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Essay Questions • After that, carrier proteins will return to their
original state and prepare to transport more
8 Similarities:
amino acid molecules.
• Does not need metabolism energy.
• Occurs until an equilibrium is achieved, that is, (c) • Liposome is a vesicle that contains aqueous
when all the molecules are evenly distributed solution encased in a membrane made up of

( Profile
everywhere.
• Occurs when there is a difference in
concentration or concentration gradient.
Differences:
• Simple diffusion that involves the movement of
any molecules whereas osmosis involves the
movement of water molecules.
• Simple diffusion does not need take place
through a selectively permeable membrane
whereas osmosis takes place through a
selectively permeable membrane.
phospholipids.
• Liposome is used to transport active
substances in cosmetics into the epidermal
layer of the skin.
• The liposome transports active substances
in skincare cream to the lower epidermal
layer so that the active substance can be
more effective.
• Without liposomes, active substances within
skincare cream, for example vitamin C, will
be easily oxidised.

9 (a) (i) • Vegetables that are soaked too long

in a salt solution will wilt because the Enrichment
salt solution which is hypertonic to the 10
cell sap of vegetables, causes water to
diffuse out of cells via osmosis. Carbohydrate
Justification
• Plant cells undergo plasmolysis. content

• The vegetables wilt. Gymnast 1–3% To hydrate the body

Hypotonic and replace water lost
(ii) • To regain turgidity, the vegetables must solution through perspiration.
be soaked in water. Only needs a small
• The water in the external environment amount of extra
will diffuse back into the vegetable cells carbohydrates to
and cell turgidity is restored. provide energy.
(b) • Amino acid molecules are transported Moderate 6–8% To replace water lost
acrosst the plasma membrane via facilitated distance Isotonic through perspiration
diffusion. runner solution as well as to provide
some energy for the
• Amino acid molecules are transported
athlete.
from a high concentration area to a low
concentration area, along the concentration Football 10–12% To provide instant
gradient with the help of carrier proteins. player Hypertonic energy because of
• Amino acid molecules will move towards solution the high usage of
carrier proteins and bind with the carrier energy during training.
protein’s specific site. Suitable to be taken
after activities to
• The carrier protein changes shape to allow
replenish the glycogen
the amino acid molecules to pass through
storage in muscles.
the carrier proteins into the cell.

3 Biology Form 4

DLP_Biology F4_Answers_Chap 3_2PP.indd 3 10/31/19 11:53 AM

11 (a) • An example of substance P is vitamin A/fatty Differences:

acid/glycerol/steroid.
• Graph shows that when the concentration
of substance P increases, the rate of
movement for substance P through plasma
membrane also increases.
• Substance P moves through plasma
membrane using simple diffusion.
• The graph in Figure 4 shows that the rate
of movement of substance S increases until
it reaches a certain concentration level and
became constant, whereas the graph in
Figure 3 shows that the rate of movement of
substance P increases proportionately with
an increase in the concentration of P.

• The movement of substance P is along the • Substance S needs carrier proteins whereas
concentration gradient. substance P do not need carrier proteins to

11 of 55

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