FINAL Komal Thesis

To Design and Develop An IOT Based Smart Helmet”
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION:
In every aspect of our life safety and security are the major important areas. Now-a-days the
scenario that we come across in many cases of human deaths and severe injuries to people is
because of two-wheeler road accidents. And it is a crucial issue that requires everybody’s
attention, for every four minutes there is one death being reported in India. As per World
Health Organization (WHO) we have identified that 40% of the deaths and 70% of severe
injuries can be reduced if bike rider wears the helmet Now a day’s wearing helmet is
compulsory for every two wheeler riders and also it is equally important for pillion riders too
to wear the helmet, but the discomfort or inconvenience caused due to wearing conventional
helmet makes the rider to avoid using the helmet and finally it leads to death of the rider. In
spite of the fact that helmets are being available to everybody, people are just not wearing
them and the main reason behind it is that the conventional helmets are generating
unconditional temperatures inside it which makes inconvenience to the person.
Currently in the existing system, when the person met with an accident we are not in a
position to ensure the immediate first aid treatment; due to this late medication the person
may die. With the help of proposed system in this paper, it triggers an automatic alert
message to the concerned person or to the ambulance in case of any emergency situation like
an accident. The alert message consists of the details such as location of the accident and time
of accident, which will help to speed up the first aid service to the casualty. The Internet of
Things (IOT) can provide an infrastructure which integrates the smart services with
situational responses, and also allows mutual communication between smart things or devices
and people over a network. So we have come up with this idea of IOT based smart helmet
which ensures the safety of the rider while riding. The idea of proposing this system has
mainly come from the social responsibility towards the society. The proposed system allows
the rider to start a bike only on wearing the helmet. This system will not allow driver to ride
if he had consumed alcohol. This system identifies the bike accidents with accuracy and gives
information to the nearby hospital and relatives of the rider who met with an accident. It also
tracks the location details of the rider and alcohol consumption of the rider and will be stored
in the cloud/server.

CHAPTER 2
Literature Review

2.LITERATURE REVIEW
In the process of literature survey, we have found a lot of smart helmets with different
approaches and with different methodologies.
1. C. J. Behr et al had proposed a smart helmet for mining industry in order to identify
hazardous event detection and air quality. This system can identify the concentration
level of the harmful gases such as CO, SO2, NO2, and particulate matter by using
electro chemical sensor and also detects the removal of Helmet by using an IR sensor.
It also identifies an incident when miners are struck by an object in contradiction to
their head with a high force exceeding a value of 1000 by using the Head Injury
Criteria. An accelerometer was used to calculate the acceleration of the head after hit
and the HIC was calculated in software.
2. Edna Elizabeth et al had developed a smart helmet device for detecting and reporting
bike accidents. Smart helmet system comprises of various sensors, and it identify the
accident by evaluating uneven or irregular variations obtained from sensor system,
and a trigger will be sent to Pager Duty from the microcontroller. Pager Duty will
then triggers a call to the phone number registered by the motorist. If the driver does
not respond to it for a period of 5 minutes after the first call is initiated, then the
emergency contacts will be informed with the details about the accident. The
emergency contacts will be alerted through text message, e-mail, and phone call until
they acknowledge the incident. In real time, this system assures a reliable and quick
delivery of information relating to the accident.
3. Rashmi Vashisth et al had proposed a methodology which uses Piezo electric buzzer
in order to identify over speeding bike and it also equipped with a feature called
velocity limiter, which restricts the speed limit of the bike. It also has a feature which
prevents the drunk and drive scenarios of the rider called as ALCHOLOCK and an
accelerometer to identify accidents,

upon detecting accidents it automatically send a message to concerned person. A fog

sensor has been used in this system in order to improve the visibility for the rider in
case of fog or smog. It also features automatic deduction of required or needed
amount from the riders registered virtual wallet in wireless to helps the rider to stop
and do the payment.
4. Selvathi et al had designed a system which automatically detects if the rider is
wearing a helmet and also checks whether the rider has consumed alcohol before
starting the ride. The relay attached to the engine will turn ON if and only if both the
conditions are met. The Microcontroller in the system controls the functioning of
relay and thus the ignition. This system also identifies the bike accident at any place
and alerts the concerned person about the accident.
5. Archana D et al had proposed a system which will not allow driver to start the engine
without wearing the helmet. When rider wore the helmet, helmet will be locked and
engine will be switched ON. This system also identify the approaching vehicle’s
speed on both sides of the bike while riding by using ultrasonic sensor and alert the
rider by generating vibrations in bike’s handlebar.
6. SayanTapadar et al had proposed a methodology for smart helmet which can detect
whether rider is wearing the helmet or not, and detect whether the person has over-
consumed alcohol and can also detects about the accident. This system gathers the
data generated from the accelerometer and pressure sensors and the same will be sent
to cloud server via an online application programming interface (API) to train a
support vector machine (SVM). SVM can help in detecting accident precisely so in
the future enough data will be gathered and analysed to provide more accuracy about
event detection. The proposed system (smart helmet) can be connected to any smart
phone via Bluetooth in order to communicate with the online API, by using the smart
phone internet connection.
7. Behr, C.J., Kumar, A., Hancke, G.P “ A Smart Helmet for Air Quality and Hazardous
Event Detection for the Mining Industry” Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Industrial Technology 2016- May,7475079, pp. 2026-2031

A smart helmet has been developed that is able to detect of hazardous events in the
mines industry. In the development of helmet, we have considered the three main
types of hazard such as air quality, helmet removal, and collision (miners are struck
by an object). The first is the concentration level of the hazardous gases such as CO,
SO2, NO2, and particulate matter. The second hazardous event was classified as a
miner removing the mining helmet off their head. An IR sensor was developed
unsuccessfully but an off-the shelf IR sensor was then used to successfully determine
when the helmet is on the miner’s head. The third hazardous event is defined as an
event where miners are struck by an object against the head with a force exceeding a
value of 1000 on the HIC (Head Injury Criteria).
8. Sreenithy Chandran, Sneha Chandrasekar, N Edna Elizabeth “Konnect: An Internet of
Things(IoT) based smart helmet for accident detection and notification” 2016 IEEE
Annual India Conference (INDICON) The objective of the smart helmet is to provide
a means and apparatus for detecting and reporting accidents. Sensors, Wi-Fi enabled
processor, and cloud computing infrastructures are utilised for building the system.
The accident detection system communicates the accelerometer values to the
processor which continuously monitors for erratic variations. When an accident
occurs, the related details are sent to the emergency contacts by utilizing a cloud
based service. The vehicle location is obtained by making use of the global
positioning system. The system promises a reliable and quick delivery of information
relating to the accident in real time.

CHAPTER 3
Proposed System

3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
We are developing a smart helmet using the internet of things (IoT) technology, in which we
ensure the safety of the bike rider. by avoiding road accidents of the bikers by,
 The system detects whether the rider is wearing a helmet or not if he wears then
only the vehicle will start.
 It detects the amount of alcohol consumed by the rider, if the rider has over drunk,
the bike engine will not start.
 When the bike rider meets with an accident it detects it and gives the notification
to the registered contact with a location.
For the safety of the bike rider, we are using the latest technology IOT, this
technology provides the advance techniques for alerting the rider and ensures that
rider follows the rules and regulations. For two-wheeler rider, Helmet is the most
basic protection device and it is necessary for every bicycle or motorbike riders.
But it does not ensure the safety of the rider and the rider wont follow the traffic
rules. Most of the people use ordinary helmet just to avoid giving challan to the
traffic police, these helmets do not ensure the safety of the driver. So, to overcome
these problems we need to use the smart helmet.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
Fig 3.1 proposed system of main circuit

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig3.2 Block diagram of the Helmet circuit

CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is observed that various sensors are the riders registered virtual wallet in wireless to helps
the rider to stop and do the payment.
Integrated with the helmet with safety features in the system incorporated using emerging
technologies have been used across the world. C. J. Behr et al had developed smart helmet
used for miners in mining industry which consist of network of sensors attached to the
helmet. It consist of air quality sensor which is the electro chemical sensor to identify
hazardous gases like CO, SO2, and NO2 from SGX Sensor Tech. IR beam based sensor to
detect the helmet removal from miner head and ADXL377 an accelerometer sensor to detect
the collision. These sensors have been used to detect removal of helmet and air quality in the
surroundings and to detect whether the miner had experienced an object collision to his head.
All the three sensors are fixed on the helmet and connected to a ZigBee unit. ZigBee module
collects the data from all the sensors and processes it and finally acts as a wireless
communicator between the helmets connected in the whole network through the Contiki
operating system (OS). This complete system was analyzed and designed in such a way that
to have minimal power consumption by helmet as the whole system is running on battery as
shown in Fig.2. The advantages ZigBee over blue tooth is that to be less power, low data rate
and less-cost and it is more suitable to create larger mesh networks compared to Bluetooth.
ZigBee has all the same advantages as a Wi-Fi system. It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4
standard. ZigBee module is selected as a wireless chip as it has very good signal penetration
inside the walls of mine. Wireless or more specifically Wi-Fi, can be used in mines, but Wi-
Fi requires calibrating throughout the mine to the routers. System designers had an idea to use
a Raspberry Pi as the main processor in parallel a ZigBee terminal for wireless
communication between nodes. The sensor network and the ZigBee module will be
connected to the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi will collect data from sensors and control
the ZigBee module.

But problems rose due to the more power consumption by Raspberry pi and it had issues with
interfacing to connect it. Hence designers decided to use ATZB-24-Aa ZigBee device as a
wireless terminal. It has adequate amount of processing power along with in-built
EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
4.1 Introduction To Embedded Syatems
An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job.
Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine,
mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a
processor and special hardware to meet the specific requirement of the application along with
the embedded software that is executed by the processor for meeting that specific
requirement. The embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop
computer is a general purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such as
playing games, word processing, accounting, software development and so on. In contrast,
the software in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below:
Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different things.
. Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they do
not have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded
systems have to work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a
specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are
stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property.
Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a
battery, the power consumption has to be very low.

Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very
high temperatures and humidity.
4.1.1 Application Areas
Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The
embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very
market segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical
engineering, wireless communication, data communication, telecommunications,
transportation, military and so on.
4.1.2 Consumer appliances:
At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary,
DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner,
VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20
embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning,
navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are
powerful embedded systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such
as playing games and word processing.
4.1.3 Office automation: The office automation products using em embedded systems are
copying machine, fax machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.
4.1.4 Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process
control. These include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy,
electricity generation and transmission.

The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as
monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take
appropriate action based on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send
information to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where
human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific
jobs. The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting and
complicated tasks such as hardware assembly.
4.1.5 Medical electronics: Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded
system. These equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure
measuring devices, X-ray scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation,
colonoscopy, endoscopy etc. Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more
accurate diagnosis of diseases.
4.1.6 Computer networking: Computer networking products such as bridges, routers,

Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25
and frame relay switches are embedded systems which implement the necessary data
communication protocols. For example, a router interconnects two networks. The two
networks may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s function is to obtain the data
packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them towards the destination after
doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking equipments, other than the end
systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are embedded systems
4.1.7 Telecommunications: In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can

be categorized as subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such
as key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The
network equipment includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers
Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the
latest embedded systems that provide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.

4.1.8 Wireless technologies: Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many
interesting applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of
the last decade of the 20’h century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides
voice communication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the
palmtops can now be used to access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile
communication infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching centers are
also powerful embedded systems.
4.1.9 Insemination: Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all
scientific and engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to
measure parameters such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are
all embedded systems. Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic
analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio communication test set etc. are embedded systems built
around powerful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are
now becoming portable facilitating easy testing and measurement in the field by field-
personnel.
4.1.10 Security: Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need
to protect our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing
embedded systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays.
Security devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are
embedded systems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are
manufactured end up in~ embedded systems. Embedded systems find applications in every
industrial segment- consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering,
manufacturing, process control and industrial automation, data communication,
telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on
communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems using fingerprint and face
recognition are now being extensively used for user authentication in banking applications as
well as for access control in high security buildings.

4.1.11 Finance: Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for
transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any
Time Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller
and memory; and it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an
electronic wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society.
Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or
at least feel, the work of an embedded system!

4.2 Overview of Embedded System Architecture
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing
Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded.
The software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded
system architecture can be represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig.
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above the
operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an
operating system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control
units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write
only the software specific to that application. For applications involving complex processing,
it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the
application software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the
memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue
to run for a long time you don’t need to reload new software.
Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded
system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are;
· Central Processing Unit (CPU)
· Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)
· Input Devices
· Output devices
· Communication interfaces
· Application-specific circuitry

fig4.2 Block diagram of Embedded system
4.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU):
The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following:
microcontroller, microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a
low-cost processor. Its main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other
components such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc.
So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external
components required will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more
powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used mainly for
applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing.
Memory:
The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas
ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the
ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is
executed.
Input devices:
Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability.
There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no
easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a
specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded systems
used in process control do not have any input device for user interaction; they take inputs

from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other
systems.
Output devices:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status
of the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) may also be used to display some important parameters.
Communication interfaces:
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have
to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one
or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus
(USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.
Application-specific circuitry:
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an
embedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to
carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either
through the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a
way that the power consumption is minimized.

4.4 Arduino Microcontroller
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
4.4.1 Features:
1.0 pin out: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins
placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage
provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use the
AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second
one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is
the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

4.4.2 Summary
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by boot

loader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

4.5 Pin Diagram
Fig4.5 Pin diagram of Arduino
Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from
an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted
in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using

more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.
4.5.1 The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.
5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or
the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.
GND. Ground pins.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output
4.5.2 Pin Descriptions
VCC: Digital supply voltage
GND: Ground
Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting
Oscillator amplifier.
If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7.6 is used as
TOSC2.1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical
characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is
unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.
Port D (PD7:0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition

AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be
connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4 use digital supply voltage,
VCC.
AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)
In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter.
These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.
4.5.3 Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on
the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For
SPI communication, use the SPI library.

4.6 Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno
is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the
reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nano farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this
capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of
DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running
Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB).
For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will
intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch
running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make
sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the
connection and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of
the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be
able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see
this forum thread for details.
4.6.1 USB Over current Protection
The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and over current. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the
fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port,
the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

4.7 Liquid Crystal Display
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs
(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which
are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task
of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which means
that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different
messages on a miniature LCD.
Fig4.7 LCD display diagram
A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in
two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation
marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user
makes up on its own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift leftand right), appearance
of the pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.

4.7.1 Pins Functions
There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light is
built in). Their function is described in the table below:
Pin Logic
Function Name Description
Number State
Ground 1 Vss - 0V
Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V
Contrast 3 Vee - 0 - Vdd
D0 – D7 are interpreted as
0
4 RS commands
1
D0 – D7 are interpreted as data
Write data (from controller to
0 LCD)
Control of 5 R/W
1 Read data (from LCD to
operating
controller)
0 Access to LCD disabled
1 Normal operating
6 E
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred to
0 LCD
7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB
8 D1 0/1 Bit 1
9 D2 0/1 Bit 2
10 D3 0/1 Bit 3
Data / commands
11 D4 0/1 Bit 4
12 D5 0/1 Bit 5
13 D6 0/1 Bit 6
14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

4.7.2 LCD Screen:
LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of
5x7 dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether
messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied
on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some
versions of displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during
operating, a resistor for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).
Fig 4.7.2 LCD screen display

4.7.3 LCD Basic Commands
All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands
or as data, which depends on logic state on pin RS:
RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor

addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying
position is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the
address of previously transferred character is automatically incremented.
RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands

which LCD recognizes are given in the table below:
R R D D D D D D D D Execution
Command
S W 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Time
Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS
Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS
I/
Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 S 40uS
D
Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS
D/ R/
Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x 40uS
C L
D
Function set 0 0 0 0 1 N F x x 40uS
L
Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS
Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS
B
Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 DDRAM address -
F
D D D D D D D D
Write to CGRAM or DDRAM 1 0 40uS
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
D D D D D D D D
Read from CGRAM or DDRAM 1 1 40uS
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Fig 4.7.3 shows the LCD basic commands

4.8 LCD Connection
Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the microcontroller, there
are 8-bit and 4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of the
process in a phase called “initialization”. In the first case, the data are transferred through
outputs D0-D7 as it has been already explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake of
saving valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for
communication, while other may be left unconnected.
Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first
(that normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards. With
the help of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received.
Besides, with regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are
transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple
connecting R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message
displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it
is not possible to read from display.
4.8.1 LCD Initialization
Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for
approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set by
default. This means that:
1. Display is cleared
2. Mode
DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface
N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line
F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots

3. Display/Cursor on/off
D = 0 Display off
U = 0 Cursor off
B = 0 Cursor blink off
4. Character entry
ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1
S = 0 Display shift off
Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If for any
reason power supply voltage does not reach full value in the course of 10mS, display will
start perform completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit can not meet this condition or
if it is needed to provide completely safe operating, the process of initialization by which a
new reset enabling display to operate normally must be applied.
4.9 GSM Module:
GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-

GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for
mobile communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an
extension of GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of
a GSM/GPRS modem assembled together with power supply circuit and communication
interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. The MODEM is the soul of such modules.
GSM/GPRS Module
Fig 4.9 GSM/GPRS Module basic diagram

4.10 Wireless MODEMs:
Wireless MODEMs are the MODEM devices that generate, transmit or decode data from a
cellular network, for establishing communication between the cellular network and the
computer. These are manufactured for specific cellular network (GSM/UMTS/CDMA) or
specific cellular data standard (GSM/UMTS/GPRS/EDGE/HSDPA) or technology
(GPS/SIM). Wireless MODEMs like other MODEM devices use serial communication to
interface with and need Hayes compatible AT commands for communication with the
computer (any microprocessor or microcontroller system).
Fig 4.10 Shows the Applications of wireless MODEM.
4.11 GSM/GPRS MODEM
GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that are designed for
communication of a computer with the GSM and GPRS network. It requires a SIM
(Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to activate communication with the
network. Also they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number similar to
mobile phones for their identification. A GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following
operations:
1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.
3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.
The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller,

which are communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the
controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different
AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer
to interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network.

4.12 Solar panel
A solar panel (photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged interconnected

assembly of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a
component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial
and residential applications.
Because a single solar panel can only produce a limited amount of power, many installations
contain several panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an
inverter, may contain a battery and interconnection wiring.
Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top
layer or the back layer. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or
thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The conducting wires that take the
current off the panels may contain silver, copper or other conductive (but generally not
magnetic) transition metals.
The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Cells
must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid,
but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells.Electrical connections are made
in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current
capability.
Separate diodes may be needed to avoid reverse currents, in case of partial or total shading,
and at night. The p-n junctions of mono-crystalline silicon cells may have adequate reverse
current characteristics that these are not necessary. Reverse currents waste power and can
also lead to overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells become less efficient at higher
temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation behind solar panels.

Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or
mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit
area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.[citation needed]
Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can produce electricity from a range of

frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range (specifically, ultraviolet,
infrared and low or diffused light). Hence much of the incident sunlight energy is wasted by
solar panels, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic
light. Therefore another design concept is to split the light into different wavelength ranges
and direct the beams onto different cells tuned to those ranges. This has been projected to be
capable of raising efficiency by 50%. The use of infrared photovoltaic cells has also been
proposed to increase efficiencies, and perhaps produce power at night.

4.13 RF COMMUNICATION
WHAT IS RF?
Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to
300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to
produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that
most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits
or electromagnetic radiation
PROPERTIES OF RF:
Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct current
signals. One such property is the ease with which it can ionize air to create a conductive path
through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units used in electric arc welding.
Another special property is an electromagnetic force that drives the RF current to the surface
of conductors, known as the skin effect. Another property is the ability to appear to flow
through paths that contain insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The
degree of effect of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals.
DIFFERENT RANGES PRESENT IN RF AND APPLICATIONS IN THEIR

RANGES?
Extremely low frequency
ELF 3 to 30 Hz
10,000 km to 100,000 km
directly audible when converted to sound, communication with submarines

4.13.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF RF:
Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) having
characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field is
generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. These frequencies cover
a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, extending from nine kilohertz
(9 kHz),the lowest allocated wireless communications frequency (it's within the range of
human hearing), to thousands of gigahertz(GHz).
When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic field that

propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an RF field; in less technical jargon
it is a "radio wave." Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportional to the
frequency. In the atmosphere or in outer space, if f is the frequency in megahertz and sis the
wavelength in meters, then
s = 300/f
The frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to the wavelength
of the EM field to which it corresponds. At 9 kHz, the free-space wavelength is

approximately 33 kilometers (km) or 21 miles (mi). At the highest radio frequencies, the EM
wavelengths measure approximately one millimeter (1 mm). As the frequency is increased
beyond that of the RF spectrum, EM energy takes the form of infrared (IR), visible,
ultraviolet (UV), X rays, and gamma rays.
Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields. Cordless and cellular telephone, radio
and television broadcast stations, satellite communications systems, and two-way radio
services all operate in the RF spectrum. Some wireless devices operate at IR or visible-light
frequencies, whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than those of RF fields.
Examples include most television-set remote-control boxes Some cordless computer
keyboards and mice, and a few wireless hi-fi stereo headsets.
The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. With the exception of the lowest-
frequency segment, each band represents an increase of frequency corresponding to an order
of magnitude (power of 10). The table depicts the eight bands in the RF spectrum, showing

frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and EHF bands are often referred to as the
microwave spectrum.
WHY DO WE GO FOR RF COMMUNICATION?
RF Advantages:
1. No line of sight is needed.

2. Not blocked by common materials: It can penetrate most solids and pass through
walls.
3. Longer range.
4. It is not sensitive to the light;.
5. It is not much sensitive to the environmental changes and weather conditions.
WHAT CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN IN RF COMMUNICATION?
RF Disadvantages:
1. Interference: communication devices using similar frequencies - wireless phones,

scanners, wrist radios and personal locators can interfere with transmission
2. Lack of security: easier to "eavesdrop" on transmissions since signals are spread out
in space rather than confined to a wire
3. Higher cost than infrared
4. Federal Communications Commission(FCC) licenses required for some products
5. Lower speed: data rate transmission is lower than wired and infrared transmission
WHAT ARE THE MAIN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMMUNICATION USING

RF?
 RF Transmitter
 RF Receiver
 Encoder and Decoder

4.14 RF TRANSMITTER STT-433MHz:
Fig 4.14 Shows the STT-433 MHz Transmitter
FACTORS INFLUENCED TO CHOOSE STT-433MHz
ABOUT THE TRANSMITTER:
 The STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and longer range
is required.
 The transmitter operates from a1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for battery-powered
applications.
 The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate frequency
control for best range performance.
 The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STT-433
suitable for high volume applications.

4.14.1 Features
 433.92 MHz Frequency

 Low Cost
 1.5-12V operation
 Small size
4.14.2 PIN DESCRIPTION:
GND
Transmitter ground. Connect to ground plane
DATA
Digital data input. This input is CMOS compatible and should be driven with CMOS level
inputs.

VCC
Operating voltage for the transmitter. VCC should be bypassed with a .01uF ceramic
capacitor and filtered with a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. Noise on the power supply will
degrade transmitter noise performance.
ANT
50 ohm antenna output. The antenna port impedance affects output power and harmonic
emissions. Antenna can be single core wire of approximately 17cm length or PCB trace
antenna.
4.14.3 APPLICATION:
The typical connection shown in the above figure cannot work exactly at all times because
there will be no proper synchronization between the transmitter and the microcontroller unit.
i.e., whatever the microcontroller sends the data to the transmitter, the transmitter is not able
to accept this data as this will be not in the radio frequency range. Thus, we need an
intermediate device which can accept the input from the microcontroller, process it in the
range of radio frequency range and then send it to the transmitter. Thus, an encoder is used.

The encoder used here is HT12E from HOLTEK SEMICONDUCTORS INC.
The HT 12E Encoder ICs are series of CMOS LSIs for Remote Control system applications.
They are capable of Encoding 12 bit of information which consists of N address bits and 12-
N data bits. Each address/data input is externally trinary programmable if bonded out.
4.14.4 Information word
I f L / M B = 1 t h e d e v i c e i s i n t h e l a t c h m o d e ( f o r u s e w i t h t h e l a t c h t yp e o f
d a t a d e c o d e r s ) . W h e n t h e t r a n s - mission enable is removed during a transmission, the
DOUT pin outputs a complete word and then s t o p s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i f L / M B = 0
t h e d e v i c e i s i n t h e m o m e n t a r y m o d e ( f o r u s e w i t h t h e m o m e n t a r y type of
data decoders). When the transmission enable is removed during a transmission, the DOUT
outputs a complete word and then adds 7 words all with the “1” data code.
An information word consists of 4 periods as illustrated below.
Fig 4.14.4 shows the composition information

4.14.5 Address/data waveform
Each programmable address/ data can be externally set to one of the following two logic
states as shown below
Fig 4.14.5 shows the Address/Data bit waveform
Transmission enable
For the TE trigger type of encoders, transmission is enabled by applying a high signal to the
TE pin. But for the Data trigger type of encoders, it is enabled by applying a high signal to
one of the data pins D12~D17.
Graph showing Frequency versus Voltage
The graph shown above decides the resistance value to be connected to the oscillator pins of
the encoder. The oscillator resistance will have an effect on startup time and steady state
amplitude. For the data communication at a particular frequency in the RF range, both the
transmitter and receiver should be set to a particular frequency. The exact setting of the
frequency can be obtained in the encoder and decoder circuits. The frequency value can be
set using the graph. The operating voltage of encoder and decoder is 5V. Thus looking at the
graph at 5V VDD, if we select the frequency in the range of 1.25 and 1.50 we are selecting
220k resistance.

4.15 BASIC APPLICATION CIRCUIT OF HT12 ENCODER:
Fig 4.15 Basic application circuit of HT12 encoder
The data sent from the microcontroller is encoded and sent to RF transmitter. The data is
transmitted on the antenna pin. Thus, this data should be received on the destination i.e, on
RF receiver.
4.16 FACTOR INFLUENCED TO CHOOSE STR-433MHz
RF RECEIVER STR-433 MHz:

The data is received by the RF receiver from the antenna pin and this data is available on the
data pins. Two Data pins are provided in the receiver module. Thus, this data can be used for
further applications
Fig 4.16 RF module pin diagram
PINOUT:
ANT
Antenna input.
GND
Receiver Ground. Connect to ground plane.
VCC (5V)
VCC pins are electrically connected and provide operating voltage for the receiver. VCC can
be applied to either or both. VCC should be bypassed with a .1μF ceramic capacitor. Noise on
the power supply will degrade receiver sensitivity.
DATA
Digital data output.
This output is capable of driving one TTL or CMOS load. It is a CMOS compatible output.

Similarly, as the transmitter requires an encoder, the receiver module requires a decoder.
The decoder used is HT12D from HOLTEK SEMICONDUCTOR INC.
4.16.1 Features
 Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V.

 Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology.
 Low standby current.
 Capable of decoding 18 bits of information.
 Pairs with HOLTEK’s 318 series of encoders.
 8~18 address pins.
 0~8 data pins.
4.17 GSM/GPRS Module
A GSM/GPRS module assembles a GSM/GPRS modem with standard

communication interfaces like RS-232 (Serial Port), USB etc., so that it can be easily
interfaced with a computer or a microprocessor / microcontroller based system. The power
supply circuit is also built in the module that can be activated by using a suitable adaptor.

GSM module
Fig 4.17 shows GSM/GPRS Module
4.18 Mobile Station (Cell phones and SIM)
A mobile phone and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) together form a mobile
station. It is the user equipment that communicates with the mobile network. A mobile phone
comprises of Mobile Termination, Terminal Equipment and Terminal Adapter.
Fig 4.18 shows mobile station diagram

Mobile Termination is interfaced with the GSM mobile network and is controlled by a
baseband processor. It handles access to SIM, speech encoding and decoding, signaling and
other network related tasks. The Terminal Equipment is an application processor that deals
with handling operations related to keypad, screen, phone memory and other hardware and
software services embedded into the handset. The Terminal Adapter establishes
communication between the Terminal Equipment and the Mobile Termination using AT
commands. The communication with the network in a GSM/GPRS mobile is carried out by
the baseband processor.
4.18.1 Difference between GSM mobile and GSM/GPRS module
A GSM mobile is a complete system in itself with embedded processors that are
dedicated to provide an interface between the user and the mobile network. The AT
commands are served between the processors of the mobile termination and the terminal
equipment. The mobile handset can also be equipped with a USB interface to connect with a
computer, but it may or may not support AT commands from the computer or an external
processor/controller.
The GSM/GPRS module, on the other hand, always needs a computer or external
processor/controller to receive AT commands from. GSM/GPRS module itself does not
provide any interface between the user and the network, but the computer to which module is
connected is the interface between user and network.
An advantage that GSM/GPRS modules offer is that they support concatenated SMS which
may not be supported in some GSM mobile handsets. Also some mobile handsets can’t
receive MMS when connected to a computer.
4.18.2 Applications of GSM/GPRS module
The GSM/GPRS module demonstrates the use of AT commands. They can feature all
the functionalities of a mobile phone through computer like making and receiving calls, SMS,
MMS etc. These are mainly employed for computer based SMS and MMS services.
AT Commands
AT commands are used to control MODEMs. AT is the abbreviation for Attention.

These commands come from Hayes commands that were used by the Hayes smart modems.
The Hayes commands started with AT to indicate the attention from the MODEM. The dial
up and wireless MODEMs (devices that involve machine to machine communication) need
AT commands to interact with a computer. These include the Hayes command set as a subset,
along with other extended AT commands.
AT commands with a GSM/GPRS MODEM or mobile phone can be used to access following
information and services:
1. Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device or MODEM and SIM card.
2. SMS services.
3. MMS services.

4. Fax services.
5. Data and Voice link over mobile network.
The Hayes subset commands are called the basic commands and the commands specific to a
GSM network are called extended AT commands.
4.18.3 Command, Information response and Result Codes:

The AT commands are sent by the computer to the MODEM/ mobile phone. The MODEM
sends back an Information Response i.e. the information requested by or pertaining to the
action initiated by the AT command. This is followed by a Result Code. The result code tells
about the successful execution of that command.
Fig 4.18.3 shows the command information and result codes
There are also unsolicited Result Codes that are returned automatically by the MODEM to
notify the occurrence of an event. For example the reception of a SMS will force MODEM to
return an unsolicited result code.
4.18.4 AT command’s syntax
Case Sensitivity -
The AT commands are generally used in uppercase letters. However some MODEMs and
mobile phones allow both uppercase and small case letters.
Single Command -
The AT commands include a prefix AT which indicates the beginning of the command to
MODEM; and a carriage return which indicates the end of the command.

Fig 4.18.4 shows the AT syntax command
However string ‘AT’ itself is not the part of the command. For example in ATD, D is the
command name not ATD.
The extended AT commands have a ‘+’ in the command name.
For example: AT+CGMI<Carriage return>
Command Line -
Multiple AT commands can be sent to MODEM in a single command line. The commands in
a line are separated by a semi-colon (;).
For example: AT+CGMI; +CBS<Carriage return>
String in Command Line -

Strings in a command line are enclosed in double quotes.
For example: AT+CGML=”ALL”<Carriage return>
Information Response and Result Code –

The Information Response and Result Codes, returned by the MODEM, have a carriage
return and line feed in the beginning as well as at the end.

For example:
<Carriage return><Line feed>OK<Carriage return><Line feed>
<Carriage return><Line feed>ERROR<Carriage return><Line feed>
<Carriage return><Line feed>+CBC: 0, 60<Carriage return><Line feed> etc.
Sequence of Execution -
In the command line, the command appearing first is executed first. The execution then
follows for second appeared command and so on. The execution of commands in a command
line takes place in sequential manner.
If an error occurs in the execution of a command, an error result code is returned by the
MODEM and the execution of the command line is terminated irrespective of presence of
other commands next in the command line.
Types of commands:
There are four types of AT commands:
1) Test commands
2) Read commands
3) Set commands
4) Execution commands
For more details, see AT Commands.
4.18.6 Different Result Codes:
RESULT CODE DESCRIPTION

OK Successful Execution of a command
ERROR Execution of a command failed
+CMS ERROR Message service failure, is returned with an error code
Unsolicited Result Codes

+CDS Notify receipt of SMS status report of a new message to computer
+CDSI Notify receipt of SMS status report of a new message and its
location in memory to computer
+CMT Notify forwarding of a new SMS to computer

+CMTI Notify receipt of SMS status report of a new message and its
location in memory to computer
Fig 4.18.6 shows the different codes result
4.18.7 Interfacing MODEM/Mobile phone with Windows platform
The Windows (XP and lower versions) comes with an application called
HyperTerminal for data communication through serial port of the computer. The interfacing
of the GSM/GPRS module with the serial port of the computer involves following steps:
1) Connect RS-232 port of GSM module with the serial port of the computer. Insert a SIM card
in the module.
2) Open HyperTerminal from Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Communications ->
HyperTerminal.
3) Enter a name for the connection and press OK.
4) Now select the communication port (COM) at which GSM module is connected.
5) Create a new connection set on HyperTerminal. Set parameters, like baud rate as 9600,
handshaking mode as none, parity bit as none, stop bit as 1 and data bit as 8.
4.19 GPS:
NEO-6M GY-GPS6MV2 GPS module features the u-blox NEO-6M GPS module with
antenna and built-in EEPROM. This is compatible with various flight controller boards
designed to work with a GPS module.
Fig 4.19 shows the GPS Module

The core of the module , the "GPS unit", is from u-blox, a company specialized in wireless
communications and industrial positioning. On board voltage regulator (KB33 MIC 5205; ).
The module has a small battery, which is, apparently, used for the secure storage of
configuration data on a EEPROM. There is a small green LED which blinks when the
location is fixed. The GPS antenna should be kept with the ceramic part upwards, looking to
the skies! There are four main pins : VCC, TX, RX, GND.
The NEO-6 module series is a family of stand-alone GPS receivers featuring the high
performance u-blox 6 positioning engine. These flexible and cost effective receivers offer
numerous connectivity options in a miniature 16 x 12.2 x 2.4 mm package. Their compact
architecture and power and memory options make NEO-6 modules ideal for battery operated
mobile devices with very strict cost and space constraints. The 50-channel u-blox 6
positioning engine boasts a Time-To-First-Fix (TTFF) of under 1 second. The dedicated
acquisition engine, with 2 million correlators, is capable of massive parallel time/frequency
space searches, enabling it to find satellites instantly. Innovative design and technology
suppresses jamming sources and mitigates multipath effects, giving NEO-6 GPS receivers
excellent navigation performance even in the most challenging environments.

4.19.1 Specification:
 GPS Module NEO-6M

 Model: GY-GPS6MV2
 Input Supply Voltage Range: 3.3V-6V, on board voltage regulator maintains 3.3V
 I/O Maximum Logic Level: 3.6V
 WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) enabled GPS unit
 <1 second to first fix (TTFF) for hot starts
 27 seconds to first fix (TTFF) for cold starts
 On board LED will blink after module acquires a position fix and will continue
blinking as long as the module has a fix
 50 Channel NEMA GPS receiver
 UART: 9600 baud by default, but is configurable from 4800 to 115200 baud
 5Hz max update rate
 External EEPROM for configuration storage
 Four plated mounting holes, 3mm in diameter
 One additional non-plated mounting/antenna cable hole, 4mm in diameter
 Position Accuracy: 2 m and better with multiple good satellite signals
 Velocity Accuracy: 0.1 m/s
 Maximum Velocity: 500 m/s
 Heading Accuracy: 0.5 degrees while moving
 On board battery for battery backed RAM (BBR). Battery is recharged through a
simple diode and resistor charger circuit from the on board voltage regulator's 3.3V
output
 Ceramic antenna
 -156dBm Hotstart sensitivity
 Weight: 17.6g (0.6oz)
 Dimensions of GPS Module: 36mm (1.42in) x 25.8mm (1.02in) x 4mm (0.16in)
 Dimensions of Antenna: 25.5mm (1in) x 25.5mm (1in) x 8.8mm (0.35in)
 Compatible with various flight control modules that provide GPS computer test
software
 Compatible with UART capable devices including Arduino, Raspberry Pi, MSP430,
and MSP432.

4.19.2 Power modes

Two continuous operating modes:
Maximum Performance Mode - continuously uses the acquisition engine, resulting in the best
possible time to first fix (TTFF)
Eco Mode - optimizes the use of the acquisition engine to minimize current consumption
One intermittent operating mode:
Power Save Mode - draws only 11mA - Utilizes cyclic tracking, with configurable update
periods, which reduces the average power consumption significantly
** This GPS module does not have onboard compass. You need to get one I2C (Compass)
separately if your flight controller does not have one onboard.
Fig 4.19.2 shows the power mods

4.19.3 Handling GPS Data
Once the GPS receiver has transmitted the NMEA sentences to the Arduino, and they have
been properly read and stored in nice and "simple format", then what follows?
There are several options to convert the "simple format" data into more general format (GPX,
KMZ, etc.). For instance:
1. GPS Visualizer is a free online utility "that creates maps and profiles from geographic
data". You can input a CSV or tabbed file, a spreadsheet, or drag and drop the data.
The appearance of the page is a bit odd but the content is good.
2. GPS Prune is intended to view, edit and convert GPS data. It allows to load text files
as well as NMEA files, among quite a number of other options.
3. GPS Babel seems to be the most known GPS data converter. It reads text files with
NMEA sentences.
U-center GNSS evaluation software for Windows
The u-center GNSS evaluation software for automotive, mobile terminal and infrastructure
applications provides a powerful tool for evaluation, performance analysis and configuration
of u-blox GNSS receivers. Its unique flexibility makes the u-center GNSS evaluation
software an invaluable tool for evaluation, analysis and configuration of u-blox GNSS
receivers. u-blox GNSS receivers can be configured using the u-center evaluation software.
 Highly interactive and easy to use

 Full support of all u-blox GNSS receivers
 Extensive configuration and control features
 Real-time display from a GNSS receiver via RS232 and USB interface
4.20 Signals and connections of the NEO-6M GY-GPS6MV2 GPS module
The NEO6MV2 GPS module comes with 4 connections: RX, TX, VCC and GND, which is
quite easy to incorporate with using Software Serial on an Arduino Uno or a serial interface
on an Arduino Mega. The power supply of the NEO6M should be 3.6V at max according to
the datasheet. The typical China-produced breakout-boards contain a voltage regulator so that
3-5V VCC so it does not harm the board. Since the digital pins also produce 5V, the voltage
divider is used on the receivers RX channel since this is not regulated.
RX (or RXD) - receive pin. Connected to Arduino board TX pin.
TX (or TXD) - transmit pin. Connected to Arduino board RX pin.
VCC - power supply. Can be connected to +5VDC or +3.3VDC pin of Arduino board.
GND - ground. Connected to Arduino board GND pin.
PPS - Pulse per second. This is an output pin on some GPS modules. Generally, when this
pin toggles, once a second, you can synchronize your system clock to the GPS clock.

4.20.1 SOFTWARE TOOLS
Arduino and Arduino Software and Drivers Installation
This describes the installation of the Arduino IDE Development software and drivers for the
Windows Operating System. The images and description is based on installation under
Windows XP, but the process should be similar for Vista and Windows 7.
First we need to get the latest version of the Arduino software this can be downloaded from
the Arduino website
STEP 1:
Next, plug in your Arduino board to your computer with a USB cable and wait while
Windows detects the new device.
Windows will fail to detect the device as it doesn't know where the drivers are stored. You
will get an error similar to the one right.
Select the Install from a list or specific location (Advanced) option and click Next

STEP 2:
Now choose the location that the Arduino drivers are stored in. This will be in a subfolder
called drivers in your arduino directory
STEP3: After selecting Next you may get a message like the one shown right.
Select Continue Anyway

STEP 4:
Windows should now have found the Arduino drivers. Click Finish to complete the
installation
STEP 5:
The computer communicates with the Arduino board via a special serial port chip built into
the Arduino board. The Arduino IDE software needs to know the serial port number that
Windows has just allocated to it Open the Windows Control Panel and select the System
app. Click on the Hardware tab and then on the Device Manager button. Click on the Ports
(COM and LPT) option and note what com port has been allocated to the Arduino Board

STEP 6:
Next, run the Arduino IDE application, which will be in c:\program files\arduino-0021 or
similar
Click on Tools | Serial Port and select the port number from above

STEP 7:
Next click on Tools | Board and select the type of board that you have
STEP 8:
Now try opening the Simple program from the example directory within the Arduino IDE,
Verify/Compile it and upload it to your board. You should see the TX and RX led’s on the
board flash showing you that it is working. Finally the built in LED connected to Pin 13 will
flash. That’s your first program running.
Create a shortcut to
the Arduino IDE and
place it on your
desktop

4.21 Simulation for sensor
Fig 4.21 sensor simulation Diagram

CHAPTER 5
RESULT

RESULT
Fig 5.1 shows the implementation circuit diagram

Fig 5.2 shows the IOT Based Smart Helmet

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
The proposed helmet should accommodate all the needed facilities in a compact manner. In
parallel, the selection of microcontroller and sensors are being taken care. The proposed
design will give a solution in terms of cost effective and updated technology front for all
kinds of helmets. The aim is to target the two wheelers segment and then bicycle users with
lighter version. This cost effective solution can be integrated with engine start and other
needed safety
aspects.

Future Scope:
 We can implement various bioelectric sensors on the helmet to measure various
activities and we can view the statistics of the rider.
 We can use voice commands to control the basic bike functionalities.
 We can use solar energy on two- wheelers for charging the electric vehicles and
for mobile devices

References:
[1] Asogwa, S.E. The Crash Helmet Legislation in Nigeria: A Before and After Study.
Accident Analysis and Prevention 12 (1980): 213-216
[2] Barry, Patricia Z. The Role of Inexperience in Motorcycle Crashes. Journal of Safety
Research 2 (1970): 229- 239
[3] Berkowitz, A. The E_ect of Motorcycle Helmet Usage on Head Injuries and the Effect of
Usage Laws on Helmet Wearing Rates.
[4].Bothwell, P.W. and M.B. Aberd. Motorcycle Accidents, Protection from Crash Injuries.
The Lancet 2 (October 1960): 807-809
[5] Carr. W.P., Donald Brandt and Kathryn Swanson. Injury Patterns and Helmet
Effectiveness Among Hospitalized Motorcyclists. Minnesota Medicine 64 (1981): 521-527
[6]Kshirsgar P., More V., Hendre V., Chippalkatti P., Paliwal K, “IOT Based Baby Incubator
for Clinic”,. In: Kumar A., Mozar S. (eds) ICCCE 2019. Lecture Notes in Electrical
Engineering, vol 570. Springer, Singapore, 2020
[7] Oza S. et al.,“ IoT: The Future for Quality of Services”,. In: Kumar A., Mozar S. (eds)
ICCCE 2019. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 570. Springer, Singapore,2020
[8]. Kshirsgar P., Pote A., Paliwal K.K., Hendre V., Chippalkatti P., Dhabekar N. , “A
Review on IOT Based Health Care Monitoring System”, In: Kumar A., Mozar S. (eds)
ICCCE 2019. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 570. Springer, Singapore, 2020
[9] Shubham Oza, Akshay Ambre, Saurabh Kanole, “Natwork Traffic Monitoring System
using Machine Learning A;lgorithms for IIOT Applications”,Journal of Internet Things and
Information Technology,Volueme3, Issue 1,2020.

PUBLICATION

PUBLICATION
I. Komal Gaurkar, PG Student, Prof. A. B. Kharate, Asst. Prof. “To

Design and develop an IOT Based Smart Helmet” IJIRSET,
volume 11, Issue 5, May 2022
DOI: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2022.1105141
Impact Factor : 8.118
II. Komal Gaurkar, PG Student, Prof. A. B. Kharate, Asst. Prof. “To
Design and develop an IOT Based Smart Helmet” UGC Care
Group I Journal Vol.09 Issue-01 : 2022.
Dogo Rangsang Research Journal, ISSN : 2347-7180
III. Komal Gaurkar, PG Student, Prof. A. B. Kharate, Asst. Prof. “To
Design and develop an IOT Based Smart Helmet” IJIRSET,
volume 12, Issue 5, May 2022
DOI: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2022.1105142
Impact Factor : 8.118

FINAL Komal Thesis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FINAL Komal Thesis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

To Design and Develop An IOT Based Smart Helmet”

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 1

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 2

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 3

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 4

upon detecting accidents it automatically send a message to concerned person. A fog

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 5

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 6

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 7

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 8

Fig 3.1 proposed system of main circuit

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 9

Fig3.2 Block diagram of the Helmet circuit

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 10

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 11

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 12

4.1 Introduction To Embedded Syatems

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 13

4.1.1 Application Areas

4.1.2 Consumer appliances:

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 14

4.1.6 Computer networking: Computer networking products such as bridges, routers,

4.1.7 Telecommunications: In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 15

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 16

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 17

4.2 Overview of Embedded System Architecture

· Central Processing Unit (CPU)

· Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 18

fig4.2 Block diagram of Embedded system

4.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU):

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 19

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 20

4.4 Arduino Microcontroller

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 21

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by boot

Clock Speed 16 MHz

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 22

4.5 Pin Diagram

Fig4.5 Pin diagram of Arduino

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 23

4.5.1 The power pins are as follows:

GND. Ground pins.

Input and Output

4.5.2 Pin Descriptions

VCC: Digital supply voltage

Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 24

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 25

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 26

4.6 Automatic (Software) Reset

4.6.1 USB Over current Protection

H.V.P.M.C.O.E.T AMRAVATI Page 27

4.7 Liquid Crystal Display