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SSP 2412
INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE
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Introduction
• Historical Perspective
Stone Bronze Iron Advanced materials
• Classification of Materials
Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors
• Advanced Materials
Electronic materials, superconductors, etc.
3
•The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today.
Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed
drastically daily life of a common person.
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Strength to Density Ratio of Materials
5
What is Materials Science?
Processing
Materials
Optimization Loop
Structure Properties
Observational
• Macroscopic structure
Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye.
7
Length-scales; Units
Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m
Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m
Micrometer = 1µm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m
Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m
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Length Scale, meters
Time Scale,
Mesoscopic
Microscopic
10-7
10-7
109
1
Mo Li, JHU, Atomistic
1027
model of a nanocrystalline
10-9
Farid Abraham, IBM
10-8
106
MD of crack propagation
Nanoscopic
seconds
Phase transformation on diamond
atoms
surfaces
10-12
10-9
103
0.1
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THE SCALE OF THINGS
Things Natural
The 21st century challenge -- Fashion materials at the nanoscale with desired properties and functionality
100 m 1 meter (m) Things Manmade
Progress in miniaturization
10-1 m 0.1 m
100 mm
Objects fashioned from
metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers ...
Monarch butterfly 0.01 m Head of a pin
Cat ~ 0.1 m 10-2 m 1-2 mm
~ 0.3 m 1 cm
10 mm
10-3 m Microelectronics
Bee 1 millimeter (mm)
~ 15 mm MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) Devices
Dust mite 10 -100 m wide
300 m
10-4 m 0.1 mm
Human hair 100 m
Microworld
~ 50 m wide
Fly ash
The
~ 10-20 m
10-5 m 0.01 mm
10 m
Red blood cells
Pollen grain
10-6 m 1 micrometer ( m)
spectrum
Visible
Magnetic domains garnet film Red blood cells
Progress in atomic-level understanding
11 m wide stripes with white cell Indium arsenide Quantum dot array --
~ 2-5 m quantum dot germanium dots on silicon
ATP synthase 0.1 m
Schematic, central core 10-7 m
100 nm
Nanoworld
The
10-8 m 0.01 m
10 nm
10 nm Biomotor using ATP Self-assembled
“mushroom”
Cell membrane
10-9 m 1 nanometer (nm)
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Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external
forces.
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Classes of Materials
• Polymers
• Plastics • Metals/Alloys
• Liquid crystals • All metals
• Adhesives • Mixed of different metals
• Composites
• Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different material)
• Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets, Damaskus swords)
• Fiber reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass)
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General Properties of Materials
Let us classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound together
Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea'
that "glues" the ions together. Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are
shiny if polished.
Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms).
Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants.
Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs.
Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and are bound by
Coulomb forces. They are usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with
oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators.
Examples: glass, porcelain.
Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waals forces,
and usually based on C and H. They decompose at moderate temperatures (100 –
400 C), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.
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Metals/Alloys
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Semiconductors/Devices
15
Ceramics/Composites
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Polymers
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Criteria for materials selection
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Materials and Failure
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Example-World Trade Center Collapse
CNN
• Tubular constructed building.
• Well designed and strong.
• Strong but not from buckling.
• Supports lost at crash site, and the
floor supported inner and outer
tubular structures.
• Heat from burning fuel adds to
loss of structural support from
softening of steel (strength vs. T,
stress-strain behavior).
• Building “pancakes” due to
enormous buckling loads.
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Future of materials science
Design of materials having specific desired characteristics directly from our
knowledge of atomic structure.
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