COMMUNICATION
telecommunication systems, by means of enhancement the
SYSTEMS AND
ENGINEERING
1.Author :Rehana M Taseeladar
Email:rtahasildar0207@gmail.com
Electronics And communication department
Rural engineering college hulkoti gadag
2.Author:Sahil S Morab
Email :sahilsmorab@gmail.com
Electronics And communication department
Rural engineering college hulkoti gadag
Abstract: In some distributed and mobile communication
models, a message disappears in one place and miraculously
appears in another. In reality, of course, there are no miracles.
A message goes from one network to another; it can be lost or
corrupted in the process. Here, we present a realistic but high-
level communication model where abstract communicators
represent various nets and subnets. The model was originally
developed in the process of specifying a particular network
architecture, namely, the Universal Plug and Play architecture.
But, it is general. Our contention is that every message-based
distributed system, properly abstracted, gives rise to a
specialization of our abstract communication model. The
purpose of the abstract communication model is not to design
a new kind of network; rather, it is to discover the common
part of all message-based communication networks. The
generality of the model has been confirmed by its successful
reuse for very different distributed architectures. The model is
based on distributed abstract state machines. It is implemented
in the specification language AsmL(Abstract State Machine
Language ) and is used for testing distributed systems.
Keywords : communication, noise, modulation,
demodulation, importance of communication, noise
remove process, signals,
1.Introduction
The complexity of the communication systems and protocols
is increasing constantly, while the communication products’
time-to-market is becoming shorter. Afterthoughts
communication system redesign due to lack of performance
is financially and time expensive, and it is unacceptable. This
book chapter proposes a method for improving the
performance of the protocols they rely on. The proposed
engineering of communication systems is based on a formal
method and it provides an early-phase performance
evaluation of the underlying communication protocols. The
methodology is illustrated through a hands-on case study
conducted on an existing wireless communication system.
The development and standardization of new
telecommunication and information technologies is a rather
complex process which requires a comprehensive framework
The result of such a process is a new agreement that should
satisfy all of the involved parties, such as: vendors, providers,
and most importantly service users. To create a
comprehensive communication standard and consequently a
reliable communication system, many strategic and tactical
issues need to be considered. The missing question is how to
produce a standard that specifies a protocol or a system with
high performance. The lack of performance issue might be a
major cause for pitfall of entire communication systems. Most
of the problems result from poor protocol specifications or
from its enormous complexity. Furthermore, the design errors
caused by the short and intensive creation period usually
remain hidden until the testing and implementation phases of
the communication product development. Fixing the problems
after product’s delivery for communication software and
hardware increases the cost of the product by factor of 100 to
1000 compared to the fixing of the problem in the analysis
phase.
High performance communication protocols which are
untainted of functional errors are crucial in the
telecommunications sector where product expectation cycle is
denominated in decades instead of years. In order to develop
such a protocol, two aspects should be fulfilled: introduction
of formal methods during the specification process and
integration of the performance-related activities in the early
phases of the communication system specification and
development. The former one is already taking place as a
result of the need for clarity and accuracy in the
telecommunication standards, but the last aspect is commonly
avoided or even neglected.
 2.what is communication: The communication system is
a system which describes the information exchange
between two points. The process of transmission and
reception of information is called communication. The
major elements of communication are
the Transmitter of information, Channel or medium of
communication and the Receiver of information
Information: The idea or message that is to be conveyed
is information. The message may be single or a set of
messages. The message can be a symbol, code, group of
words, or any pre-decided unit.
Transmitter: The transmitter consists of a transducer,
modulator, amplifier, and transmitting antenna in radio
transmission
communication channel: The duty of the communication
channel is to carry the modulated signal from transmitter
to receiver. The communication channel is also called a
transmission link or medium.
Table: Different channels
Receiver: The receiver consists of:
Pickup antenna: To pick the signal
Demodulator: To separate the audio signal from the
modulated signal
Amplifier: To boost up the weak audio signal
Transducer: converts back audio signal in the form of
electrical pulses into sound waves.
1.1.1 Types of Communication System
(i) Analogue communication
(ii) Digital communication
 Signals:
The signal is an electromagnetic wave that carries information
from one point to another. It can travel through different
mediums, such as air, vacuum, water, and solid. In
electronics, the signal is defined as a current,
voltage, or wave carrying information and traveling long
distances. The speed of a signal wave is equal to the speed of
light.
2 Analog Communication
Analog communication is made from two words analog and
communication. Analog refers to the continuous time-varying
signal. Communication refers to exchanging information
between two or more than two sources. Analog
communication means communication with the help of analog
signals.
The analog communication is communication from the sender
to the receiver in the form of an analog signal. The analog
signal is a continuous time varying signal. The example of
analog signal is sound waves. The signals that continuously
vary with time are the examples of an analog signal, such
as audio and video signals.
In this tutorial, we will discuss analog communication,
modulation, types of modulation, demodulators, noise,
transmitters, receivers, and other components of the
communication system.
An Analog signal is a signal whose characteristics, such as
voltage, amplitude, or frequency, vary with time. The common
shape of an analog signal is the sinusoidal wave. It is shown
above:
2.1 Analog Communication System
The analog communication system refers to a model that helps
the data to transmit from one end to the other. It combines
elements that work together to establish a network between
the sender and receiver. It consists of transducers,
transmitter, channel, and receiver. The function of
transducers is to convert one form of energy to the other. The
channel acts as a medium to transmit electrical information
from the transmitter to the receiver.
The block diagram of an analog communication system is
shown below:
further sent to the transmitter. It improves the characteristics
of the received signal by modulation and converts it to the
suitable form for the channel. The information now travels on
the channel through different wired or wireless media. After
travelling the desired distance, the signal reaches the receiver.
It demodulated the signal to recover the original message
signal, which is last send to the output transducer. The output
transducer converts the electrical signal back to the speech
signal.
Speech plays a major role in human voice, communication
through mobile phones, video, etc. But, the back noise in a
system is considered as inference and needs to be eliminated
from the system. For this, effective filters or amplifiers are
used.

3 Digital Communication

Digital communication is made from two

words digital and communication. Digital refers to the
discrete time-varying signal. Communication refers to the
exchange of information between two or more sources. Digital
refers to the discrete time-varying signal. Communication
refers to the exchange of information between two or more
sources. Digital communication refers to the exchange of
digital information between the sender and receiver using
different devices and methods.

The data transmission using analog methods for long-distance

2.1.1 Input transducer
The input transducer converts the information in the message
signal into the electrical energy suitable for transmission. The
sources of information are audio, television, computers, etc.
The frequency range of television is 0 Hz to 6000K Hz. The
frequency range of speech signal is from 300Hz to 3000Hz.
2.1.2 Transmitter
communication suffers from distortion, delays, interferences,
and other losses. To overcome these problems, the digitization
and sampling of signals using different techniques help in
making the transmission process more efficient,
clear, and accurate.
Digital communication is a popular technology used today in
electronics. It allows us to access video conferencing, digital
meetings, online education, etc. The data can travel upto
long distances within a second with the help of the internet
and other modes of digital communication. It not only saves
money but also saves time and effort. It has also raised the
standard of an individual's social, political, and economic life.

The transmitter converts the electrical signal into a form

suitable for transmission for the channel. It performs
modulation by superimposing the message signal on the high-
frequency carrier signal. Thus, different channels have
different types of the transmitter. If the channel's characteristic
varies, the transmitter must adjust itself to maintain the desired
range for effective communication.

2.2 Function of the analog communication system

We have already discussed about each component in detail.

Let's discuss how the data from one end through the
transducer is transmitted to the receiving end. It makes the
data available to the receiver without any noise or distortion.
Here, we will discuss an example of the speech signal.

The information first reaches the input transducer. It

converts the speech signal to the electrical signal. It is because
the communication system can only allow the electrical
energy to pass through the system. The electrical signal is
 3.1.4 Function of the digital communication system

We have already discussed about each component in detail.

Let's discuss how the data from one end through the
transducer is transmitted to the receiving end. It makes the
data available to the receiver without any noise or distortion.
Here, we will discuss an example of the video signal.

The videos signal is first applied to the input transducer that

It consists of an input transducer, source encoder, channel
encoder, digital modulator, communication channel,
digital demodulator, channel decoder, source decoder,
and output transducer connected in series. Let's discuss the
function of each component in the digital communication
system.
3.1.1 Source signal
converts the signal into the electrical form. The
source encoder compresses the data to the reduced number of
bits and the channel encoder removes the error by adding the
redundant bits to the input digital data. It helps in encoding the
signal into binary digit or seven digits PCM (Pulse Code
Modulation). These are also used to represent the original
video signal. The modulator modulates the signal by varying
the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the transmitted signal.
The transmitted signal passes through the communication
channel to reach the receiver. At the receiving end,
the demodulator helps in recovering the message signal from
the carrier. The channel decoder, source decoder, and
the output transducer convert the digital signal into its
original form of transmission. The output signal is a digital
signal with no interference, noise, and error and is suitable for
the user to capture.
4 Modulation
Digital and analogue signals are of low frequency and
hence cannot be transmitted to long distances. These
signals require some carrier. These carriers are known as
carrier waves or high-frequency signals. The placement of
a low frequency (LF) signal over the high frequency (HF)
signal is known as modulation.

The source signal refers to the input signal applied to the Need for modulation: The sound wave
digital communication system. It is also known as the input (20Hz20Hz to 20kHz20kHz) cannot be transmitted directly
signal. Digital communication is generally used as a from one place to another because
conversion system from analog to digital. Thus, the input
signal is generally an analog signal. It can be analog or 4.1.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
digital. In case of the analog signal as the input source signal,
the digital communication system also works as an analog to 4.1.2 Frequency Modulation (FM)
digital converter by converting the analog input to the digital
4.1.3 Pulse Modulation
output.

3.1.2 Input Transducer

The transducer is a device used to convert one form of energy

to another. In a communication system, it converts the non-
electrical energy to electrical energy to make it suitable for
transmission within the system. In the case of the analog
input, the block also contains an ADC (Analog to digital
converter) to convert analog to the digital signal for further
processing.

3.1.3 Noise removal components

Noise in the system can cause information loss and distortion.

Hence, it is essential to use the noise removal components in
the communication system. The noise removal components
are used at both the transmitting and receiving ends to filter
out the noise components from the signal. The noise
components include anti-aliasing filters, shielded cables, and
grounding concepts. The grounding acts as a reference voltage
for the circuit and helps in preventing coupling.

4.1.4 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Amplitude modulation (AM) is the process in which the
amplitude of the modulated wave is varied in accordance
with the amplitude of modulating wave. In AM, the
frequency of the carrier wave is unchanged.
4.2 Types of Amplitude Modulation
The types of modulation are designated
the ITU (International Telecommunication Union). There are
three types of Amplitude Modulation, which are as follows:
o Single Sideband Modulation
o Double Sideband Modulation
o Vestigial Sideband Modulation
Modulation index: It isthe ratio of change of amplitude of
carrier wave to the amplitude of original carrier wave. It is
also called the modulation factor or degree of
modulation(ma)(ma).
ma=ChangenamplitudefcarrierwaeAmplitudeforiginatarrier
wae=kEmEcma=ChangenamplitudefcarrierwaeAmplitudef
originatarrierwae=kEmEc
Where k=k= is a factor determining the maximum change
in the amplitude for a given amplitude EmEm of the
modulating signal. If k=1k=1 then ma=EmEc=Emax–
EminEmax+Eminma=EmEc=Emax–EminEmax+Emin
If several sine waves modulate a carrier wave, the total
modulated index mtmt is given by mt=m21+m22+m23+
……−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√mt=m12+m22+m32+……
Voltage equation for AM wave: Let us consider the
voltage equations for carrier wave and modulating wave
is-  (iv) PtPc=(1+m2a2)PtPc=(1+ma22) and PsbPt=m2a/
ec=Eccosωctec=Eccos⁡ω ct and em=Emsinωmt=mEcsinωmt
em=Emsin⁡ωmt=mEcsin⁡ω mt
where ec=ec= Instantaneous voltage of carrier
wave, Ec=Ec= Amplitude of carrier
wave, ωC=2πfc=ωC=2πfc= Angular velocity at the carrier
frequency fc,em=fc,em= Instantaneous voltage of
modulating, Em=Em= Amplitude of modulating
wave, ωm=2πfm=ωm=2πfm= Angular velocity of
modulating frequency fmfm
The voltage equation for AM wave is
by e=Esinωct=(Ec+em)sinωct=(Ec+emsinωmt)sinωcte=Esin⁡ω
ct=(Ec+em)sin⁡ωct=(Ec+emsin⁡ω mt)sin⁡ω ct
=Ecsinωct+maEc2cos(ωc–ωm)t–
maEc2cos(ωc+ωm)t=Ecsin⁡ωct+maEc2cos⁡(ωc–ωm)t–
maEc2cos⁡(ωc+ωm)t
The above AM wave indicates that the AM wave is
equivalent to the summation of three sinusoidal waves, one
having amplitude EcEc and the other two having
amplitude maEc2maEc2.
4.2.1 Sideband Frequencies and Bandwidth in AM Wave
Side-band frequencies: The AM wave contains three
frequencies fc,(fc+fm)fc,(fc+fm) and (fc–fm)(fc–fm).
Here fcfc  is called carrier frequency, (fc+fm)
(fc+fm) and (fc–fm)(fc–fm) are called sideband
frequencies.
 (fc+fm)(fc+fm): Upper sideband (USB) frequency
 (fc–fm)(fc–fm): Lower sideband (LSB) frequency
Side-band frequencies are generally close to the carrier
frequency.
Bandwidth: The two sidebands lie on either side of the
carrier frequency at equal frequency intervals fmfm.
So, bandwidth =(fc+fm)–(fc–fm)=2fm
Power in AM waves: Power dissipated in any
circuit P=V2rmsRP=Vrms2R. Hence
(i) Carrier
power Pc=(Ec2√)2R=E2c2RPc=(Ec2)2R=Ec22R
(ii) Total power of sidebands Psb=(maEc22√)2R+
(maEc22√)R=m2aE2c4RPsb=(maEc22)2R+
(maEc22)R=ma2Ec24R
(iii) Total power of AM
wave PTotal=PC+Psb=E2c2R(1+m2a2)PTotal=PC+Psb=E
c22R(1+ma22)
2(1+m2a2)PsbPt=ma2/2(1+ma22)
(v) Maximum power in the AM (without distortion) will
occur when ma=1ma=1 i.e. Pt=1.5P=3PsbPt=1.5P=3Psb
(vi) If Ic=Ic= Unmodulated current and It=It= total or
modulated current ⇒PtPc=I2tI2c⇒ItIc=(1+m2a2)−−−−−−
−−√⇒PtPc=It2Ic2⇒ItIc=(1+ma22).

4.2.2 Frequency Modulation (FM)

It is the process of changing the frequency of a carrier
wave in accordance with the audio frequency signal. It is
known as frequency modulation.

The audio quality of AM transmission is poor. Amplitude-

sensitive noise has to be eliminated by removing amplitude
variation. (I.e. a need to keep the amplitude of the carrier
constant).  In FM, the overall amplitude of the FM wave
remains constant at all times. In FM, the total transmitted
power remains constant.

In the FM signal, the information (audio signal) is

contained in the sidebands. Since the sidebands are
separated from each other by the frequency of modulating
signal fmfm so
Bandwidth =2n×fm=2n×fm; where n=n= number of
significant sideband pairs
Deviation ratio: The ratio of the maximum permitted
frequency deviation to the maximum permitted audio
frequency is the deviation ratio. Thus, the deviation
ratio =(Δf)max(fm)max=(Δf)max(fm)max.
Percentage modulation: It is the ratio of actual frequency
deviation to the maximum allowed frequency deviation.
Thus, percent
modulation, m=(Δf)actual(Δf)maxm=(Δf)actual(Δf)max
Table: Range of frequency allotted for FM radio/TV
broadcast

Frequency deviation: Frequency deviation isthe 4.2.3 Pulse Modulation

maximum change in frequency from the mean value fcfc.
It is also the change or shift either above or below the
frequency fcfc and called frequency deviation.
∴δ=(fmax–fc)=fc–fmin=kf⋅Em2π∴δ=(fmax–fc)=fc–
fmin=kf⋅Em2π
kf=kf= Constant of proportionality. It determines the
maximum variation in the frequency of the modulated
wave for a given modulating signal.
Carrier swing (CS): Carrier swing is the total variation in
frequency from the lowest to the highest. i.e.
CS=2×ΔfCS=2×Δf
Frequency modulation index (mf)(mf): The ratio of
maximum frequency deviation to the modulating
frequency is called modulation index.
mf=δfm=fmax–fcfm=fc–fminfm=kfEmfmmf=δfm=fmax–
fcfm=fc–fminfm=kfEmfm.
Pulse Modulation(PM) is a process in which the carrier
wave is in the form of pulses.
(1) Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM): The pulse
amplitude varies in accordance to the modulating
signal(message signal).
(2) Pulse width modulation (PWM): The pulse duration
varies in accordance with the modulating signal.
(3) Pulse position modulation (PPM): In PPM, the
position of the pulses of the carrier wave train varies
according to the instantaneous value of the modulating
signal.

Frequency spectrum: FM sideband modulated signal

consist of an infinite number of sidebands whose
frequencies are
(fc±fm),(fc±2fm),(fc±3fm)……(fc±fm),(fc±2fm),(fc±3fm)
……
The number of sidebands depends on the modulation
index mfmf.

4.2.4 Demodulation
Demodulation is the process of extracting the audio
signal(message signal) from the modulated
wave(modulated signal).
The wireless signals consist of radiofrequency (high
frequency) carrier waves modulated by audio baseband
frequency(low frequency). The diaphragm membrane of a
telephone receiver or a loudspeaker cannot vibrate with
high frequency. Therefore, it is necessary to separate the
audio frequencies from the radio frequency carrier wave.
Simple demodulator circuit: A diode can detect or
demodulate an amplitude modulated (AM) wave. A diode
acts as a rectifier, i.e. it reduces the modulated carrier
wave into a positive envelope only.
The AM wave input is shown in the figure. It appears at
the output of the diode across PQ as a rectified wave
(since a diode conducts only in the positive half cycle).
After passing through the RC network, this rectified wave
does not contain the radio frequency carrier component.
Instead, it has only the envelope of the modulated wave.
In the actual circuit, the value of RCRC is chosen such
that 1fc<RC1fc<RC; where fc=fc= carrier signal
frequency.
5. CONCLUSION: Communication for technology provides
those who have communication challenges a way of
expressing their wants and needs.  People of all ages and
abilities can use and benefit from using communication
technology.  There are four categories of technology for
communication.  They include voice output technology,
symbol communication technology, auditory technology and
Eye Gaze communication technology.  Voice output
technology are devices that allow a person to select a picture,
word, phrase or sentence, which is read aloud by the device.
Symbol communication includes pictures that are used to
communicate with others by having the pictures represent
items, actions and thoughts of the person communicating. 
Auditory technology is used with people who have
hearing impairments where the impairment inhibits the
person's ability to communicate effectively with others. 
The person with the hearing impairment usually wears a
receiver and the person who is communicating with them
wears a microphone.  Lastly, Eyegaze technology is used with
individuals with limited speech and motor skills to allow them
to use eye movement to communicate.
Results:In this paper we all get to know how the system of
communication works and transfer of the data from source to
destination was made and briefly explained the basic
components and foundation of communication system and
engineering.
 Communication System : Simon Haykins

Digital and Analog Communications : K. Sam Shanmugam

History of Wireless Communication Modern Digital and Analog Communications: B.P. Lathi

Yea Description
r

1880 Hertz-Radio Communication

1897 Marconi- Radio Transmission

1933 FCC (Federal Communication Commission)

1938 FCC rules for regular services

1946 Bell telephone laboratories 52 MHz

1956 FCC - 450MHz (Simplex)

1964 Bell telephone active research 800 MHz

1964 FCC - 450 MHz (Full Duplex)

1969 FCC - 40 MHz bandwidth

1981 FCC ? release of cellular land phone in the 40

MHz

1982 At & T divested and Server RBOC (Regional

Bell Operation Companies) formed to manage
the cellular operation.

1984 Most RBOC market in operations

1986 FCC allocates 5MHz extended band.

1988 TDMA voted as digital cellular standard in

North America.

1992 GSM (Group Special Mobile) operable

Germany D2 system.

1993 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

1994 PDCC (Personal Digital Cellular Operable) in

Tokyo, Japan

1995 CDMA operable in Hong Kong

1996 Six Broad Band PCS (Personal Communication

Services) licensed bands (120 MHz) almost
reader 20 billion US dollar

1997 Broad band CDMA constructed and of the 3rd

generation mobile.

1999 Powerful WLAN systems were evolved, such as

Bluetooth. This uses 2.4 MHz spectrum.

Reference: