicals, with the purpose of good health. It aims to create a sustainable
system that conserves energy, soil and water; while at the same time providing general
maintenance of the environment.

1. Principle of Health
Organic agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of
soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.

The principle of health in organic agriculture refers to

the health of eco-systems, as well as the health of people and
communities. Healthy soil produces healthy crops, and in turn,
healthy produce leads to healthy animals and humans. Good
health is imperative to our mental and physical wellbeing; it also increases our immunity
and allows our body to regenerate. Organic agriculture aims to provide healthy food that
is nutritious and superior quality. By not using fertilizers, pesticides and additives, organic
food plays an extra part in aiding good health.

2. Principle of Fairness
Organic agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to
common environment and life opportunities.

The principle of fairness refers to good human relationships

and quality of life. Organic agriculture is based on providing
a fair and just environment for people to live in. Organic
farmers are expected to ensure work completed at their farm
is fair to all involved, from the farmers and pickers, through
to the distributors and consumers. It aims to provide quality
food and other products, and animals are to be housed in
conditions that are in accordance with their natural behavior
and wellbeing. Organic agriculture merges human life with
animals and plants – and ensures they are all used sensibly now, and into the future.

3. Principle of Ecology
Organic agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with
them, emulate them and help sustain them.

Organic farms are based on an ecological system that balances

with the environment and nature, including recycling and taking
care of the eco-system. If you produce and raise organic
animals, you need to take care of the farm itself. For crops, take
care of the living soil. Ecological balance includes managing
conditions and culture; and farmers, producers, traders and
consumers should take environmental protection on board. Air, water, biodiversity,
climate and land needs to be protected and can be done through the use of high-tech
farming systems.

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4. Principle of Care
Organic agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to
protect the health and wellbeing of current and future
generations and the environment.

When it comes to organic agriculture, it’s not just the

environment today that matters, but we also need to have
consideration for the environment of the future. This is where
the principle of care comes in. Many organic farmers aim to
increase their production, and while this is great – it must be
done with care to ensure the future health of the planet is taken
care of. Using organic farming technology is the best way to do this, and its recommended
organic producers keep up to date with new methods.

Sustainability Aims:

1. Social aims
 Good working conditions
 Fair trade
 Ensure food supply
 Gender balance
 Safe product
 Good taste and quality
 Respect the local culture

2. Economic aims
 Economic security
 Economically viable
 Added value
 Low investment
 Good and constant yield

3. Ecological aims
 Makes best use of local resources
 Ecosystem balance
 No chemical pollution
 High soil fertility
 Clean water
 Biological diversity
 Animal friendly husbandry
 Conserve natural resources

B. Importance of Agriculture

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 A key to why agriculture is important to business and society is its output — from
producing raw materials to contributing to the global supply chain and economic .
For thousands of years, agriculture has played an important role in everyday life.
Before agriculture, hunting and gathering enabled humans to survive. It wasn’t until the
transition to the planned sowing and harvesting of crops that humans began to thrive.
Humans developed tools and practices to improve agricultural output with more efficient
means of sustaining themselves. From there, innovations that created industries led to
the modern era.

C. History of Agriculture
Over centuries, the growth of agriculture contributed to the rise of civilizations.
Before agriculture became widespread, people spent most of their lives searching for
food—hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants. About 11,500 years ago, people
gradually learned how to grow cereal and root crops, and settled down to a life based on
farming.
By 2,000 years ago, much of the Earth’s population had become dependent
on agriculture. Scholars are not sure why this shift to farming took place, but it may have
occurred because of climate change. When people began growing crops, they also began
herding and breeding wild animals. Adapting wild plants and animals for people to use is
called domestication.
TIME EVENTS
The first domesticated plant was probably rice or corn.
7500 BCE.
Chinese farmers were cultivating rice
5500 BCE Farmers in Mesopotamia developed simple irrigation systems.
6000 BCE New variety of wheat arose in South Asia and Egypt
15th and
Explorers introduced new varieties of plants and agricultural products
16th
into Europe
centuries
early 1700s Period of important agricultural development
1794 Discovered the cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney
Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper helped modernize the grain-
1830s
cutting process.
John Deere’s steel plow made it possible to work the tough prairie soil
1837
with much less horsepower
Gregor Mendel’s studies in heredity were published. His work paved the
1866
way for improving crops through genetics.
early 1900s Average farmer in the U.S. produced enough food to feed a family of five

Most farmers in developed countries were using both gasoline and

electricity to power machinery. Tractors had replaced draft animals and
Late 1950s
steam-powered machinery. Farmers were using machines in almost
every stage of cultivation and livestock management.

1960 Most farms in the U.S. and other developed countries were electrified

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 Scientists developed new strains of high-yield wheat and rice.
1950s and
This bold experiment in agriculture has been called the "Green
1960s
Revolution."
Scientists found that they could rearrange genes and add new ones to
1970s promote disease resistance, productivity, and other desired
characteristics in crops and livestock.
Scientists discovered which elements were most essential to plant
Early 1800s
growth: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Most of the world’s farmers live in developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin
America. Many of them cultivate land as their ancestors did hundreds or even thousands
of years ago. They do not use agricultural technology involving expensive chemicals or
production methods. These people are subsistence farmers. They use the bulk of the
food they produce for themselves and their families, unlike commercial farmers, who only
grow crops to sell.

D. Laws governing Philippine Agriculture

LAW BRIEF DECSRIPTION

It is declared the comprehensive government policy of the
Republic Act 11511
Philippines to promote and further develop the practice of
1 as an amendment to
organic agriculture in the country, and promote community-
Republic Act 10068
based organic agriculture systems.
Also known as the "Magna Carta of Small Farmers" was signed
into law on June 4, 1992. The Magna Carta of Small Farmers is
2 Republic Act 7607 a creditable law aimed at improving the lives of the small
farmers by empowering them and harnessing their
potentials and abilities.
An Act Promoting Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization
4 Republic Act 10601
Development in the country.
In 1995, Republic Act 7900 known as the High Value Crops
Development Act was created. It is an act to promote the
5 Republic Act 7900
production, processing, marketing and distribution of high
value crops.
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA). An act
prescribing urgent related measure to modernize the
agriculture and fisheries sectors of the country in order to
6 Republic Act 8435 enhance their profitability, and prepare said sectors for the
challenges of globalization through an adequate, focused and
Rational delivery of necessary support services, appropriating
funds therefore and for other purposes.
Otherwise known as the “Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program Extension With Reforms” aims to mitigate the effects
7 Republic Act 9700
of natural calamities by providing crop insurance to qualified
farmers.

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 CODE NO. TITLE
Republic Act 11511 An Act Amending Republic Act No. 10068 or the Organic Agriculture Act
of 2010
Republic Act 10068 (Organic Agriculture Act of 2010) - and its Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR)
Proclamation No. 212 Amending Proclamation No. 75 Entitled, "Declaring the month February
as Countryside Development Month"
Proclamation No. 178 Declaring the Years 2011 to 2020 as the National Decade on Biodiversity
in the Philippines
Republic Act No. An Act Providing for the Development and Promotion of Organic
10068 (27 July 2009) Agriculture in the Philippines and for other Purposes
Republic Act No. 8435 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA)
Republic Act No. 8550 Philippine Fisheries Code
Proclamation No. 261 The National Fisherfolks Day

4. Different Agricultural Practices

Agricultural practice means practice of farmers in order to generate crops for food, fibers,
forestry products, construction materials, fuel wood, fodder, biomass or any biological
products produced by direct or indirect intervention in the immediate environment.

4.1. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

A variety of philosophies, policies and practices have contributed to these goals.
People in many different capacities, from farmers to consumers, have shared this vision
and contributed to it.

Despite the diversity of people and perspectives, the following themes commonly
weave through definitions of sustainable agriculture:

Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.
Therefore, stewardship of both natural and human resources is of prime
importance. Stewardship of human resources includes consideration of social
responsibilities such as working and living conditions of laborers, the needs of rural
communities, and consumer health and safety both in the present and the
future. Stewardship of land and natural resources involves maintaining or enhancing this
vital resource base for the long term.

A systems perspective is essential to understanding sustainability.

The system is envisioned in its broadest sense, from the individual farm, to the local
ecosystem, and to communities affected by this farming system both locally and globally.
An emphasis on the system allows a larger and more thorough view of the consequences
of farming practices on both human communities and the environment. A systems
approach gives us the tools to explore the interconnections between farming and other
aspects of our environment.
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Everyone plays a role in creating a sustainable food system.
A systems approach also implies interdisciplinary efforts in
research and education.
This requires not only the input of researchers from
various disciplines, but also farmers, farmworkers,
consumers, policymakers and others.

Making the transition to sustainable agriculture is a

process.
For farmers, the transition to sustainable agriculture
normally requires a series of small, realistic steps. Family
economics and personal goals influence how fast or how far
participants can go in the transition. It is important to realize that each small decision can
make a difference and contribute to advancing the entire system further on the
"sustainable agriculture continuum." The key to moving forward is the will to take the next
step.

Finally, it is important to point out that reaching toward the goal of sustainable
agriculture is the responsibility of all participants in the system, including farmers,
laborers, policymakers, researchers, retailers, and consumers. Each group has its own
part to play, its own unique contribution to make to strengthen the sustainable agriculture
community.

4.2 CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURE

“Conventional farming” is generally associated with high-input modern agriculture

which includes the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, and
herbicides. However, this term, which is commonly used in the scientific and agricultural
literature, is devoid of technical content. To draw a general definition, conventional
farming qualifies the predominant agricultural practices applied in one region
(Viaux 1999).

The conventional farming practices, together with the use of chemical

fertilizers and pesticides, excessive water use and fossil fuels, and frequent planting of
single crops are short-term measures. Generally food is grown as economically as
possible, allowing farmers to make a living and the crop to continue to be affordable for
everyone. Nevertheless, in the long term, conventional farming practices are not
sustainable. The fertilized soil becomes overloaded with chemical toxins, and low in
nutrients. Useable land becomes rare, and the use of water and energy become high,
with financial costs and it is not environmentally friendly (Cowling, 2013).
In order to have long-term success nourishing an over-growing population, farmers will
have to change their crop-growing patterns. Crop rotation, along with natural fertilization,
allows farmers to often harvest generous crops from healthy soil. It does not permit the
release of more chemicals into the environment, and reduces the use of nonrenewable

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capitals. Furthermore, it transports the user with nutrient ridiculous food, instead of low-
quality crops. The capability of the farming industry to supply wheat as staple food in eco-
friendly manner in the future will have a huge effect on the prosperity of the world
population (Cowling, 2013).
Sustainable nutrient management should be based on being capable and effective in
presenting economic, social, and environmental benefits. The nutrient cost is increasing
rapidly, and high nutrient amounts are utilized to give high crop yields, which remove
nutrients and require high inputs. It is therefore necessary to provide more food at
affordable prices which causes high production costs. Hence, both productivity
and nutrient use efficiency must be enhanced. These factors have insisted on the efforts
of the fertilizer industry to develop methods for fertilizer best management practices like
4Rs.
5. Types of Agriculture

Conventional vs. Sustainable (Organic) Farming

Conventional Farming
Conventional farming, also known as traditional farming or industrial
agriculture, refers to farming systems which include the use
of synthetic chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and
other continual inputs, genetically modified organisms,
concentrated animal feeding operation]s, heavy irrigation,
intensive tillage, or concentrated monoculture production.
Thus conventional agriculture is typically highly resource-
demanding and energy-intensive, but also highly productive.

Organic Farming
Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production that involves much
more than choosing not to use pesticides,
fertilizers, genetically modified organisms,
antibiotics and growth hormones.
Organic production is a holistic system
designed to optimize the productivity and fitness of
diverse communities within the agro-ecosystem,
including soil organisms, plants, livestock and
people. The principal goal of organic production is
to develop enterprises that are sustainable and
harmonious with the environment.
Organic farming promotes the use of crop rotations and cover crops, and
encourages balanced host/predator relationships. Organic residues and nutrients
produced on the farm are recycled back to the soil. Cover crops and composted manure
are used to maintain soil organic matter and fertility. Preventative insect and disease

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 control methods are practiced, including crop rotation, improved genetics and resistant
varieties. Integrated pest and weed management, and soil conservation systems are
valuable tools on an organic farm.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Organic Agriculture

1. Advantages
Consumer Benefits
 Nutrition
 Poison Free
 Food Taste Better
 Food keeps longer

Grower benefits
 Lower input costs
 Added value

2. Disadvantages
 Productivity
 Cultivation
 GMO crops
 Time
 Skill

Environmental Effects of Organic Farming

1. Climate Friendly
2. Ecological Friendly
3. Nature Friendly

Definitions of Farming Systems

1. Traditional Agriculture - Traditional agriculture can be defined as a primitive style
of food production and farming that involves the intensive use of indigenous
knowledge, land use, traditional tools, natural resources, organic fertilizer and
cultural beliefs of the farmers.
2. Sustainable Agriculture - means an integrated system of plant and animal
production practices having a site-specific application that will over the long
term: Satisfy human food and fiber needs.
3. Conventional Agriculture - generally associated with high-input modern
agriculture which includes the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers, fungicides,
insecticides, and herbicides.
4. Integrated Production - Integrated production is an agricultural system of
production of plants using farming techniques that ensure sustainable agriculture,
using methods of integrated pest management compatible with environmental

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 protection, agricultural productivity and the use of natural production mechanisms
and resources.
5. Organic Agriculture - is a holistic production management system which
promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological
cycles, and soil biological activity.

6. Some different farm tools, implements and equipment’s

There are a variety of farm tools that are used in the process. You can use these common
farm tools for small plot farming in the backyard. Sometimes, even farmers can consider
having these farm tools as listed below as these are the most important tools for farming.
Tools Description
1. Hand cultivator
Soil cultivation equipment helps in gardening
and is used for gathering weeds and turning
the soil. And it is used for digging of rows. A
cultivator can pierce the soil through its disk.

2. Bolo
It is one of the common farm tools used for
cutting purposes and it clears the vegetation. It
also helps to clear out weeds or grasses.

3. Crowbar
This tool is used for digging holes and to dig
out stones. Many farmers consider this a
handy tool to deal with any gardening issue.

4. Grub Hoe
These are meant for digging trenches,
removing roots, weeds and removing rocks.

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 5. Pick Mattock
It is used for chopping and digging. Pick
mattock is normally sharp.

6. Spade

This tool has a very sharp edge, long handle,

and rectangle shape type. It is used for digging
purposes.

7. Rake
This tool is used in many industries apart from
the agriculture industry. It is used for gardening
purposes.
Some Agricultural Farm Implements
The machines used in agricultural practices to reduce human labour and enhance
field crop are called agriculture implements. Major agricultural implements include
harvesters, drag, disk harrows, cultivators, seed drill, harrows, spade, pickage, plough,
etc. These tools are in high demand in countries like India, where agriculture and farming
are primary occupations for most people. Hence, the use of agriculture implements in
India has given a new reputation to this occupation.
There are various types of agricultural implements used in farming at different steps of
crop production and management. Humans have developed specialised machines for
each purpose, from preparing the field to harvesting and storing the crop. Some of these
implements are as follows:
 Irrigation machinery: It includes a pump that is
used for drawing water out of the ground.
Modern irrigation tools include a sprinkler
system having perpendicular pipes and rotating
nozzle and drip irrigation piping system. These
two modern systems are crucial in saving water
while providing the plants with ample water.

 Harvesting: The process of cutting of crop when it is fully mature is called harvesting.
Earlier it was done using a sickle, a sharp and curved device made of metal and wood.
These days harvesters are used for this purpose. A combine is a machine that is a
combination of thresher and harvester; it can perform threshing after harvesting the
crops from the field.

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Benefits of Agricultural Implements
 The agricultural implements are beneficial in the following ways:
 Human work has decreased too many folds.
 Less labor is required when implements are used.
 They help with more efficient crop production.
 It saves the cost of work.
 Agricultural implements are a one-time investment.
 It saves time and money.
 These implements increase overall income.
 Enhances the growth of agricultural industries, which make these machines.

List of Farm Equipment with Pictures & Their Uses

Modern farmers need a wide variety of equipment for their farming jobs. But since
budgeting is a big problem for new farmers, I only pick up the essential ones that you
should have on your farm.
1. Tractors are the most popular farm machinery that comes in many sizes for all
your farming operations. The primary purpose of a tractor is to pull farm equipment.
Besides, you can use it with attachments for nearly all your farming demands.

There are four types of tractors on the market:

 Compact tractors: This small and high-powered tractor type can handle all basic
functions of a tractor. It is often used in small spaces where traditional tractors
can’t reach.
 Wheeled tractors: A wheeled
tractor can do almost all farming
jobs, like handling heavy materials
and equipment or tilling the soil
before sodding, transportation, etc.
When picking up a wheeled tractor,
you should consider its horsepower
and its area coverage.
 Track tractors: A track tractor can
perform challenging tasks or provides a smoother ride on rough fields. This tractor
type is used to plow the area with little slippery and rutting.
 Orchard tractors: As its name, an orchard tractor is primarily used in orchard
fields. It can perform landscaping and farm maintenance while not affecting the
trees.

2. Harvesters

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Harvesters (or Combine Harvesters) are used in all farm sizes to cut and collect crops
with less manual labor. This farm equipment
comprises 21 parts, including rotating blades, belts,
augers, wheels, and much more. These parts work
together to help you harvest in three processes –
reaping, threshing, and winnowing.
You can choose a harvester or its attachments
depending on your farm demands. Many modern
harvesters can also track crop data, providing
information on the areas that need to improve in the
upcoming year.
A harvester is a serious investment in this list of farm equipment. A good quality harvester
will bring you greater output and returns with less
effort.

3. Plows
Plows (or Plough) are the most critical implement in
this list of farm equipment. A plow is often attached
behind a tractor to lose and turn the first soil layer to
let soil receive fresh air and new nutrients.
The act of plowing also helps remove unwanted vegetation on the surface. When the soil
is well-plowed and free of weeds and dead vegetation, it will be ready for sow seedling or
plantation.
Moldboard plow - This plow type is applied on lands that haven’t been used for
plantation for a long time. It uses wing-shaped blades to cut and turn the hard soil
thoroughly.
4. Harrows
Harrows are crucial to properly maintaining healthy
fields among these farm tools and equipment. A harrow
is often attached behind an ATV or a tractor to blow up
and smooth out the soil surface, evenly distribute the
crop residue, and postpone the growth of weeds.
A disc harrow comprises a row of metal discs that
chop up weeds or crop residues. This harrow type is
more powerful than spring or tine harrows.

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 5. Seeders
Seeders help you distribute seeds more evenly and
quickly than small mechanical seeders or hand-seeding
methods. This tractor attachment is widely used in large-
sized farms.
Broadcast seeder (known as Rotary seeder):
Broadcast seeders are available in all sizes, from
compact ones that you can carry on your neck to heavy
commercial ones behind a large tractor. The seeds are
stored in the hopper, and they will be placed in an area when a plate turns.
Agricultural Implements hold a significant role in modern agricultural practices.
Therefore, there is a need to use these agricultural implements in commercial and organic
farming. These tools can be used majorly for field preparation, sowing, planting,
threshing, irrigation and harvesting purposes. Their use can be easily justified with
productivity enhancement and labor cost reduction. Hence, there is a need to support
their indigenous production and usage training for the farmers.

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