A

Seminar Report
On

“IOT Based Smart Helmet”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

Submitted by

1. Ms. Chitra Gautam Bankar

2. Ms. Harshada Nivrutti Chavhan.
3. Ms. Kajal Rajesh Bali
4. Ms. Pranjali Vitthalrao Dhale
5. Ms. Priyanka Kiran Bujarge
6. Mr. Sarang Sanjay Pawar

Under the guidance of

Prof. U.W. Kaware

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

Engineering

JAWAHARLAL DARDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

YAVATMAL 445001(M.S.)
2022-2023
 JAWAHARLAL DARDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY,YAVATMAL
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar report entitled

“IOT Based Smart Helmet”

Being Submitted By

Mr. / Ms. ____________________________

of final year during the session 2022-2023

in recognition to the partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Electronics and Telecommunication under

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,

Amravati.

Prof. U.W.Kaware Prof.U.W. Kaware

(Project & Seminar Guide) HOD
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is great pleasure for us to express our gratitude to project guider Prof. U.W.Kaware Sir
for giving the opportunity and platform with facilities in accomplishing the project-based
report.

we express the sincere gratitude to our principal Dr. R.S. Tatwawadi for his administration
towards our academic growth. We express sincere gratitude to HOD Prof. U.W.Kaware .for
his leadership and constant motivation provided in successful completion of our academic
semester.
we record it as my privilege to deeply thank for providing us the efficient faculty and
facilities to make our ideas into reality. We express our sincere thanks to our project guider
prof. U.W.Kaware for his novel association of ideas, encouragement, appreciation and
intellectual zeal which motivated us to venture this project successfully.

Our special thanks to prof. U.W.Kaware sir for helping us through out the project .
Finally, it is pleased to acknowledge the indebtedness to all those who devoted themselves
directly or indirectly to make this project report success.
CONTENTS

Topics

Page No

List of Abbreviations

I
List of Figures

II
List of Tables

III
Abstract
 IV
Achievements

INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 Sub Topic
1.2 Sub Topic

2. LITERAT

5
2.1 Sub Top
2.1.1.1 Sub Sub To
2.1.1.2 Sub Sub To

3. ANALYSI
 15
3.1 Sub Topic
3.1.1.1 Sub Sub To
3.1.1.2 Sub Sub To

4. CONCLUS

35

5. FUTURE S

40

REFERENCES (as per IEEE format)

APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
LIST OF ABBREVIATION

PAGE NO
LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE NO
LIST OF TABLES

PAGE NO
 ABTRACT

There has been an alarming rate of road accidents in Different countries every year
with the increase of bikes and Motorcycles. Some countries are one of the densely
populated in The world where roads are narrower in comparison to the roads And streets.
Although enough rules and regulations are made by The government to avoid road
accidents, but the accident rate is Increasing day by day. Reasons such as avoiding helmet
by the bike Rider during their ride as well as riding being drunk are worth Mentionable.
Motorcycle rider involve them in serious road Accidents causing fatality while not wearing
helmet and riding Motorcycles being drunk. Wearing helmet can however reduce the Risk
of accidents largely. In this paper a very effective and Technological way of smart helmet
using internet of things (iot) Has been introduced by which one can avoid such problems.
Arduino nano and arduino mega-2560 are microcontrollers Which control the entire
components of the system. Two 2.4 ghz Nrf24l01 acts like sender and receiver for
communication. One Mq-3 gas sensor is used which can detect whether the bike rider Is
alcoholic or not. If the bike rider is alcoholic, then the mq-3 Sensor detects it and the whole
system goes off. A sharp ir sensor Detects the head of the motorcyclist within the range of
10-80 cm. The bike rider’s engine will start only when the rider will buckle The helmet. Gps
& gsm technology is used for tracking the Location of the bike rider and sending text
message to the family Members of the bike rider when an accident occurs. Our smart
Helmet is used for accident detection and bike rider’s safety.
 INTRODUCTION

In every aspect of our life safety and security are the major important areas. Now-a-days the
scenario that we come across in many cases of human deaths and severe injuries to people is
because of two-wheeler road accidents. And it is a crucial issue that requires everybody’s
attention, for every four minutes there is one death being reported in India. As per World
Health Organization (WHO) we have identified that 40% of the deaths and 70% of severe
injuries can be reduced if bike rider wears the helmet Now a day’s wearing helmet is
compulsory for every two wheeler riders and also it is equally important for pillion riders
too to wear the helmet, but the discomfort or inconvenience caused due to wearing
conventional helmet makes the rider to avoid using the helmet and finally it leads to death
of the rider. In spite of the fact that helmets are being available to everybody, people are just
not wearing them and the main reason behind it is that the conventional helmets are
generating unconditional temperatures inside it which makes inconvenience to the person.

Currently in the existing system, when the person met with an accident we are not in a
position to ensure the immediate first aid treatment; due to this late medication the person
may die. With the help of proposed system in this paper, it triggers an automatic alert
message to the concerned person or to the ambulance in case of any emergency situation
like an accident. The alert message consists of the details such as location of the accident
and time of accident, which will help to speed up the first aid service to the casualty. The
Internet of Things (IOT) can provide an infrastructure which integrates the smart services
with situational responses, and also allows mutual communication between smart things or
devices and people over a network. So we have come up with this idea of IOT based smart
helmet which ensures the safety of the rider while riding. The idea of proposing this system
has mainly come from the social responsibility towards the society. The proposed system
allows the rider to start a bike only on wearing the helmet. This system will not allow
driver to ride if he had consumed alcohol. This system identifies the bike accidents with
accuracy and gives information to the nearby hospital and relatives of the rider who met
with an accident. It also tracks the location details of the rider and alcohol consumption of
the rider and will be stored in the cloud/server.
 LITERATURE SURVEY

In the process of literature survey, we have found a lot of smart helmets with different
approaches and with different methodologies.

1. C. J. Behr et al had proposed a smart helmet for mining industry in order to identify
hazardous event detection and air quality. This system can identify the concentration level
of the harmful gases such as CO, SO2, NO2, and particulate matter by using electro
chemical sensor and also detects the removal of Helmet by using an IR sensor. It also
identifies an incident when miners are struck by an object in contradiction to their head
with a high force exceeding a value of 1000 by using the Head Injury Criteria. An
accelerometer was used to calculate the acceleration of the head after hit and the HIC was
calculated in software.
2. Edna Elizabeth et al had developed a smart helmet device for detecting and
reporting bike accidents. Smart helmet system comprises of various sensors, and it identify
the accident by evaluating uneven or irregular variations obtained from sensor system,
and a trigger will be sent to Pager Duty from the microcontroller. Pager Duty will then
triggers a call to the phone number registered by the motorist. If the driver does not
respond to it for a period of 5 minutes after the first call is initiated, then the emergency
contacts will be informed with the details about the accident. The emergency contacts will
be alerted through text message, e-mail, and phone call until they acknowledge the
incident. In real time, this system assures a reliable and quick delivery of information
relating to the accident.
3. Rashmi Vashisth et al had proposed a methodology which uses Piezo electric
buzzer in order to identify over speeding bike and it also equipped with a feature called
velocity limiter, which restricts the speed limit of the bike. It also has a feature which
prevents the drunk and drive scenarios of the rider called as ALCHOLOCK and an
accelerometer to identify accidents, upon detecting accidents it automatically send a message
to concerned person. A fog sensor has been used in this system in order to improve the visibility for
the rider in case of fog or smog. It also features automatic deduction of required or needed
amount from the riders registered virtual wallet in wireless to helps the rider to stop and do the
payment.
4.Selvathi et al had designed a system which automatically detects if the rider is wearing a
helmet and also checks whether the rider has consumed alcohol before starting the ride.
The relay attached to the engine will turn ON if and only if both the conditions are met.
The Microcontroller in the system controls the functioning of relay and thus the
ignition. This system also identifies the bike accident at any place and alerts the concerned
person about the accident.
5.Archana D et al had proposed a system which will not allow driver to start the engine
without wearing the helmet. When rider wore the helmet, helmet will be locked and
engine will be switched ON. This system also identify the approaching vehicle’s speed
on both sides of the bike while riding by using ultrasonic sensor and alert the rider by
generating vibrations in bike’s handlebar.
6. Sayan Tapadar et al had proposed a methodology for smart helmet which can
detect whether rider is wearing the helmet or not, and detect whether the person has
over- consumed alcohol and can also detects about the accident. This system gathers the
data generated from the accelerometer and pressure sensors and the same will be sent to
cloud server via an online application programming interface (API) to train a support vector
machine (SVM). SVM can help in detecting accident precisely so in the future enough data
will be gathered and analysed to provide more accuracy about event detection. The
proposed system (smart helmet) can be connected to any smart phone via Bluetooth in
order to communicate with the online API, by using the smart phone internet connection.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. Block diagram of the Helmet circuit

 COMPONENT DETAILS

Arduino Microcontroller

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Features :

1.0 pin out: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins
placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage
provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use
the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The
second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is
the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
Pin Diagram:

Gas Sensor

MQ-3 module is the mostly use electrochemical gas sensor to detect alcohol. Tin
Dioxide (SnO2) is used in the sensor which conductivity is lower than clean air. As the
alcohol concentration is high, the conductivity of the sensor will be high. Therefore,
the internal resistance of the sensor goes lower. The resistance of two points varies for
detecting the presence of alcohol in the rider’s breath.

Load Sensor
Strain-Gauge type load sensors are commonly used to measure loads. Strain-Gauge is a
transducer that converts force into an electrical signal. When force applies to strain gauge, it
produces a voltage difference. The voltage difference will be positive or negative which
defined by compressing or stretching a strain gauge. Strain gauge makes it into a flexible
surface. Therefore stretching a strain gauge makes it longer and thinner, resulting to
increase its internal resistance and compressing which makes it shorter and thicker, resulting
to decrease its internal resistance. Changing internal resistance means the voltage difference.
The S-type load cell used in this paper for detecting overload. There is a threshold load
value for safety driving. When the sensor detects any overload, the rider cannot start the
motorcycle. The threshold load value is about 180 kg which is the weight of two adult
people. The S-type load cell is situated in the spring of the motorcycle.

GSM Module:

GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-

GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for
mobile communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an
extension of GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists
of a GSM/GPRS modem assembled together with power supply circuit and communication
interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. The MODEM is the soul of such modules.

Fig. GSM/GPRS Module

GPS:

NEO-6M GY-GPS6MV2 GPS module features the u-blox NEO-6M GPS module with
antenna and built-in EEPROM. This is compatible with various flight controller boards
designed to work with a GPS module.

Fig. the GPS Module

The core of the module , the "GPS unit", is from u-blox, a company specialized in wireless
communications and industrial positioning. On board voltage regulator (KB33 MIC 5205; ).
The module has a small battery, which is, apparently, used for the secure storage of
configuration data on a EEPROM. There is a small green LED which blinks when the
location is fixed. The GPS antenna should be kept with the ceramic part upwards, looking to
the skies! There are four main pins : VCC, TX, RX, GND.

The NEO-6 module series is a family of stand-alone GPS receivers featuring the high
performance u-blox 6 positioning engine. These flexible and cost effective receivers offer
numerous connectivity options in a miniature 16 x 12.2 x 2.4 mm package. Their compact
architecture and power and memory options make NEO-6 modules ideal for battery
operated mobile devices with very strict cost and space constraints. The 50-channel u-blox 6
positioning engine boasts a Time-To-First-Fix (TTFF) of under 1 second. The dedicated
acquisition engine, with 2 million correlators, is capable of massive parallel time/frequency
space searches, enabling it to find satellites instantly. Innovative design and technology
suppresses jamming sources and mitigates multipath effects, giving NEO-6 GPS receivers
excellent navigation performance even in the most challenging environments.

RF COMMUNICATION

Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to
300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used
to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that
most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical
circuits or electromagnetic radiation
 RF Transmitter
 RF Receiver
 Encoder and Decoder

Fig. STT-433 mhz Transmitter

The transmitter:
 The STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and longer
range is required.
 The transmitter operates from a1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for battery-
powered applications.
 The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate
frequency control for best range performance.
 The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STT-433
suitable for high volume applications.
Receiver str-433 mhz:

The data is received by the RF receiver from the antenna pin and this data is available on
the data pins. Two Data pins are provided in the receiver module. Thus, this data can be
used for further applications
LCD Screen:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot
matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are
displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin
marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of
displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a
resistor for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

Fig . LCD screen display

 WORKING PRINCIPAL

Every year, motorcycle-related accidents lead to catastrophic deaths, cost enormous money
in several nations.
A smart helmet helps to reduce those accidents casualty and saves lives. In this prototype
design, the smart helmet has two sets of circuits. One is the helmet circuit, other is the
onboard circuit and also has a mobile application.
The smart helmet circuit consists of two sensors, an alcohol sensor, and an IR sensor.
Alcohol sensor measures alcohol present in the rider’s breath and the IR sensor detects the
presence of the rider’s head. If there any alcohol presents or doesn’t wear the helmet, an
abnormality signal sent to the onboard circuit by RF signal at the frequency of 433 MHz
Any abnormality found in the helmet circuit which gives a signal to the microcontroller for
high pulse output to the encoder IC HT12E. The encoder IC sent the signal at RF frequency
to the decoder antenna. When the antenna receives any signal, decoder IC HT12D decodes
the signal and sends it to Arduino Uno for the further process. If there is any abnormality in
the helmet circuit, the relay will activate to disconnect the battery circuit. Therefore , the
motorcycle can’t start. Before starting the motorcycle, the rider login to the mobile
application. After starting the load sensor measures the current load of the rider. If there is
any excess load for two minutes, the rider will notify through the mobile application. For
over speed biker also notify. The over speed and overload data sent to the database by the
mobile application. The over speed and overload data send to the mobile application
through Bluetooth communication. There choose two kinds of different communication
( Bluetooth and radio frequency communication) for avoiding interference. If there is an
acceleration variation in a short period, Arduino detects it as an accident. When an accident
occurs, Arduino waits two minutes for a touch sensor response. Touch sensor used for the
mild accident. When an accident occurs, if the rider touches the touch sensor, that accident
report as a mild accident that can’t send any message to the emergency contact number. If
the rider can’t touch the sensor, accidents’ current location sends immediately to the
database and emergency contact number automatically. The mobile application detects the
current location by the mobile’s built - in GPS (Global Positioning System) module. And
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) sends the location to the emergency
contact number. The accident location is sent to the database via the internet. When the
database operator notified any accidents,The operators system sends the location and other
details to the nearest hospital and law enforcement agencies for immediate action.
Advantages:

1. Detection of accident in remote area can be easily detected and medical services
provided in short time
2. .Avoid the skull in protecting human brainIt will reduce the probability of accidents by
simply avoiding drunken drive by using alcohol detector
3. .The main purpose of this helmet is to provide safety for the rider alcohol detection,
accident identification, location tracking, use as a hands free device, fall detection

Disadvantage:

1. If helmet is stolen, the bike cannot be started

2. .The helmet cost is still high and it is of only one purpose.
 RESULTS

The smart helmet ensures motorcycle rider safety and also takes the necessary steps to reduce
accident causality. Any safety features are violated, the system can’t permit the Rider for
starting the motorcycle. The alcohol sensor’s Accuracy depends on the distance bet Ween the
mouth and Sensor. When the distance above 15 cm, the sensor read <150 Mg/l means rider has
low blood alcohol content (bac). The Alcohol level reaches >350 mg/l means rider has highe
Bac, as the distance reduce S to less than 6 cm. In this System, there use a smartphon E built -
in a gps. Low mobile Signal, high-speed motion, older version gps module are the Main cause
for reducing gps accuracy. In this system, the accuracy of the gps module nearly 1 to 5 meters.
On the Other hand, the accident detect I On sensor, the 3 axis Accelerometer sensor has a high
accuracy rate. After Calibration, the accelerometer’s value changes nearly 1.280 G From the
original value. It has 100hz bandwidth for detecting Accidents. In the testing period, accident
detection accuracy is nearly one hundred percent.

CONCLUSION
The proposed system aims to prevent motorcycle Accidents and also reduce the fatality of
accidents. Family Members, law enforcement agencies, and the nearest hospital Are informed
about accidents and also accidents location. Accidents detection algorithm has high accuracy
and Automatically record, detect, and report the accidents Mediately. The driving data helps the
rider to improve Driving. This system makes a habit to wear a helmet among Motorcycle riders.
The smart helmet would make a Motorcycle journey more protected and safer

.
 FUTURE SCOPE

The smart helmet design can be improved by adding additional components which will make
this project feasible. We can add a variety of bioelectric sensors to monitor various aspects of
the motorcycle such as the level of its battery, tire pressure of the bike and fuel left on its main
tank. We can attach a small camera at the front of the motorcycle or the helmet to track various
activities of the bike rider and control which route is he/she allowed to go or not to go there. We
can add sensors so that a motorcycle can pass a message to another motorcycle about various
information regarding traffic congestion in certain area or an accident or just general-purpose
communication [3]. We can add solar power for the helmet it can then also be used for charging
the mobile phone of the user [4]. For security purposes we can add multiple sensors such as a
temperature sensor. The smart helmet is already a very compact technology. Since the helmets
inside will be contain the riders head so there is nothing to add there. But the sensors and wires
that we add outside the helmet can be made more compact by using smaller IC and shorter
length wires [2]. It can be made to look good by painting the IC and using colourful wires, so it
becomes presentable. The costs of the project are mainly consisting of cost of equipment, cost
of travelling to buy the equipment and the cost for advertisement. The cost can be reduced by
verifying the price of a component from multiple shops and then buying. Also doing the work
oneself as much as can be done will also reduce the cost. And finally, the advertisement should
be done oneself rather than paying others which will reduce the cost. The project will be tested
multiple times.
REFERENCES