GMR Institute of Technology

Rajam, Andhra Pradesh

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to JNTUK, AP)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Class 7thSem. - B.Tech. (ECE)
Course Embedded Systems Course Code ECE 4434
Prepared by Mr. B.Anil Kumar ,Mr. P KalyanChakravarthi
Lecture Topic Introduction to Embedded hardware
Course Outcome CEC434.2, CEC434.5 Program Outcome PO1,PO3, PO13, PO14
Duration 50 min Lecture 22 of 45 Unit III
REMEMBER UNDERSTAND APPLY ANALYSE EVALUATE CREATE
Learning Level
(Tick whichever is applicable)
√ √

1. Objectives
a. To understand about various elements of embedded hardware and their design
principles.

2. Topic Learning Outcomes

After the completion of the class the students will able to
a. Illustrate important components used in embedded system design.

3. Teaching Methodology

Chalk & Talk and Visual Presentation

4. Applications
a. A typical embedded system design.
b. Hardware software co- design for embedded systems.

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 5. Evocation

Fig.1: An embedded board

6. Discussion
An embedded system is a combination of special purpose hardware and software
(firmware). The hardware of embeddedsystem is built around analog electronic components and
circuits, digital electronic components and circuits, and integrated circuits (ICs). A printed
circuit board (PCB) provides a platform for placing all the necessary hardware components for
building an embedded product, like a chess board where you can move the pawns, rookies and
bishop. If you are building a simple hardware or a test product, you can 'use a bread-board to
interconnect the various components. For a commercial product you cannot go for a -bread-
board as an interconnec-tion platform since they make your product bulky and the breadboard
connections are highly unstable and your product may require thousands of inter connections.
Printed circuit boards (PCB) act as the backbone of embedded hardware. To refresh the reader's
knowl-edge on various analog and digital electronic components and circuits, familiarise them
with Integrated Circuit designing and provide them the fundamentals of printed circuit boards,
its design and develop-ment using electronic design automation (EDA) tools.

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Basic Circuit Elements at the System
(i) Power Source
1. System own supply with separate supply rails for IOs, clock, basic processor and
memory and analog units.
2. Supply from a system to which the embedded system interfaces, for example in a
network card.
3. Charge pump concept used in a system of little power needs, for examples, in the
mouse or contact-less smart card.
4. Clever real-time programming by Wait and Stop instructions
5. Clever reduction of the clock rate during specific set of instructions
6. Optimizing the codes
7. Clever enabling and disabling of use of caches or cache blocks
(ii) Clock Oscillator Circuit and Clocking Units
1. Appropriate clock oscillator circuit
2. Real Time Clock*( System Clock) and Timers driving hardware and software
(iii) Reset Circuit
1. Reset on Power-up
2. External and Internal Reset circuit
3. Reset on timeout

Functions Assigned to the ROM or EPROM or Flash

1. Storing 'Application' program from where the processor fetches the instruction codes
2. Storing codes for system booting, initializing, Initial input data and Strings.
3. Storing Codes for RTOS.
4. Storing Pointers (addresses) of various service routines.

Functions Assigned to the Internal External and Buffer RAM

1. Storing the variables during program run,
2. Storing the stacks,
3. Storing input or output buffers for example, for speech or image .

Functions Assigned to the Caches

1. Storing copies of the instructions, data and branch-transfer instructions in advance from
external memories and
2. Storing temporarily the results in write back caches during fast processing

Interrupts Handler
1. Interrupt Handling element for the external
2. port interrupts, IO interrupts, timer and
3. RTC interrupts, software interrupts and

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 4. Exceptions

Linking Embedded System Hardware

Linking and interfacing circuit* for the Buses by using the appropriate multiplexers, and
decoders, demultiplexers Interface the various system units

IO Communication Unit
Communication Driver(s) :
Network Ethernet or serial driver to communicate with host embedded system Expansion
Serial Bus(es): For example, UART (512 kbaud/s), 1-wire CAN (33 kbps), Industrial I2C
(100kbps), SM I2C Bus (100 kbps), SPI (100 kbps), Fault tolerant CAN (110 kbps), Serial Port
(230 kbps), MicroWire (300 kbps), … SCSI parallel (40 Mbps), Fast SCSI

(
7. Mind Map

Fig. 2: Hardware Elements

8. Reading Materials
1. Introduction to Embedded systems by K V Shibu, McGraw Hill Education (India)
PVT Ltd.,2009, Page no: 229.
2. Embedded Systems – Raj Kamal, TMS, Second Edition 2008, Page no: 10-19
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
9. Questions

Remember
1. List out different hardware units of embedded systems?
Understanding
1. Explain the importance of core and supporting components of embedded systems?

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10. Key words
 Embedded system
 Hardware units

11. Scope for Mini Project

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