Coa Lab File

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE LAB
(Subject Code: (18CSC203J)
B.TECH II YEAR / III SEMESTER
PUSHPAK
NAME – ANIKET KUMAWAT
ANAND
RA2111003030345
REG No – RA1911003030349
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,
DELHI NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR
SIKRI KALAN, DELHI MEERUT ROAD, DIST. – GHAZIABAD - 201204
www.srmimt.net
____________________________
Odd Semester (2022-23)
(July
(July-2020)
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR

DELHI CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
________________
RA2111003030345
Registration no: - RA1911003030349
__________
Pushpak
Certified to be the bonafide record of work done by ANIKET ANAND Of 3rd semester 2nd year
B.TECH degree course in SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR
Campus for the Department of Computer Science &Engineering, in Computer
Organization and Architecture Laboratory during the academic year 2020-21.
Lab In charge Head of the department
______ at SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

Submitted for end semester examination held on 02/12/2020
& TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR Campus.
Internal Examiner-I Internal Examiner-II
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Sl.No Experiment Date Signature
Study about PC Hardware

To recognize various components of PC- Input Output systems
1.
Processing and Memory units
To understand how different components of PC are connected to work
2.
properly Assembling of System Components
To understand how different components of PC are connected to work
3.
properly Disassembling of System Components
Study of TASM
Addition and Subtraction of 8-bit number
4. I. Addition
II. Subtraction
5. Addition and Subtraction of 16-bit number

I. Addition
II. Subtraction
6. Multiplication and Factorial of 8-bit
7. Multiplication and Factorial of 16-bit
Circuit Maker
8. Study of Half Adder, Design of Half Adder
9. Study of Full Adder, Design of Full Adder
10. Study of Ripple Carry Adder, Design of Ripple Carry Adder
Learning Resources
Project
Supplement Study Materials
Viva Question And Answer
Reference

Ex:No:01 To Recognize Various Components of PC- Input Output Systems Processing and
:: Memory Units
Aim:
To Identify and Recognize Various Components of PC- Input Output Systems Processing and
Memory Units, components in a CPU and its functions.
Ob
jectives:
After performing this experiment students will be able to:
 Understand the functions of computer
 Prepare a list of various computer components and peripherals. (E.g. CPU, Monitor,Keyboard,
Mouse, Speaker, Web cam, Printer, Scanner, microphone, speakers, modem, project or etc).
 Identify various components of Computer
Description:
Computer:
Computer is an electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user via input devices and
processes these data on processor(CPU) under the control of set of instructions (called program) and
gives the result (output) to the output devices and saves output for the future use on memory
(memory/storage devices). It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical)
calculations.

Fig: Model of Computer
Functions of Computer Input Storage Process & Output:

Input.
Computer receives data from users. A user enters data using input devices like keyboard, mouse
or any other devices like webcam, punch card, magnetic tapes, joystick or magnetic disk etc. The Input
units accept information using input devices then it converts the given data to readable form and this
data moves to Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Storage:
The given information stored in a computer using different storage devices i.e. central process
unit and auxiliary memory. The auxiliary memory also known as secondary or external storage have
hard devices for example Floppy, Hard Disk, Compact Disk and Flash Drive.
Processing:
It is considered the basic computing operation. It executes the instructions, control storage data
and input or output devices attached the computer.
Output:
Last but not the least the output unit which represents results from the operations of central
processing unit CPU. The result may be in hard or soft form i.e. visual display unit, printers and
headphones.

Advantages of computers:
The advantages of a computer sums up into the following reasons:-
• Reliability
• Consistency
• Versatility – can be used for different purpose
• Precision
• Communication
• Stores large amounts of data
• Fast processing speed
• Manipulation of data
• Output can be produced in several formats
Computer Generations:

Classifications of Computers:
Analog Computers:
It accepts analog input and provide analog output information. it represents physical quantities
like acceleration, temperature, distance or voltages in mechanical or electrical circuits and does not need
any storage device. Examples of analog computer are thermometer, speedometer and analog clock.
Digital Computer:
This computer accept digital input and provide digital output after processing information and
the operation are in binary system of 0 and 1. By manipulating the binary digits and numbers it can
perform any task like analyze data, mathematical calculations etc. Examples of digital computers are
Apple Macintosh, IBMPC.
Hybrid Computer:
This computer is the combination of both analog and digital computers in terms of speed and
accuracy. Hybrid computers can measure physical and digital quantities. Examples of hybrid computer
is the machine measure heartbeat in hospital, devices installed fuel pumps.
Peripherals component of a computer:
Components of a Personal Computer:
• System Case: The system case or System Unit, sometimes called the chassis or enclosure, is
the metal and plastic box that houses the main components of the computer.
• Monitor - Your monitor is the component that displays the visual output from your computer
as generated by the video card.
• Keyboard - This is the input device to enter the text data in to the computer.

• Mouse - A point and click interface for entering commands which works well ingraphical
environments.
• CPU – This is central Processing unit. its task to processdata.
Components inside the System Case
• Power Supply (SMPS) it’s a Switch Mode Power Supply, which takes 220 V/ 110 V ACcurrent
as input and converts that in to multiple DC voltages.
• Hard disk drive(s) this is where your files are permanently stored on your computer. Also,
normally, your operating system is installed here.
• CD/DVD drive(s) This is normally a read only drive where files are permanently stored. There
are now read/write CD/DVD drives that use special software to allow users to read from and
write to these drives.
• Motherboard mother board is the central printed circuit board (PCB) holds many of the crucial
components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. It is also known as
Main Board.

Logical view of computer system:
Fig: illustrate the relationship between user, Application software, Operating System and computer
hardware and its function
Input Devices:
These are used to put data and instructions into the computer. The most common input device for is the
keyboard and mouse
List of Input devices

1. keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Trackball
4. Joystick
5. Image Scanner
6. Touch Pad
7. Touch screen
8. Pointing the stick
9. Vocal system
10. Keyboard
Keyboard
This is the most commonly used input device available at least on almost any computer. He has a
series of buttons that look like typewriters. Each key has a letter, a number, a symbol or a word.
Mouse
Mouse is a portable device that moves on the desktop or on the mouse pad. Since It has a ball
underneath, usually two or more buttons at the top of the This causes the ball to move as the mouse
moves.

Joystick
The joystick consists of a base and a stick. Whenever you move the wand in any direction, the
object moves on the computer screen. While joystick can perform similar functions on the mouse. While
it is often considered less comfortable and effective.
Touchscreen
Touch screen refers to the display screen that receives the input of the Finger key. Because of
screen is covered with plastic layers. While has an invisible infrared beam behind the screen. Whenever
users enter data by touching the icon or menu on the screen, in short most touch screen computers use
sensors to detect the touch of a finger, is used for ATMs, department stores and supermarkets.
Microphone
In fact this is a device that is very similar in style to the microphone you use on the stage. It is
designed for those users. That does not have to hold it while he / she is speaking.
TrackBall
Trackball is used as a substitute for the mouse. Button of this device is similar to the mouse. He
has a big spinning ball at the top of the body of the trackball in fact does not move. In fact ball move
with your fingers.
Output Devices:
The output unit of the output devices is responsible for generating the output in user-readable form.
Various output devices, such as a monitor (also known as decompression, ie video display unit), printer,
plotter, etc., make the computer output unit.
Monitor:
A monitor or screen is the most common form of output for a computer. It displays the information in
the same way as on the TV screen. The image on the monitor consists of thousands of dots called pixels.

Cathode ray tube (CRT): – it works like a TV-it has an electronic gun on the back of the glass tube,
which excites the electrons to make the screen shine. LCD is used to create pixels on the screen. Each
tiny liquid cell is a pixel.
Printer:
Printers are one of the most practical and useful ways that computers can pass information by printing
characters. The printer can be divided into two different categories. Impact Printer: There is mechanical
contact between the printer head and the paper of this printer. Printer without impact: There is no
mechanical contact between the printer head and the paper of this printer.
Assign the printer:
Matrix Printer Impact Point Printer: The Matrix Printer (DMP) is the most popular serial printer,
meaning it points to a character. In DMP, the print head contains a vertical array of pins. As the head
moves on the paper, the selected pins pull the ink ribbon to form the dot pattern on the paper. There are
80 DMP columns and 132 DMP Ionic markets available.
Printer without impact: -

1. Electromagnetic printer:
Whenever we use electromagnetic recording technology, the printed magnetic image can be written on
the drum surface.
2. Thermal printer:
When heat that converts an electrical pulse into a selected part of a print head or a wire or feather.
When heat is apply on the heat-sensitive paper, a character is printed.
3. Electrostatic printer:
For electrostatic printers, the paper also is coated with non-conductive dielectric materials, and when the
voltage is used with the “feather” writing (the head), it retains its charge. Whenever he passes, the head
is written on the paper. 4. Inkjet printer: The printer directs the ink flow at high speed to the paper. The
ink flow decomposes into water drops by an ultrasonic sensor.
5. Laser printer:
This printer uses desktop copier technology. The desired output is written in the copier drum using a
computer-controlled beam. These laser printers are also quite capable of producing a high dot mass. The
speed of a laser printer can be a page upto10-15 page per minute (ppm).
6. Speakers:
Speaker: Whenever speaker receives a sound from the current form of the sound card and converts it to a
sound format.

Memory and storage devices:
Storage Device is a device for recording (storing) information(data). Recording can be done
using virtually any form of energy.storage device is a hardware device capable of storing information.
There are two storage devicesused in computers; a primary storage device such as computerRAM and a
secondary storage device such as a computer hard disk drive.
Primary Storage(Main Memory):
Storage media installed on the motherboard store data and instruction to be executed by the CPU
Main memory is classified into

• RAM
• ROM
• CMOS
RAM:
Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers. When an
application is running it stores its information in the RAM. When you close the application the
information is deleted from the RAM.
Secondary Storage:
Secondary storage is a storage medium that holds information until it is deleted or overwritten
regardless if the computer has power. For example, a floppy diskdrive and hard disk drive are bothgood
examples of secondary storage devices. As can be seen by the below picture there are three different
types of storage on a computer, although primary storage is accessed much faster than secondary storage
because of the price and size limitations secondary storage is used with today’s computers to store all
your programs and your personaldata.

Floppy Disk :
A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. Floppy disk is easy to use, rewritable,
compact, and great for storing information. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read,
write to, and write over information stored on a floppy disk.
Hard Disk :
A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in RAM (which
is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files you're able to store.

Magnetic Tape:
Magnetic Tape can be used to perform both functions - input and output. Magnetic Tape is a
secondary storage media. Magnetic tapes are used for large computers like mainframe computers
where large volume of data is stored for a longer time. In PC also you can use tapes in the form of
cassettes. The cost of storing data in tapes is inexpensive. Tapes consist of magnetic materials that store
data permanently. It can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm wide plastic film-type and 500 meter to 1200 meter long
which is coated with magnetic material.
Magnetic Disk:
You might have seen the gramophone record, which is circular like a disk and coated with
magnetic material. Magnetic disks used in computer are made on the same principle. It rotates with very
high speed inside the computer drive. Data is stored on both the surface of the disk. Magnetic disks are
most popular for direct access storage device.
Optical Disk: The CD-Rom is reads CD's. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only
Memory. CD's have much more data than a floppy disk. Using CD-RW you can make your own CD's
and use them more like a floppy disk.

Central Processing Unit:
Also called a central processor or main processor, is the electronic circuitry within
a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic,
logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The processor is fitted
on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board contains various components, which support the functioning
of a PC. Most modern CPUs are microprocessors
Components on a Motherboard
• Processor Socket: processor is installed in this socket.

• Memory Slots: Primary memory RAM is installed in this slot
• IDE Connectors: Hard Disk Drive, CD/DVD Drive, Floppy drive connected here.
• PCI Slot: Adapter cards are installed in this slot like Display card, Sound card,
Network Interface card, etc
• AGP or PCI-Ex Slot: it is used to connect Advanced Graphics cards.
• Power Connectors: power supply is connected to this.
• Chipset: Group of specialized chips on the motherboard
• Back Panel Connectors: External devices are connected to motherboard or system through
this back panel.

Microprocessors:
A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing
unit on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a
multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input,
processes it according to instructions stored in its memory and provides results as output.

Processor speeds:
• Jumper: Small metal connector with a plastic cover used to connect two metal pins
together. Configuring the jumpers on a motherboard will change the settings on that
board.
• Multiplier: A number that is multiplied by the bus speed to determine the CPU speed.

North Bridge:
• It is also called as controller, It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary
values to electronic signals ,It is nearby socket478.
• It placed middle of the motherboard.
South Bridge:
It is controls major components mother board and it back bone of the input out devices, It is
communicates PCI slots, IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter, BIOS chip by CMOS battery
Ram Slots and Rams:
Ram slots are used to install the rams, It is large rectangle shape and each ending has small clips. There
two type ram slots
• SDRam; ---------- TwoGaps

• DDRRam -------- OneGap
Cache memory – A fast type of memory designed to increase the speed of microprocessor operations.
L1 (Level one) cache – Cache memory that is located inside the microprocessor.
Write-through cache – The microprocessor writes 1s and 0s into the cache memory at the same time as
regular memory.
Write-back cache – The 1s and 0s are written to regular memory when the microprocessor is not busy.
It is more efficient than write-through cache.
L2 cache – Cache memory that is on the motherboard for Pentium and lower processors. Starting with
the Pentium Pro processor, the L2 cache is inside the processor packaging and known as on-die cache.
L3 cache – L1 and L2 cache are included with the processor packaging.
COAST (Cache On A Stick) – Cache chips on the motherboard that resemble a small SIMM.
DIB (Dual Independent Bus) – Two buses used for the processor to communicate with
motherboard components.

FSB (front side bus) – connects a CPU to the motherboard components.
CMOS Battery:
Computer is using a coin shape battery, It generates the clock signal and it manage system continues time
Primary & Secondary (IDE-1 & IDE-2):

It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2,It used to connecting Hard Disk Drive, CD ROM, DVD ROM.
Input & Output ports:

IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner,
speakers etc...
BIOS Chip:
• BIOS controls how the operating system and hardware wok together,
• BIOS identification is BIOS name is available on chip or motherboard
ATX Power connecter:

• ATX power connecter is used to connect ATX power plug (This is from SMPS) and
ATX Power connecter has 20/24 pins available.
• It is white color and it has ATX name is available on Motherboard

Hard Disk Drive:
• The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer,
The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive,
• Identifications is the panel name is Hard Disk dive
CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer:

• CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read only Memory) Drive is a device that reads the
information from Compact Disks (CD). CD-Writer is used to write the data into Compact
Disks.
• Identification is the panel name is CD Writer
Floppy Disk Drive and Floppy connecter:

• The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in floppy disks, Floppy disks
also called as a diskette,
• Identification is smaller than CD writer.
• Floppy connecter is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive. This is beside of ATX power
connecter and Name FDD is available on the mother board.

Power Supply:
The power supply is usually a small metal box in the top corner of a case (tower).
SMPS: Switch Mode Power Supply. SMPS converts AC current to DC current which is used for
regulating power supply within the cabinet.
Back
side
bus –
Connects the CPU to the L2cache
VRM (Voltage Regulator Module) –Provides the appropriate voltage for microprocessors. It is usually
found on Socket 7 or Socket 8 for Pentiums
Bus Cables or Data cables:

A Bus is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one device to another device
cables are two types ,IDE cable : it used to connect HDD, CD ROM, DVD ROM ,FDD cable: it used to
connect FDD

AGP Slot & AGP Card :
• AGP Slot is used install the AGP card, AGP back view same as VGA port(15-female pins) andused
to connecting the monitors.
• This slot is above PCI slots and its color is Black orBrown
CI Slots &PCI(Expansion) Cards :

PCI slots are used to install the PCI cards such as
LAN (Ethernet) Card--- Back view Ethernet port
SoundCard- Back view Audio pinconnectors)

Graphics card:
Display card is used to display the data to the user. It is indirectly linked with the
computer memory and is built in the mother board. Two types of display cards are available:
Identify and list the different types of component and connector interface: -
Conclusion: -
Thus the computer system component is identified, and the uses of the component are studied.
Ex:No:02 To understand how different components of PC are connected to work
:: properly Assembling of System Components
Aim: - To understand how different components of PC are connected to work properly assembling of
System Components
Components Required: -
1. All the necessary components (Although all the below components are preferable, not all
are necessary. Then necessary ones are marked with a *)
• Processors
• Motherboard
• Hard disk
• RAM
• Cabinet
• Floppy Drive
• CD Drive
• Cards
• Display Card (Not needed if On-board display is available on Motherboard)
• Sound Card (Not needed if On-board sound is available on Motherboard)
• Modem
• Other Cards (If Any)
• Monitors
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Speaker
• UPS
• Other Components (If Any)
Tools used to assemble:

2. Philips head Screwdriver (also known as Star Screwdriver)
3. Flat head Screwdriver
4. Forceps (for pulling out jumpers and screws)
5. Magnetized Screwdriver
6. Multi meter(Testing)
Fig : Quadrexbits Fig: Tweezers Fig : Cable Cutter

PREPARATION
Computer motherboards and expansion cards contain very delicate integrated circuit (IC) chips.
To protect them against damage from static electricity, you should follow some precautions
whenever you work on your computer.
1. Static electricity is the biggest danger to the expensive parts of PC that we are about to assemble,
even a tiny shock, much too small for us to feel, can damage the delicate Electronic traces, many times
smaller than a human hair, that make up CPU, RAM and other chips.
2. Turn off your computer and unplug your Power Supply before installing or removing any
components—if power is flowing to components as they are installed or removed, they can be seriously
damaged.
3. Never cut the grounding pin off your power cord. This “safety ground” Stands between you and
potentially lethal voltages inside the power supply.
4. Be careful of sharp edges! Many lower-end PC cases have sharp, unfinished edges. This is especially
so on interior surfaces, and where the case has been cut or punched-out. Use care and take your time to
avoid cutting our hands. If your case has this problem, a little time with some sandpaper before you
begin construction can spare you a lot of pain.
6. Dismantling discrete electronic components such as your Power Supply or Monitor is dangerous.
They contain high voltage capacitors, which can cause a severe electric shock if we touch them. These
hold a charge even when the unit is not plugged in and are capable of delivering a fatal shock.
Connection Interface: -

USB, Keyboard and Mouse
USBTygeA(make) USBTypeA(female) USBTygeB(make) USBTygeB[female) USBMini-A(make) USBMicro-A(make) USBTypeC[make) USB Tyge C(TemaTe)
USB5.0TygeA(male) USB3.oTygeA(female) USB3.0TygeB(maTe\ USB8.0MicroB(make) PS/2(make) PS/2(female) ATkeyboard(maTe\ AT keyboard(female)
Storage / Disk
SATATypeA iWTA DDE40-pinConnector DDE40-pinPort Thunderbolt Firewire .1594a 6- pin F irewire 1994a 4-pin F irewire BTU'/32001898b/c
SCSI VHCDT 8.mm 68-pin SCSI Micro DB6B (make) SCSI Micro DB68 (female ) SCSI Micro DB50 (make) Internal SO-Piñ SCSI (m) TnternaT 50-pin SCSI (I) TnternaT 68-pin SCSI (m) TnternaT 68-pin SCSI'(I)
Network/ Communications
EthernetRJ—45 Modem/PhoneRJ-11 DB-2'2Seri aT[maTe) DB-2'2SeriaT(TernaTe) DE-9SeriaTRSZ32[m) DE-9SerbaTR5252(I)Centron iceParaTTel36pinMTDT/gamepoTt/DA-I'2
Audio
Line-Out,Headphones MicropLtone StereoLine Tn Subwoofer/Center Out Rear Surround Speakers MidSurroundSpeakers DigitalAudio(RCA) Optical Audio"TosTink"
Video
VGA/SVGA[make) VGA/SVGA(female) DisplayPort(male) DispTayPort(female) MiniDispTayPoTt{m) MiniDispTayPort(I) HDMITygeA(make) HDMI Tyge A[female)
DVI-TSingleLink DVI-TDualLink DVI-DSingleLink DVI-DDualLinkLEH-60. DVI-DDualLinkDMS-59 Micro-DVI Mini-DVI Mini HDMI TyqeC
CompositeA/V(RCA) B-Video ComponentVideo[m) ComponentVideo(I) RF/CoaziaT(make) RF/CoaziaT (female) Apple DisplayConn(ADC) Micro HDMI TypeD

Power
IECâ20CU/CI4ConnectorIECâ2ftCISSockcttf} TEC320C14Plug(m) TEC820C19(I) TEC320CZ0(m) TEC820CSConnector SATAPowerConnector Mofex 4-pinConnector
SP

Assembly Procedures
The following sections cover the assembly

1. System Case and PowerSupply
2. Motherboard, Processor, Heat sink,RAM.
3. Adaptercards
4. Disk Drives
5. External Devices
Procedure: -
• Prepare the Main board (motherboard).
• Mount the CPU in the socket of the Mainboard. You must choose the correct CPU for your
motherboard, and install it according to it's instructions. Be careful not to install the CPU in
wrong. Not only would your computer not work, it could short-circuit and damage your
motherboard. Connect the CPU cooler to the Mainboard.
• Attach the RAM (memory) modules in the corresponding slots. The motherboard should have

rows of lots that have 2 or 3 sections that are different lengths. Make sure the pins on the RAM
cards line up with the pins on the motherboard connector. Don't get the RAM slots mixed up
with PCI slots. The PCI slots are usually wider.
• Open the case and mount the power supply which is M-ATX type. Make sure to connect all the
connections to the drives and the motherboard.
• Attach the main board back plate to the case and check the Main board mounting positions. The
motherboard's instructions should tell the position of the motherboard.
• Suitably position the Main board in thecase.
• Mount the Hard disk and connect it to the power supply and the motherboard. There should be
separate connections for the power supply and the motherboard. In SATA Hard disk case, should
remove the jumper.

• Connect the SATA connectors to the drives and the USB connectors and the case switches tothe
motherboard.Thecaseandmotherboard'sinstructionsshouldtellwheretoconnect thecables.
• Connect the 20 or 24 pin ATX connector and the 4-pin power supply control connector tothe
motherboard.
• Mount the DVD-ROM drive. After connecting the ATA cable to the device, hook it up tothe
power supply. Installing a Graphics Card(Add-on):

• Remove the back panel covers that line up with the PCI-E slot. Almost all modern graphicscards
use PCI-E. Some will require you to remove two of the protective plates as opposed to just one.
You may have to punch the plates out of thecase.
• Insert the graphics card. You may have to bend a tab on the slot to allow the graphics card to be
inserted. The tab will help lock the graphics card in place (this is more important for bulkier,
high-end cards). Apply light, even force until the card is seated uniformly, and the back panel
lineup.
• Once you have inserted the card, use a screw to secure it to the back panel of the case.If
you don’t secure your card, you could end up damaging it in the longrun.

• Install the PCIe card or filler into the card slot and return the crossbar to its closed
andlocked position.
• If you are installing a PCIe cardfiller.
• Finally, Close the cabinetcase.

• Fix the power supply card and other connection in the corresponding inputunit
• Power on the PC and select a compatible operating system and toinstall.
Conclusion: - Thus the different components of PC are connected to work properly

and Assembling of computer System of computer System is completed.

Ex:No:03 To understand how different components of PC are connected to work
:: properly Disassembling of System Components
Aim:-
In this exercise, I will locate, remove, and describe the various internal components and connectors of a
standard PC system. I will remove all major components of a PC, recognize all major components inside a
PC, describe the function of each component and define the relationship of internal components to external
connections
Equipments: -
Philips head Screwdriver (also known as Star Screwdriver)

• Flat head Screwdriver
• Forceps (for pulling out jumpers and screws)
• Magnetized Screwdriver
• Multi meter(Testing)
• At least one PC that is old but working
• An anti-static wrist strap
• An anti-static mat
• Twelve anti-static bags of various sizes
• A simple technician’s toolkit
• A plastic cup or box to organize screws, nuts and bolts that you’ll remove
• Clean workspace that you can work with
• Notepad to take notes and sketches of the computer and components.
• Digital camera to take pictures of the components.
Procedure: -
Step 1: Before disassembling the components, first we need to shut off the power to your system and
unplug the power cord from the PC and from the wall socket before continuing to prevent any injuries
and damage of the PC from Electrostatic Discharge (ESD).
Step 2: Use the proper anti-static procedures while opening the case. Then remove the cover of the
system unit and lay the system down so that the open side faces the ceiling. If its not facing the ceiling,
therefore you can’t see the components so just flip it around.
Step 3: When you open the system case, you will see lots of cables and wires connecting to each
components. Those wires and cables are what make the system function. If one of the cable or wires is
not connected properly or connected in the wrong place, the computer might malfunction such as not
turning on or error pops up on the screen. Some cables might be a single colored wire and some multiple
colored wires.

Step 4: To ensure that you don’t forget where the cables are connected, take some pictures so you don’t
need to troubleshoot at the end which takes more time than taking pictures. It will help you extremely
when you’re putting the system back together.
Step 5: Remove the modem cards, sound cards, network cards or video cards, fans (might be more than
one) carefully and any other extra cards. Place them into an anti-static bag to protect it from ESD
(Electrostatic Discharge) damage. Disassemble every component in the case leaving only an empty case.
Step 6: Don’t forget to disassemble the power supply wires, the power supply and the data cables from
the components and motherboard. Also the hard drives floppy disk.
Step 7: Identify every components and take pictures of them.
Step 8: After you identified every components, put all components back in their place and ensure that
all cables and wired is connected at the right place, therefore we don’t need to troubleshoot later on.
Close the case and put the screws back in their place. Lastly, connect every external device such as the
keyboards, mouse, and monitor etc and turn it onto see everything is working fine after you
disassembled.
Schematic Diagram

• The setup of the Desktop with every cable plugged to the back of tower.
• This is the exact visual of how the front PC/Tower looks like.
• This is the back view of the front PC/Tower with cables still plugged.

• The back panel view of a PC and the name of each part.
• After unscrewing and opening the case this is what the inside look like with labeled of the
visible inside content.
• Close view of the CD/DVD Drive.

• Close view of the hard drive.
• The labeled view of some components and name on the motherboard.
• The left side indicate the front view of the power supply & the right is the back view of
the power supply where you’ll see multiple colors of cables.

• This is the graphic chip with labeled components within the chip.
• The left picture showed the top view of the fan and the right picture showed the bottom of the
fan which has heat sink to protect the processor from getting hot. The circle thermo paste is
where we put this fan on top of the CPU socket.

• The left side shows the top view of where the bottom of the fan going to be place. The right
picture shows the bottom of the processor which will be place inside a CPU socket. The thermo
paste prevents the processor to get heated very quickly.
• The left picture is how a RAM (Random Access Memory) looks like; the right side is the
Network Interface Card (NIC).
• These are the view of graphic card (left) and motherboard (right) opposite side (back). It
contains numerous of circuits. If you look at it very closely like I did, you’ll see lines
everywhere and pin being solder in place very neatly without touching or making contact with
another pin.

List of Components:
These are the list we had encounter when we open disassemble each components.
• Case
• CD/DVDROM
• CPU or Processor
• Case Fan
• CPU Fan
• Hard Drive
• Keyboard Mouse
• Memory(RAM)
• Modem/Network Interface Card(NIC)
• Monitor
• Motherboard
• Power Supply
• Sound Card
• Video Card
• Speakers
• Floppy Drive
Conclusion: -
In this lab, I have learned so many useful tips on how to open and disassemble the case of a
computer. I saw components that I never seen before up close. I examined every components and their
appearance and what their function in the system.

INTRODUCTION TO TASM
Introduction: The aim of this experiment is to introduce the student to assembly language
programming and the use of the tools that he will need throughout the lab experiments. This first
experiment let the student use the Dos Debugger and the Microsoft Turbo Assembler (TASM).
Editing, Assembling, Linking, Execute up can be done using TASM software
Objectives:
1. Introduction to Microsoft Turbo Assembler(TASM)
2. General structure of an assembly language program
3. Use of the DOS Debugger program
Overview:

In general, programming of microprocessor usually takes several iterations before the right sequence
of machine code instruction is written. The process, however is facilitated using a special program
called an “Assembler”. The Assembler allows the user to write alphanumeric instructions. The
Assembler, in turn, generates the desired machine instructions from the assembly language
instructions.
Assembly language programming consists of following steps:
STEP PRODUCES
1 Editing Source file
2 Assembling Object file
3 Linking Executable file
4 Executing Results
Assembling the program:
The assembler is used to convert the assembly language instructions to machine code. It is used
immediately after writing the Assembly language program. The assembler starts by checking the
syntax or validity of the structure of each instruction in the source file .if any errors are found, the
assemblers displays a report on these errors along with brief explanation of their nature. However If
the program does contain any errors, the assembler produces an object file that has the same name as
the original file but with the “obj” extension.
Linking the program:
The Linker is used convert the object file to an executable file. The executable file is the final set of
machine code instructions that can directly be executed by the microprocessor. It is the different than
the object file in the sense that it is self-contained and re-locatable. An object file may represent one
segment of a long program. This segment cannot operate by itself, and must be integrated with other
object files representing the rest of the program, in order to produce the final self-contained
executable file.
Executing the program
The executable contains the machine language code .it can be loaded in the RAM and executed by
the microprocessor simply by typing, from the DOS prompt ,the name of the file followed by the
carriage Return Key (Enter Key). If the program produces an output on the screen or sequence of
control signals to control a piece of hard ware, the effect should be noticed almost immediately.
However, if the program manipulates data in memory, nothing would seem to have happened as a
result of executing the program.

Steps to operate the TASM
1. Edit file name.asm:- an edit window will be open, write the assembly code, save it and exit it.
2. Tasm filename: - this will compile the program.
3. Tlink file name: - if there is no error, do this step.
4. Td filename: - this will debug the program and program execution window will open.
5. Press F9 to run the program.
6. To view the result goes to dump and see the result.
When you indicate that you want a listing file, even if you did not explicitly specify it on the command
line.
tasm /l<filename>.asm
edit <filename>.lst
Flowchart of how Program Executes: -

Description of Output Window Screen: -

General Purpose Registers Used:

Ex: No: To Study of TASM Addition and Subtraction of
8- bit number
04
AIM:-WAP
WAP in assembly language involving arithmetic instruction of 8 bit data for Addition.
Assembly code:-
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI

DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.
Output:
Learning outcome:: Learn about the mov instruction and assembler directives such db, segment, assume.

AIM:-WAP in assembly language involving arithmetic instruction of 8 bit data for
Subtraction
Assembly code:-

Output:
Learning outcome: Learn about the mov instruction and assembler directives such db, segment, assume

To perform the Addition of 16-bit
Ex: No:05 number, Subtraction of 16-bitnumber
AIM:-WAP in assembly language involving arithmetic instruction of 16 bit data for Addition.
Assembly code:-

Output:
Learning outcome:: Learn about the mov instruction and assembler directives such db, segment,
assume.

AIM: -WAP in assembly language involving arithmetic instruction of 16 bit data for Subtraction.
Assembly code:-

Output:
Learning outcome: Learn about the mov instruction and assembler directives such db, segment, assume.

To perform the Multiplication of 8-bit
Ex:No:06 number, Factorial of a 8-bit number
AIM:-WAP in assembly language involving arithmetic instruction of 8 bit data for Multiplication.
Assembly code:-

Output:
Learning outcome: Learn about the mov instruction, how to use 32 bit data and assembler directives
such db, segment, assume. Also learn about how the data mov between 32 bit.

AIM:-WAP in assembly language involving arithmetic instruction of 8 bit data for Factorial of a
given number.
Assembly Code: -

Output: -
Learning outcome: Learn about the mov instruction and assembler directives such db, segment, assume.
Also how the loop works.

To perform the Multiplication of 16-bit
Ex:No:07 number, Factorial of a 16-bit number
AIM:-WAP in assembly language involving arithmetic instruction of 16 bit data for Multiplication.
Assembly Code: -

Output: -
Learning outcome: Learn about the mov instruction, how to use 32 bit data and assembler directives such db,
segment, assume. Also learn about how the data mov between 32 bit.

AIM:-WAP in assembly language involving arithmetic instruction of 16 bit data for Factorial of a
given number.
Assembly code:-

Output:
Learning outcome: Learn about the mov instruction and assembler directives such db, segment,
assume. Also how the loop works

LOGISIM
Logisim is an educational tool for designing and simulating digital logic circuits. With its simple toolbar
interface and simulation of circuits as you build them, it is simple enough to facilitate learning the most
basic concepts related to logic circuits. With the capacity to build larger circuits from smaller sub
circuits, and to draw bundles of wires with a single mouse drag, Logisim can be used (and is used) to
design and simulate entire CPUs for educational purposes.
Logisim main window has five main parts:
• Explorer pane that includes the components
• Attributetablethatallowsyoutoadjusttheattributeofthecomponents,accordingtoyourdesign needs
• Canvas, where you will draw your circuit
• Menu bar that allow you to handle you project and its associated files
• Toolbar that helps you to draw and simulate your circuit
Software Simulation
1. Double click on the logisim-win-2.7.1 icon on the desktop of thecomputer.
2. The Logisim main window will open, as shownbelow
3. Let's start with the NANDgate.

4. From the explorer pane, expand the Gates folder by clicking on the + sign besideit.

5. Select the NAND gate and place it onto the canvas. Notice that the attribute table of the NAND
gate would showup
6. Practice changing one of the attributes of the NAND gate. Change the number of inputs from 5
to2.
7. From the toolbar, select the Input tool ( ) and add two inputs on the canvas to the left of the
NAND gate. Similarly, add an output to the right of the NAND gate using the output tool ( ). In
the attribute table, give labels to your inputs and output (X, Y, and Z are used in the following
figure).
8. From the toolbar, select the edit tool to wire your circuit. Click on the input X and keep pressing
while moving to the upper input of the NAND gate. Notice that when the mouse cursor is over a
point that receives a wire, a small green circle will be drawn around it. Logisim allows only
horizontal and vertical wires (i.e., inclined wires could not be drawn).
9. Now, let's verify the operation of the NAND gate by constructing its truthtable.
10. To try other input combinations, select the poke tool ( ), from the toolbar, and click
ontheinput you want to toggle. Try all input combinations and fill in the following truthtable.
You can verify the operation of all other basic logic gates: NOR, NOT, AND, OR, XOR, and XNOR.

Ex:No:08 Design of Half Adder, Study of Half Adder
Aim: - To Design of Half Adder
Objectives:
• To describe the operation and the construction of halfadder
Description:
Binary adders are combinational circuits that can perform the operations of addition of binary numbers.
Half Adder (HA) Circuit

The combinational circuit that adds only two bits is called half adder.
Since there are two inputs (x and y), only four possible combinations of inputs can be applied. These
four possibilities, and their resulting Sum (S) and Carry (C) are shown in following truth table.
From the truth table, we could get the Boolean expression of C and S as
Logic circuit of the half adder is drawn below:

Software Simulation
1. From the project menu, click on Add Circuit.
2. The Input Circuit Name window will appear. Enter HA as the name of the circuit and click OK
3. A new module named HA is created for you and added to the explorer pane. The
magnifying glass over the HA indicates that it is the module that is currently viewed on the
canvas.
4. Add XOR gate and AND gate

5. Change the attribute of both AND & XOR gate: Number of Inputs=2
6. Add two inputs and labeled as X and Y.
7. Add 2 outputs and labeled as S and C and do a connection as follows:-

8. Check the operation of the HA module, either by using the poke tool or the
combinational analysis window.
9. From the project menu, click on Edit CircuitAppearance.
10. The module of the half adder will appear as a rectangle with two inputs and twooutputs.
11. Enlarge the module and move input and output ports to properlocations

12. From the toolbar, click on the Add text button ( ). Then, click beside the two inputs and name
them x and y. Similarly, name the two outputs S and C, as shown below.
13. Finally, click on the HA module on the explorer pane. Then, in the attribute table, write HA
beside the Shared Label attribute. This would be the name of the module when used in larger
designs. Also, change the Shared Label Facing attribute toNorth.
14. Save your work by clicking Ctrl+S.
Learning Outcome: Learn about the circuit design of Half Adder

Ex:No:09 Study of Full Adder, Design of Full Adder
Aim: -To Design of Full Adder
Objectives:
• To describe the operation and the construction of full adder
Description:
Binary adders are combinational circuits that can perform the operations of addition of binary numbers.
Full Adder (FA) Circuit

Full Adder (FA) is a combinational circuit that adds three bits. It generates two outputs: Sum (S) and
carry (C). Full adders allow for the addition of multi-bit numbers. A Designer just needs to provide a
way for carries to propagate between bit positions.
The truth table of the full adder is as follow:
From the truth table, we could get the Boolean expression of Cout and S as
The logic circuit of the full adder is drawn below:

Software Simulation
2. The new module is created for you in the explorer pane and an empty sheet is opened in
the canvas for it.
3. From the explorer pane, click on the HA module and insert two of them into the canvas.
4. From the toolbar, click on the OR gate button and insert one of it in to the canvas. Change
the Number of Inputs attribute to 2.
5. Wire the circuit, according to the circuit diagram and as shown below.

6. Check the operation of the FA module, either by using the poke tool or the combinational
analysis window.ThetruthtableshouldagreewiththeoneinbackgroundinformationofFull Adder.
7. Edit and adjust the appearance of the FAmodule.
8. Now, you successfully build the FA using HAs.
Learning Outcome: Learn about the circuit design of Full Adder.

Ex:No:10 Study of Ripple Carry Adder, Design of Ripple
Carry Adder
Aim: - To Study and Design of Ripple Carry Adder
Objectives:
• To describe the operation and the construction of Ripple Carry Adder
Description:
Multiple full adder circuits can be cascaded in parallel to add an N-bit number. For an N-bit
parallel adder, there must be N number of full adder circuits. A ripple carry adder is a logic circuit in
which the carry-out of each full adder is the carry in of the succeeding next most significant full adder.
It is called a ripple carry adder because each carry bit gets rippled into the next stage. In a ripple carry
adder the sum and carry out bits of any half adder stage is not valid until the carry in of that stage
occurs.
Sum out S0 and carry out Cout of the Full Adder 1 is valid only after the propagation delay of Full Adder
1. In the same way, Sum out S3 of the Full Adder 4 is valid only after the joint propagation delays ofFull
Adder 1 to Full Adder 4. In simple words, the final result of the ripple carry adder is valid only after the
joint propagation delays of all full adder circuits inside it.
Software Simulation

2. The new module is created for you in the explorer pane and an empty sheet is opened in the
canvas for it.
3. Wire the circuit, according to the circuit diagram and as shown below.
4. Check the operation of the Ripple Carry Adder module, either by using the poke tool or the
combinational analysis window. The truth table should agree with the one in background
information of Ripple Carry Adder.
5. Now, you successfully build the Ripple Carry Adder.
Learning Outcome: Learn about the circuit design of Ripple Carry Adder.

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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR

Lab In charge Head of the department

______ at SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

Internal Examiner-I Internal Examiner-II

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

Sl.No Experiment Date Signature

Study about PC Hardware

5. Addition and Subtraction of 16-bit number

6. Multiplication and Factorial of 8-bit

7. Multiplication and Factorial of 16-bit

8. Study of Half Adder, Design of Half Adder

9. Study of Full Adder, Design of Full Adder

10. Study of Ripple Carry Adder, Design of Ripple Carry Adder

Supplement Study Materials

Viva Question And Answer

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

Functions of Computer Input Storage Process & Output:

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

The advantages of a computer sums up into the following reasons:-

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

Peripherals component of a computer:

Components of a Personal Computer:

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

• CPU – This is central Processing unit. its task to processdata.

Components inside the System Case

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List of Input devices

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SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

Printer without impact: -

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Main memory is classified into

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SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

• Processor Socket: processor is installed in this socket.

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

Ram Slots and Rams:

• SDRam; ---------- TwoGaps

L3 cache – L1 and L2 cache are included with the processor packaging.

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Primary & Secondary (IDE-1 & IDE-2):

Input & Output ports:

ATX Power connecter:

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer:

Floppy Disk Drive and Floppy connecter:

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

Connects the CPU to the L2cache

Bus Cables or Data cables:

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR.

CI Slots &PCI(Expansion) Cards :

LAN (Ethernet) Card--- Back view Ethernet port

SoundCard- Back view Audio pinconnectors)

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Tools used to assemble:

Fig : Quadrexbits Fig: Tweezers Fig : Cable Cutter

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