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Analysis of Cooperative Networks Based On WiMAX LDPC Code
Analysis of Cooperative Networks Based On WiMAX LDPC Code
Abstract: This study focus on the performance analysis of Cooperative communication networks based on WiMAX
Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes. The channel capacity approaching coding technique LDPC having coding
gain method Bit Interleave Coded Modulation with Iterative Decoding (BICM-ID) is used. The different fading
environment is analyze to counter the challenges in wireless communication and provides solutions for the
drawbacks in the multiple input multiple output MIMO technology. The relays are used in Cooperative
communications networks to increases the range and link reliability at a lower transmit power because once the
signal transmit power loses its strength it’s amplify on the relay node and when it suffers from noise it is also
decoded at the relay node which increases the link reliability. LDPC with iterative decoding are used to gain BER
performance only a small amount of decibel to attain Shannon limit. This performance analysis open the way for
WiMAX technology can be used with Cooperative networks by using LDPC codes. The above mention
communication system will provides rate, range and reliability at a lower cost, less complexity and lower transmit
power.
Keywords: BER, BICM, cooperative network, ID, LDPC, MIMO, Nakagami-m, Rician-K, WiMAX
Corresponding Author: M.B. Khan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock, Pakistan
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 8(19): 2026-2031, 2014
used to gain BER performance only a small amount of (TCM) (Ungerboeck, 1982). Coded modulation
decibel to attain Shannon limit. This invention of LDPC schemes offer large coding gains while they are having
codes makes them strong competitors with turbo codes good algebraic structures which permit a simple
for controlling the error where there is high reliability is encoding and decoding process (Forney Jr., 1991). On
desired in many communication and digital storage the other hand, there are two drawbacks that limit the
system. There are some advantages of LDPC over the application of TCM and BCM. Both schemes transmit
turbo codes. To achieve a better BER performance they effectively over Additive White Gaussian Noise
do not need a long interleaver and have better (AWGN) channels but there is performance degradation
performance of block error. Their error floor occurs at in fading channels (Schlegel and Costello, 1989;
very lower BER values. Their decoding is not based on Zehavi, 1992). In order to enhance the performance of
the Trellis. With the introduction LDPC codes, k digital transmission over the fading channels, the
number of information bits are firstly encoded to n introduction of Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation
create code bits by r = n-k number of parity check bits. (BICM) (Caire et al., 1998). This introduces time
The LDPC codes are based on a H (parity check matrix) diversity by inserting bit interleaving between the
having a size of (n-k) × n that is extended from the H b encoding and modulation to attaining high spectral
(binary base matrix) of size r b × n b , whereas n = z . n b
efficiency. Coded modulation schemes is mostly use
and r = z. r b . The size of the base matrix n b is an
signal constellation shaping methods, like shell
integer that is equal to 24 and t increasing from z to
mapping and trellis shaping (Wachsmann et al., 1999).
24≤z≤96. From these integers values we can figure out
As another shaping method, the introduction of partially
the minimal length of code where n min = 24.24 = 576
overlapped signal sets (Tran et al., 2008).
bits and the maximum length of code where n max = 24
.96 = 2304 bits. In total there are having five different
base matrices (Forney Jr., 1991), one base matric for METHODOLOGY
rate 1/2 codes, two different base matrices for rate 2/3
codes and two different base matrices for rate 3/4 System model: The system model WiMAX LDPC
codes. The base matrix having entries p (i, j) are either based on cooperative network is shown in Fig. 1. The
’-1’ signifying a replacement with a z×z all-zero matrix different steps involve in the transmission over different
or integers p (i, j) ≥0 signifying a replacement with a fading environment and the functional blocks that
z×z having permutation matrix. The permutation matrix comprises of source, transmitter, channel, signal
will be circular right shift on p (i, j) points. From this an combiner and receiver.
entry p (i, j) = 0 must be substituted by a z×z identity
matrix. For decoding algorithm it can be apply a Transmitter: In the transmitter the random data from
certainty transmission decoder using the sum-product the source is which firstly coded using WiMAX
algorithm (David and MacKay, 1999). standard based LDPC encoder. For enhancement in
The introduction of coded modulation scheme in digital transmission over the fading channels, the use of
cooperative networks provides high spectral efficiency Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) introduces
which includes Block Coded Modulation (BCM) (Imai the time diversity by using a bit interleaver between the
and Hirakawa, 1977) and the Trellis Coded Modulation encoder and modulator.
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 8(19): 2026-2031, 2014
Relay network: In relay network there are two phases. modulation techniques, which may be active by the
In phase 1, the source point sends information to the source point. However, as Eq. (4) shows, AF relaying
destination and the relay points. The incoming received mode also forwards noise to the destination point.
signals 𝑦𝑦𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 and 𝑦𝑦𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 at the destination and the relay
points, individually, can be mathematically written as: Receiver: The receiver function is ultimately the
reverse operation as the transmitter. Once the data bits
ySD = P1 hSD x + η SD (1) have been demapped, it goes into the decoder block and
finally retrieved the data.
ySR = P1 hSR x + η SR (2) Transmission protocol: The TDMA based two times
slot relaying method is used (Nabar et al., 2004).
where, 𝑃𝑃1 is the power of transmitted signal at the
source, x is the information of transmitted symbol, 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆,𝐷𝐷 Time slot 1: The incoming received data at the D
and 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆,𝑅𝑅 are corresponding additive noise having station in time slot 1 is given as:
variance 𝑁𝑁0 at the destination and relay points,
individually. In Eq. (1) and (2), ℎ𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 and ℎ𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 are the ySD = E SD hSD x + η SD (6)
corresponding channel coefficients from the source to
the destination and the relay points, individually. where, 𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 is the transmitted data signal energy and x is
In phase 2, now the relay points can co-operate the the signal of transmitted data. 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 is additive white
source point by advancing or retransmitting the Gaussian noise at D station, i.e., 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ~ 𝒞𝒞𝒞𝒞(0,1). The
information to the destination point. The relay operation received data signal at the R station in time slot 1 is
mode can be amplify-And-Forward (AF) or Decode- given by:
and Forward (DF). For an AF mode, the relay point
amplifies the incoming received signal and the sends it
to the destination point having transmitted power 𝑃𝑃2 . In ySR = E SR hSR x + η SR (7)
this case, the incoming received signal at the
destination point in phase 2 is specified as: where, 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ~ 𝒞𝒞𝒞𝒞(0,1) additive white Gaussian noise at
a R station.
p2 p1 p2
y RD = hRD y SR + η RD = ′
hRD y SR + η RD Time slot 2: While in the second time slot, the relay
p1 hSR + N o
2
p1 hSR + N o
2
station normalizes the received data signal and then
(3) sends again to the D station. MRC at the D station is
come first by noise normalization. After the noise
where, normalization, the received data signal through the R
ℎ𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 : The fading channel coefficient from the relay station in time slot 2 is given as:
point to the destination point
𝜂𝜂𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 : An channel additive noise term: 1 ERD ESR
yRD = hRD hSR x + η RD (8)
ω ESR hSR + 1
2
hRD y SR + η RD
′ = y =
η RD p2 (4)
RD
p1 hSR + N o
2
where,
2
𝑃𝑃1 �ℎ 𝑅𝑅,𝐷𝐷 � 𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 |ℎ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 |2
Having variance � 2 + 1� 𝑁𝑁0 . 𝜔𝜔 = � +1
𝑃𝑃1 �ℎ 𝑆𝑆,𝑅𝑅 � +𝑁𝑁0 𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 +𝑁𝑁0
In phase 2, for DF relaying mode, however, if the
relay point is correctly able decode the transmitted 𝜔𝜔 is noise normalization factor for a R station path,
symbol, then it moves the decoded symbol to the 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ~ 𝒞𝒞𝒞𝒞(0,1). E rd is the R station transmitted data
destination point with power 𝑃𝑃2 ; otherwise, it does not signal energy. Two independent signals are received at
forward. The received signal at the destination point in D in the second time slot. The received data signal at D
phase 2 in this case can be mathematically modeled as: station can be written as:
~ Y = Hx + N
yRD = P1 hRD x + η RD (5)
�2 = 𝑃𝑃2 if the relay point correctly decodes the where, 𝑌𝑌 𝑇𝑇 = (𝑦𝑦𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 and 𝑦𝑦𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ), the channel gain is
where, 𝑃𝑃
�2 = 0. AF relaying represented as 𝐻𝐻 𝑇𝑇 = (A B) and 𝑁𝑁 𝑇𝑇 = (𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑛𝑛𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ), A =
transmitted symbol, otherwise 𝑃𝑃
modes lead to low computation complexity relay point �𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ℎ𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 :
transceivers and consumes lower power because it only
1 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸
amplify instead of decoding. Another pro of AF 𝐵𝐵 = � 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅2
relaying mode is that they are transparent to adaptive 𝜔𝜔 𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 �ℎ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 � +1
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 8(19): 2026-2031, 2014
where, as m is the shaping factor, which values start Scenario I: performance analysis of LDPC BICM-
from ½ to infinity. Ω is given by: ID system with different coding rates: In Fig. 2
multiple relays performance is better than the single
Ω = 𝐸𝐸(𝛼𝛼 2 ) relay. The Multiple relay provides Lower BER value at
a low SNR value than the single relay its means if the
The SNR value per symbol γ is scattered according increase the number of relays the performance will also
to gamma distribution given by: increase. Same is case that 1/2 coding rate provides
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 8(19): 2026-2031, 2014
Table 1: Parameters setting/values for WiMAX LDPC codes lower BER at value at a low SNR value than the 2/3
Parameters Values/setting and 5/6. Code rate 1/2 with multiple relay performance
Channel coding LDPC
Coding rate 1/2, 2/3, 5/6
is the best which provides reliable communication with
Modulation scheme BPSK, QPSK, M-QAM BER of 10-4 at very low value of a SNR nearly equal
Frame size 2304 1.9 dB on the other hand code rate 5/6 is provides very
Channel Rician, rayleigh, nakagami poor performance with single relay.
No of relays Two
Relaying mode AF
Scenario II: performance analysis of LDPC BICM-
Relaying protocol Two time slot
Access method TDMA ID system over Nakagami-m fading channel: In this
Signal combining scheme MRC simulation result performance analysis is based on
No of iterations 5 fading channel Nakagami-m distribution. From the
SNR 0 to 6 dB simulation results shown in Fig. 3 as the value of the m
increases from 1 to 5 the system provides the lower
0
10 BER value at lower SNR value. The performance of
-1
m = 5 is much better than m = 1. In the same way the
10 performance of multiple relay provides lower BER
-2
value at Lower SNR value than single relay in both the
10 cases m = 1 and m = 5. In this simulation result
BER
-3
10 K = 5 for both the single and multiple relay. In
Nakagami m=1
Nakagami m=5
simulation results multiple relay performance is better
-4
10 Single relay than single relay for all value of K. In this simulation
Multiple relay result Rician K = 10 with the multiple relay is the best
-5
10 result with the value of BER of 10-4 is achieved at very
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 low value of 1.4 dB of SNR which is very efficient for
SNR (dB) reliable communication.
Fig. 3: Simulated BER for Nakagami-m fading channel
Scenario-IV: BER analysis by varying the position
0 of relays under pathloss effect: In this simulation the
10
performance analysis under pathloss effect is consider.
-1
10 In this simulation scenario the distances of the relays
from the source to destination is varied. Here three
-2
10 cases are considered first both the relays are 1/4 of
BER
10
0 Dohler, M., 2003. Virtual antenna arrays. Ph.D. Thesis,
King’s College London, London, UK.
-1
10
Fitzek, F.H.P. and M.D. Katz, 2006. Cooperation in
Wireless Networks: Principles and Applications.
Published by Springer, pp: 641.
-2
BER
2031