J Coast Conserv (2012) 16:585–596
DOI 10.1007/s11852-012-0198-z
Design solutions to coastal human-wildlife conflicts
Meredith Root-Bernstein & Nicolás Arévalo Rosas &
Layla P. Osman & Richard J. Ladle
Received: 21 April 2010 / Accepted: 16 December 2010 / Published online: 10 March 2012
# Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Abstract Coastal areas can be a challenge for conservation
due to multiple competing land uses including development,
tourism, and extractive resource use. These multiple land
uses often lead to human-wildlife conflicts. Here we pro-
pose that collaboration with industrial designers and archi-
tects has the potential to generate innovative and effective
solutions to coastal human-wildlife conflicts. Many prod-
ucts for modifying animal behavior are already used by
conservationists, such as barriers, corridors, and model
predators. We propose that their effectiveness, quality, har-
monization with local values, and integration with the
designed human environment can be improved through
collaboration with designers and architects. We illustrate
this approach with a case study. We engaged in an industrial
design- conservation collaboration focused on the design of
M. Root-Bernstein (*)
Department of Ecology, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile,
Santiago, Chile
e-mail: mrootbernstein@bio.puc.cl
N. A. Rosas
School of Architecture and Design,
Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile,
Santiago, Chile
L. P. Osman
Instituto de Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Austral de Chile,
PO box 567, Valdivia, Chile
R. J. Ladle
School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University,
South Parks Road,
Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
R. J. Ladle
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering,
Universidade Federal de Viçosa,
Viçosa, Brazil
multiple product proposals that would support a range of
human-sea lion interactions in public parks and the fish
market in Valdivia, Chile. The sea lions in Valdivia are a
tourist attraction but also potentially dangerous. We pro-
duced images of seven proposed products of varying scales,
facilitating a range of different sea lion- human interactions.
Such collaborations can be useful for developing products
that reduce human-wildlife conflicts and align conservation
and management with local values. We urge researchers to
publish conservation design proposals as well as tests of
existing conservation products’ functionality, in order to
improve conservation design practice around the world.
Keywords Sea lion . Conservation design . Tourism .
Coastal conservation . Coastal management
Introduction
Management of human-wildlife conflicts is an important
aspect of reconciling human economic activity with conser-
vation (Woodroffe et al. 2005; Rosenzweig 2003). Coastal
areas may experience potential human-wildlife conflicts due
to a concentration of urbanization, marine industries and
tourism, along with marine, freshwater and littoral wildlife
(Weinstein and Reed 2005; Werner et al. 2010; Dawson et
al. 1998). The preservation of coastal wildlife, habitats and
ecosystem services can be beneficial for local economies as
well as local ecosystems (Brenner et al. 2010). There are
many approaches to management of coastal human-wildlife
conflicts, and many scales at which solutions can be imple-
mented, ranging from protected area formation (e.g. Skewgar
et al. 2009), to regional and local zonation (e.g. Weinstein and
Reed 2005; Linnel et al. 2005), to use of physical or psycho-
logical barriers, artificial nests or other conservation
586
‘products’ (e.g. Dawson et al. 1998; Woodroffe et al. 2005;
Root-Bernstein and Ladle 2010). Design of products for con-
servation has a long history but a mixed record of success.
Collaboration with industrial designers has been proposed as a
method for generating innovative and improved conservation
products, taking advantage of designers’ expertise in translat-
ing concepts into objects that can affect human and non-
human animal behaviour (Root-Bernstein and Ladle 2010).
Here we present a case study of how collaboration between
conservation biologists and industrial designers can generate a
wide range of possible conservation products for the manage-
ment of conflicts between humans and sea lions in Valdivia,
Chile.
Valdivia is located in the Chilean Winter Rainfall Valdivian
Forest Hotspot (Conservation International, www.
biodiversityhotspots.org accessed 2010). Valdivia’s port
is at the meeting of the rivers Calle-Calle, Valdivia-
Cau-Cau and Cruces, about 15 km upriver from the Pacific
Ocean. The fish market is located on the river bisecting
Valdivia and recently became home to a population of the
South American Sea Lion, Otaria flavescens (Osman et al.
2009), which is a ‘least concern’ species, but protected in
Chile (Red List, www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 2010). The
sea lion population in Valdivia is a small non-reproductive
population, composed mainly of adult males and juveniles
which live on fish refuse from the fishing industry and fish
caught in the river as well as in the ocean (Osman et al. 2009).
Sea lions can also be found resting in public spaces along the
banks of the river. Complaints and fears that the sea lions are
potentially dangerous have resulted in some attempts to keep
them out of the fish market, where they can be found begging
for fish in close proximity to the fishermen (Obreque 2006).
The current proposal (Osman et al. 2009) is to augment the
number of floating wooden rafts provided for the sea lions in
the river. These alternative resting areas, as well as fences
intended to keep the sea lions out of the fish market, were
designed in collaboration with a construction company (Soco-
vesa) and an architect, respectively, considering the substra-
tum they prefer and the movement capabilities of sea lions in
the case of fences (see Fig. 1; Osman et al. 2009). The goal of
both designs was to avoid conflicts with the human popula-
tion. Numerous photographs can be found on the internet
showing sea lions at the market on both sides of the fences,
and at least one guide offers tourists the chance to kiss a sea
lion (Lavados 2007). The fish market fences successfully
prevent sea lions from climbing them, but their design did
not take into account human behavior: fishermen leave open
gates in the fences in order to increase the tourist activity and
their own business (Osman pers. obs.). Consequently, we
characterize the current situation as one of effectively free
interaction of sea lions and humans inhabiting the same area.
Workshops on conservation design for Chilean industrial
design students (Root-Bernstein 2008) suggested that a wide
M. Root-Bernstein et al.
range of innovative design-based solutions might be avail-
able for the human-sea lion conflict in Valdivia. Results of
the workshops also highlighted that cultural perceptions of
possible and desirable human-wildlife interactions can
inform proposed solutions. Aligning conservation and wildlife
management interventions with local values is important if they
are to be sustainable (e.g. Burton et al. 2008; Campbell 2005;
Galhano-Alves 2004). Design could also be used as part of an
approach to develop and debate a desired form of interaction
with nature, such as the different future scenarios described by
the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Carpenter et al. 2005).
This paper explores a number of possible human-sea lion
conflict design solutions corresponding to a range of human-
sea lion interactions that could be facilitated through conserva-
tion design.
Methods
The collaboration was organized through the system for
advertising opportunities for the summer practical work
experiences required of design students at the Design
School of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in
Santiago, Chile. The project was advertised as a “práctica de
servicio” or unpaid work experience.
Background information on human-sea lion interactions
in Valdivia was collected from newspaper articles and blogs,
photographs and videos found by searching the internet. We
also carried out a literature search on sea lion conservation,
sea lion behaviour and attitudes to sea lions in Chile. After
reviewing and discussing this information we discussed and
sketched ideas for design solutions. Final designs were
arrived at through a process of iterative discussion and
visualization (Zeisel 2006). Criteria for satisfaction with a
design proposal included expected interaction of sea lions
with the product based on information about sea lion behav-
iour, expected interaction of humans with the product, aes-
thetic value of the product, durability of the product, and
testability of product functionality. Images were created in
Rhinoceros 3D®, Abobe Indesign® and Adobe Illustrator®.
We sought to develop a range of design solutions. To this
end we attempted to find solutions that facilitated different
values or scenarios of human-wildlife interactions: non-
interaction or physical separation of nature and society;
controlled and limited interactions, such as those between
zoo animals and humans, or between domestic animals and
humans; and free interactions, typified by interactions
between squirrels and humans in suburban North America
and Europe, or between street dogs and humans in Santiago,
Chile. We also sought to find design solutions at different
scales: small, portable products for personal use; intermediate-
sized products or products that could be installed in different
quantities or scaled up or down flexibly according to need;
Design solutions to coastal human-wildlife conflicts
Fig. 1 The current designs for floating rafts for the sea lions and fences to exclude them from the market and other public areas, seen in use in
Valdivia. Photos copyright Layla Osman
and large-scale architectural solutions. We attempted to find
solutions to satisfy all combinations of product scales and
interaction values, except for the combination architectural-
free interactions, which corresponds to the current situation in
Valdivia (Table 1). Not all combinations in this range of
values of human-wildlife interaction necessarily corre-
spond to values actually held by Chileans or tourists in
Valdivia, an issue which has been little studied (Sepúlveda
et al. 2007; Orsini et al. 2006).
Results
We developed visualizations of seven product proposals
corresponding to three possible values or scenarios of
human-sea lion interactions (see Table 1). We imagine the
various designs as being potentially used in conjunction.
Flyer 1 is a printed flyer for use in a scenario where
human-sea lion interactions are considered undesirable and
have been prevented. The proposed flyer would be made
available to tourists and locals at tourist offices and sea lion
Table 1 Product scale and product value or scenario combinations
Scale Value/Scenario Small, portable
No human- sea lion interactions flyer 1 (Fig. 2)
Controlled interactions flyer 2 (Fig. 3)
Free interactions between humans and sea lions flyer 2 (Fig. 3)
Names correspond to design proposals described in the Results section
587
watching points. Note that it could also be produced as a
sign or plaque. The graphics and the information focus on
the natural history of the sea lions and their relationship to
Valdivia. See Fig. 2.
Flyer 2 is a printed flyer that can be used in either the
‘controlled interactions’ or the ‘free interactions’ scenarios.
This small folding flyer is intended to be used to inform
both locals and visitors about how to interact safely with the
sea lions. The flyer is in Spanish on one side and English on
the other, and shows the body language of the sea lions,
associated with three levels of caution. See Fig. 3.
The temporary barrier is a product for a ‘no interactions’
scenario, which can be installed in greater or lesser quanti-
ties as needed. It is a portable metal fence designed to
exclude sea lions from an area on a temporary or adjustable
basis. The curved lip, facing towards the sea lions, which is
intended to prevent them from being able to lean on the top
of the barrier and climb over it, is based on the design of
barriers used in New Zealand to exclude a variety of mam-
mals (Day and MacGibbon 2002). The barrier is produced
in segments which fit together in a zigzag pattern, giving the
Intermediate; can be scaled up Large, architectural
or down flexibly
temporary barrier embankment
temporary barrier with slot embankment with feeding stations
fladry umbrella current situation: floating rafts and
a porous barrier
588 M. Root-Bernstein et al.

Fig. 2 Flyer 1 is a printed flyer for use in a scenario where human-sea lion interactions are considered undesirable and have been prevented. It is
also shown as an interpretive sign
Design solutions to coastal human-wildlife conflicts 589

Fig. 3 Flyer 2 is a printed flyer that can be used in either the ‘controlled interactions’ or the ‘free interactions’ scenarios. It accordion-folds to be pocket sized
590
barrier resistance to toppling. Segments can also be placed and
removed as desired. This product would require field testing
in order to determine its functionality and its optimal dimen-
sions. A short stretch of the barrier could be tested for effec-
tiveness in a public space. See Fig. 4.
The temporary barrier with a slot is a modification of the
temporary barrier for a ‘controlled interactions’ scenario. In
Fig. 4 The temporary barrier is a product for a ‘no interactions’ scenario, which can be installed in greater or lesser quantities as needed. The fences
fit together in a zigzag pattern
M. Root-Bernstein et al.
this version of the barrier, tourists, fishermen, and other
locals are given the option of feeding the sea lions through
closing slots in the barrier segments. These barrier segments
can be combined with barrier segments of the basic tempo-
rary barrier type. The slot doors, similar to a postbox door,
stay closed due to their own weight, and can be opened from
one side only in order to pass a fish through the opening.
Design solutions to coastal human-wildlife conflicts
The sea lion side of the slot door has a distinctive pattern
which sea lions should be able to learn to recognise (sea
lions have monochromatic vision (Griebel & Peichl 2003)),
allowing them to beg at these barriers rather than within the
fish market. The design of the closing slot requires testing
and could be modified to prevent or allow more potential
physical contact between humans and sea lions, by altering
Fig. 5 The temporary barrier with a slot is a modification of the temporary barrier for a ‘controlled interactions’ scenario. The fences fit together in
a zigzag pattern
591
the size of the opening or the existence of protective barriers
around or across the opening. However, one function of the
slot door is simply to visually communicate to human users the
control that can be exercised over interactions with sea lions by
using the slots (Stappers and Hummels 2006). To ascertain the
ability of the sea lions to learn to beg at the slot doors might
require an extended period of product testing. See Fig. 5.
592
The fladry umbrella is a medium scale product for the
‘free interactions’ scenario. It is an umbrella-like object with
ribbons (‘fladry’) that can be opened rapidly to scare away
sea lions that have approached too close. We imagine this
product being used primarily by fishermen at their work-
stations in the fish market if they feel threatened by
approaching sea lions begging for fish. The fladry umbrella
can be attached by a cord to the workstations, or carried
around by an individual. The design is based on three
combined ideas. Fladry, or lengths of ribbon or flags that
are tied to fences and move in the breeze, is commonly used
to prevent wolves from crossing fences (Breitenmoser et al.
2005). Fladry works by startling the wolf and disrupting its
behavior, but is only a temporary solution (Shivik et al.
2003), presumably because the wolf may learn that the
Fig. 6 The fladry umbrella is a
medium scale product for the
‘free interactions’ scenario
M. Root-Bernstein et al.
random movements of the ribbons are not associated either
with a threat or with the behavior of the wolf itself (Shivik
et al. 2003; Griffin et al. 2000). We also were inspired by
startle displays used by many species, including insects,
reptiles and birds, to gain time when attacked by a predator.
These frequently involve sudden displays of eyespots or
other striking visual elements (Morris 1990). Finally, we
considered that dogs can be frightened by rapidly opening
an umbrella (Arévalo pers. obs.). We combined the fladry
and eyespots with the umbrella. This product’s advantage
could be that like startle displays, and unlike fladry, the
product is closed and inactive when not in use, and can be
manually activated in response to sea lion approach behav-
ior. This behavior-response specificity should increase the
effective lifetime of the product (Griffin et al. 2000).
Design solutions to coastal human-wildlife conflicts
Prototype fladry umbrellas incorporating differing amounts
and combinations of fladry and eyespots could be produced
and tested, although their effectiveness in the short and long
terms would both have to be determined. See Fig. 6.
The embankment is a large architectural design compat-
ible with the ‘no interactions’ value scenario. This is a high,
very smooth curving wall along the shoreline, not strictly
speaking an embankment since it does not artificially create
a higher bank than already exists. The top of the wall
reaches the level of the sidewalk and public areas on the
riverfront. The bottom of the wall levels off at river level
into a smooth cement area with outcroppings suitable as
resting areas for sea lions (Túnez et al. 2008). Shade is also
provided for the sea lions to thermoregulate (Stevens and
Boness 2003). The curved base of the wall, its height and its
slippery surface are intended to prevent the sea lions from
being able to grip and climb it, thus preventing the sea lions
from having access to public spaces in the city. Sea lion
excrement can be cleaned by municipal workers without
entering the sea lion areas by attaching high-pressure hoses
Fig. 7 The embankment is a
large architectural design
compatible with the ‘no
interactions’ value scenario.
Below and detail, a self-closing
gate doubles as a stair at
mooring sites
593
to spigots placed at regular intervals, and the sea lions’
resting surfaces are slightly inclined to create drainage into
the river. Areas for watching the sea lions are provided for
visitors at the sidewalk level. At river level, access to boats
is provided by stairs to water level enclosed by fencing with
a self-closing gate that opens downwards and doubles as a
ramp. The embankment design is based on skateboarding
parks, and is intended to have positive aesthetic value given
its visual prominence in the cityscape. A section of the
design could be installed along the coast initially to test
whether sea lions are able to scale the wall, and to elicit
public reactions to the design. See Fig. 7.
The embankment with feeding stations is a version of the
embankment design, altered for the ‘controlled interactions’
scenario. The only difference between these designs is the
incorporation of feeding stations at sea lion level, accessed
by stairs, placed at intervals along the embankment. The
feeding stations are based on the temporary barrier with
a slot and function in the same way (see above). See
Fig. 8.
594
Discussion
The designs reported here have passed through an initial
stage of generation and development, but have not been
produced, tested, or installed. Our goal is to demonstrate
the utility of collaborations between designers and conser-
vation biologists for the stimulation of innovative solutions
to human-wildlife conflict. We hope that by showing the
wide range of design solutions that can be proposed for
different desired human-wildlife interactions we can inspire
conservationists to consider using design as a tool for
reducing human-wildlife conflict and aligning conservation
and management interventions with local values.
Our design proposals assume that design can be used in a
number of ways to affect human and animal behaviour, and
thus human-wildlife interactions. The informational flyers
are based on the assumption that environmental interpreta-
tion can both inform people and alter their behaviour
towards elements of the environment (Ham 1992, 2002).
The barrier with a slot for feeding and the fladry umbrella
Fig. 8 The embankment with
feeding stations is a version of
the embankment design, altered
for the ‘controlled interactions’
scenario. Shown is a feeding
station
M. Root-Bernstein et al.
are based on the idea that design of products for conserva-
tion should aim for “psychological biomimesis” or design
that takes advantage of behavioral propensities, preferences,
psychology and perceptual capacities of the wildlife in
question in order to be most effective (Buchholz 2007;
Blumstein and Fernández-Juricic 2004; Timberlake 1997;
Root-Bernstein & Ladle 2010). Finally, the embankment
and simple temporary barrier designs make no attempt to
change human or sea lion behavior per se, but restrict the
areas which each can use, thereby exercising an effect on
both species’ perceptions of and interactions with the land-
scape (see e.g. Hilty et al. 2006).
If this project were to be put into practice it would require
additional previous and subsequent steps. Prior to develop-
ing design proposals it would be important to understand
local values relating to the relationship between society and
nature, humans and wildlife, and relating to sea lions in
particular (Sepúlveda et al. 2007; Campbell 2005; Orsini
et al. 2006). This would allow decision makers and design-
ers to design for the human-sea lion interactions desired by
Design solutions to coastal human-wildlife conflicts
the public, and to take into account any differences in
attitudes between tourists, fishermen and other locals. It
would also be important to study the current behavior and
habitat preferences of the resident sea lion population (e.g.
Osman et al. in prep.). The level of investment must also be
decided; our range of designs also represents a range of
costs. Subsequently to the design phase, it would be impor-
tant to test the functionality of most of the products in a
prototype stage, making adjustments as necessary (Root-
Bernstein & Ladle 2010). A particularly effective approach,
not illustrated here, would be to develop multiple alternative
products and compare their functionality for the sea lions
and their reception by the public during the prototype stage
(for a methodology to compare animals’ product preferences
see Dawkins (2006), Thompson and Neill (1991)). The
current designs for fences implemented in the fish market
and along the banks of the river in Valdivia were created
using personal observations (Osman) about sea lion move-
ments in the river. These observations were used to work
closely with an architect, who designed the fences. The
floating rafts were based on designs currently in use in
San Francisco (USA) (see Fig. 1).
We believe it is important to publish conservation design
proposals as well as assessments of conservation products in
use. Both allow the practice of conservation design to im-
prove. Currently the details and assessments of conservation
products can be difficult to find as they are published in the
grey literature or not at all (Root-Bernstein & Ladle 2010).
While the designs presented here are hypothetical alterna-
tives to the floating rafts and barriers already in place in
Valdivia, we hope that they demonstrate a working method
for generating innovative approaches to conservation design
across the world.
Acknowledgements Many thanks to Juan Armesto and José Molina
for their support at different stages of this project.
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