VEHIcLE PARKING BY IOT

A project report submitted

In partial fulfillment of the award of the degree of Diploma in

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT
Under the guidance of
CH. MADHU BABU M.Tech .,
 VEHIcLE PARKING BY IOT

A project report submitted

In partial fulfillment of the award of the degree of Diploma in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
SUBMITTED BY
R.TEJA SRIRAM (14014-EE-044)
P.SAI TEJA (14014-EE-034)
B.KIRAN (14014-EE-005)
CH.KEERTHI ABHISHEK (14014-EE-011)
S.GANESH (14014-EE-047)
A..JAYANTH KUMAR (14212-EE-031)
S.SANTHI PRIYA (14014-EE-045)
A. BHAGYA SRI (14014-EE-001)

Under the guidance of

CH. MADHU BABU M.Tech .,
 M.B.T.S GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
NALLAPADU,
GUNTUR-5
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project work entitled
VEHICLE PARKING BY IOT
Is the bonafied work of
Name_____________________________Pin______________________ of
VIth semester D.E.E.E.2014-2017 along with his batch mates submitted
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of diploma in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering to be awarded by the
State Board of Technical Education And Training , Andhra Pradesh
during the academic session 2014-2017.

Sri CH. MADHU BABU, M Tech., Smt. B.V.RAMA DEVI, M. Tech,

Project Guide. Head of the department

Sri Y.SIVA RAMAIAH, M. Tech

External Examiner Principal.
 Acknowledgement
I wish to express my thanks to various personalities for the completion of
this project. I am extremely thankful to our beloved principal Sri. Y. SIVA
RAMAIAH., M.Tech., for his kind attention and valuable guidance throughout the
course.

We express our deep felt gratitude to Smt. B. V. RAMADEVI., M. Tech.,

Head of the ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING department
whose Guidance and unstinting encouragement enable us to accomplish our project
successfully in Time.

We also express our deep felt gratitude to Sri. CH.MADHU BABU.,M Tech.,
Project guide, whose valuable guidance and unstinting encouragement enable us to
complete our project successfully.

We are very much thankful to our Sri. CH. HEMA SRINIVAS, M. TECH., Who
involved and helped a lot for completion of this valuable project in time.

We have no words to acknowledge the warm affection constant inspiration

and the encouragement during diploma.

We affectionately acknowledge the encouragement received from our

friends and those involved in giving valuable suggestions and clarifying our doubt
which had really helped in successfully completion of our project.
 [VEHICLE PARKING BY IOT]

Abstract
Among the challenges that we face in our day to day
life one of most unavoidable challenge is parking the car
wherever we go. As our need increases our travelling increases
but due to drastic increase in usage of vehicles and increase in
population we face the tough task of parking our car particularly
during busiest hours of the day. During peak hours most of the
reserved parking area gets full and this leaves the user to search
for their parking among other parking area which creates more
traffic and leaves them with no indication on availability of
parking space. To overcome this problem there is definitely a
need for designed parking in commercial environment. To
design such parking slot we need to take into the account of
reservation of parking slot with optimal parking space. However
here we have designed the time driven sequence method which
solves the problem of parking using slot allocation method.
This paper proposes an android application, which is used to
implement a prototype of Smart Parking System based on
Reservation (SPSR) that allows drivers to effectively find and
reserve e the vacant parking spaces with the help of IOT
(Internet of Things).

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INTRODUCTION
As the population increased in the metropolitan cities,
the usage of vehicles got increased. It causes problem for
parking which leads to traffic congestion, driver frustration, and
air pollution. When we visit the various public places like
Shopping malls, multiplex cinema hall & hotels during the
festival time or weekends it creates more parking problem. In
the recent research found that a driver takes nearly 8 minutes to
park his vehicle because he spend more time in searching the
parking lot. This searching leads to 30 to 40% of traffic
congestion. Here we going to see how to reduce the parking
problem and to do secured parking using the smart parking
under Slot Allocation method with the help of Android
application.. The main contribution of our proposed systems is
to find out status of the parking area and provide secured
parking.

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LOOK UP LIST
TOPIC
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
SYSTEM MODEL
HARD WARE DESCRIPTION
SOFT WARE DESCRIPTION
REFERENCE
EXPENDITURE STATEMENT

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DESCRIPTION
Vehicle parking by IOT mainly consists of IC 11107(3.3v
regulator), Aurdino pro mini(5v,16MHZ), Ultrasonic sensor
,WiFi module ,power supply of 5v DC.
The required DC supply for aurdino pro mini is
fed with the help of 5v adopter and supply for WiFi module is
given through IC 11107(3.3v regulator).The supply for the ultra
sonic sensor is given by the pins VCC & GND of aurdino pro
min.
As the aurdino pro mini receives the supply it starts
executing the program which feeds in its ROM It reads the
distance value given in the ultrasonic sensor and compares with
set value given in its program and the aurdino sends this
information to WiFi module and value of distance can be seen
in the Android mobile application called praman IOT.
In the program we have written the if distance is less
than the 10cm then it indicates slot of parking is occupied and if
the distance is greater than 10cm it indicates the slot is vacant.

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SYSTEM MODEL
BASIC MODEL OF THE SYSTEM :
The block diagram depicts the total blue print of the proposed
project. The total essence and the functioning of the project is
represented in a single block diagram. The block diagram
mainly consists of 4 parts. It include
 Aurdino
 Wifi module
 Ultrasonic sensors
 Supply unit

5V

3.3V

ULTRA
ARDUINO
SONIC
PROMINI
server WIFI SENSOR
MODULE (5V,16MHz)

ANDROID
MOBILE
APPLICATION
CIRCUIT

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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FLOW CHART:

START

MEASURE THE
DISTANCE

DISTANCE
YES <10 cm NO

SLOT OCCUPIED
SLOT VACANT

STOP 7
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Internet of things (IOT):

The Internet of things (IOT) is the inter-networking of
physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected
devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other items—
embedded with electronics, software ,sensors, actuators,
and network connectivity that enable these objects to

Drawing representing the Internet of things

collect and exchange data. In 2013 the Global Standards

Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as
"the infrastructure of the information society." The IoT allows
objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing
network infrastructure ,creating opportunities for more direct
integration of the physical world into computer-based systems,
and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic
benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. When IoT
is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology
becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical
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systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart

grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.
Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded
computing system but is able to interoperate within the
existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT
will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020. Typically, IoT
is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems,
and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications and covers a variety of protocols, domains,
and applications. The interconnection of these embedded
devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in
automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced
applications like a smart grid, and expanding to areas such as
smart cities."Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide
variety of devices such as heart monitoring
implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams
in coastal waters,[16]automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA
analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring
or field operation devices that assist firefighters in search and
rescueoperations. Legal scholars suggest to look at "Things" as
an "inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and
service".These devices collect useful data with the help of
various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the
data between other devices Current market examples
includehome automation (also known as smart home devices)
such as the control and automation of lighting, heating
(like smart thermostat), ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC)
systems, and appliances such as washer/dryers, robotic
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vacuums, air purifiers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers that use

Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.As well as the expansion of
Internet-connected automation into a plethora of new
application areas, IoT is also expected to generate large
amounts of data from diverse locations, with the consequent
necessity for quick aggregation of the data, and an increase in
the need to index, store, and process such data more effectively.
IoT is one of the platforms of today's Smart City, and Smart
Energy Management Systems.The concept of the Internet of
things was invented by and term coined by Peter T. Lewis in
September 1985 in a speech he delivered at a U.S. Federal
Communications Commission(FCC) supported session at
the Congressional Black Caucus 15th Legislative Weekend.

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Aurdino pro mini:

The Arduino Pro Mini is a microcontroller board based on

the ATmega328.
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, an on-board resonator, a reset
button, and holes for mounting pin headers. A six pin header
can be connected to an FTDI cable or Sparkfun breakout
board to provide USB power and communication to the
board.The Arduino Pro Mini is intended for semi-permanent
installation in objects or exhibitions. The board comes without
pre-mounted headers, allowing the use of various types of
connectors or direct soldering of wires. The pin layout is
compatible with the Arduino Mini.There are two version of the
Pro Mini. One runs at 3.3V and 8 MHz, the other at 5V and 16
MHz.
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The Arduino Pro Mini was designed and is manufactured by

SparkFun Electronics.

Power:
The Arduino Pro Mini can be powered with an FTDI cable or
breakout board connected to its six pin header, or with a
regulated 3.3V or 5V supply (depending on the model) on the
Vcc pin. There is a voltage regulator on board so it can accept
voltage up to 12VDC. If you're supplying unregulated power to
the board, be sure to connect to the "RAW" pin on not VCC.
The power pins are as follows:
RAW For supplying a raw voltage to the board.

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VCC The regulated 3.3 or 5 volt supply.

GND Ground pins.

Memory:1
The ATmega328 has 32 kB of flash memory for storing code
(of which 0.5kB is used for the bootloader). It has 2 kB of
SRAM and 1kBs of EEPROM (which can be read and written
with the EEPROM library.

Input and Output:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Pro Mini can be used as an
input or output, using pinMode,digitalWrite,
and digitalRead functions. They operate at 3.3 or 5 volts
(depending on the model). Each pin can provide or receive a
maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some
pins have specialized functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and
transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the
TX-0 and RX-1 pins of the six pin header.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured
to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or
a change in value. See the attachInterrupt function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output
with the analogWrite function.
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 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).These

pins support SPI communication, which, although provided by
the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the
Arduino language.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin
13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin
is LOW, it's off.

The Pro Mini has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10

bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). Four of them are
on the headers on the edge of the board; two (inputs 4 and 5)
on holes in the interior of the board. The analog inputs
measure from ground to VCC. Additionally, some pins have
specialized functionality:
 I2C: A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI)
communication using the Wire library.
There is another pin on the board:

 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller.

Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the
one on the board.

Communication:

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The Arduino Pro Mini has a number of facilities for

communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1
(TX). The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which
allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board via a USB connection.
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any
of the Pro Mini's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI
communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library
to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the reference for details. To
use the SPI communication, please see the ATmega328
datasheet.

Automatic (Software) Reset:

Rather then requiring a physical press of the reset button before
an upload, the Arduino Pro Mini is designed in a way that
allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer. One of the pins on the six-pin header is connected
to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nF capacitor. This
pin connects to one of the hardware flow control lines of the
USB-to-serial convertor connected to the header: RTS when
using an FTDI cable, DTR when using the Sparkfun breakout
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board. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line
drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses
this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing
the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means
that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering
of the reset line can be well-coordinated with the start of the
upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Pro Mini is
connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it
resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via
USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is
running on the Pro. While it is programmed to ignore
malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code),
it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after
a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board
receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts,
make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a
second after opening the connection and before sending this
data.

Physical Characteristics:
The dimensions of the Pro Mini PCB are approximately 0.7" x
1.3".

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FTDI Basic

This board is used to program the 3.3V or 5V Arduino Mini,

Arduino Pro Mini or other board with compatible
programming connector. It is assembled with a FTDI
FT232RL USB to Serial converter chip.
The pinouts of this board matches the programming
connector on the Arduino Pro Mini, and possibly also other
Arduino boards. It has a 5V/3.3V switch for matching the I/O
voltage to that of the target board. Set switch to 5V when
programming 5V target boards (like the 5V Arduino Pro

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Mini), and to 3.3V for the 3.3V boards (like the 3.3V Arduino
Pro Mini).
!!IMPORTANT!! When programming a 3.3V pro mini,
ensure pro mini IS NOT connected to any circuit! This is very
important, because this programmer will put 5V on the pro
mini VCC pin, which is 3.3V under normal circumstances!
This is because pin 3 of the 6 pin header (marked 5V on
PCB) of this programmer is always 5V! Even when switch is in
3.3V position, this pin is still 5V! If the pro mini is connected
to a circuit, you have to ensure no damage will occur when
VCC is increased to 5V! If this causes a problem, than pin 3 of
the 6 pin connector on this programmer (marked 5V) should
be connected to the RAW pin(input of 3.3V regulator) of the
Pro Mini! Applying 5V to the VCC pin of the Pro Mini is fine,
because the ATmega328 works with 3.3 and 5V.
This board can also be used for general serial applications.
The main difference between this board and the FTDI cable is
that it brings out the DTR pin as opposed to the RTS pin. The
DTR pin allows an Arduino target to auto-reset when a new
Sketch is downloaded. This is a very nice feature to have and
allows a sketch to be downloaded without having to hit the
reset button. This board will auto reset any Arduino board that
has the reset pin brought out to a 6-pin connector.

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Programming a 5V Arduino Pro Mini:

To use this programmer to program a 5V Arduino Pro Mini,

do the following:
 Connect to target Arduino board. Remember to set
5V/3.3V switch to 5V voltage! We recommend using a6pin
female to female cable for connecting to target board. See
picture above showing programmer connected to Arduino
Pro Mini.
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 Connect to USB port of PC running the Arduino

IDE.
 A notification on your computer should appear that
driver was installed successfully. If not, see troubleshooting
below.
 In the Arduino IDE, select your target board in
"Tools" --> "Board" menu. For this example, select "Arduino
Pro or Pro Min".
 In the Arduino IDE, select the programmer's port in
"Tools" --> "Port" menu. Note that this might be a different
port than what is used for programming other Arduino
boards! If unsure, see troubleshooting below.
 Program board in Arduino as normal (click on
"Upload" button").

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Wifi Module:

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with

integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any
microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is
capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi
networking functions from another application processor. Each
ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT
command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up
to your Arduino device and get about as much WiFi-ability as a
WiFi Shield offers (and that’s just out of the box)! The
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ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective board with a

huge, and ever growing, community.
This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and
storage capability that allows it to be integrated with the sensors
and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with
minimal development up-front and minimal loading during
runtime. Its high degree of on-chip integration allows for
minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is
designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports
APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existance
interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work
under all operating conditions, and requires no external RF
parts.
There is an almost limitless fountain of information available
for the ESP8266, all of which has been provided by amazing
community support. In theDocuments section below you will
find many resources to aid you in using the ESP8266, even
instructions on how to transforming this module into an IoT
(Internet of Things) solution!
Note: The ESP8266 Module is not capable of 5-3V logic
shifting and will require an external Logic Level Converter.
Please do not power it directly from your 5V dev board.
Note: This new version of the ESP8266 WiFi Module has
increased the flash disk size from 512k to 1MB.

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Features:
 802.11 b/g/n
 Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and
matching network
 Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power
management units
 +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Power down leakage current of <10uA
 1MB Flash Memory
 Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as
application processor
 SDIO 1.1 / 2.0, SPI, UART
 STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4ms guard interval
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

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Ultrasonic sensor:

An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance

to an object by
using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound
wave at a
specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce
back. By
recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being
generated and the
sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the
distance between the

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sonar sensor and the object.

Since it is known that sound travels
through air at about 344 m/s (1129 ft/s),
you can take the time for the sound wave
to return and multiply it by 344 meters (or 1129 feet) to find the
total round-trip
distance of the sound wave. Round-trip means that the sound
wave traveled 2
times the distance to the object before it was detected by the
sensor; it includes
the 'trip' from the sonar sensor to the object AND the 'trip'
from the object to the
Ultrasonic sensor (after the sound wave bounced off the object).
To find the
distance to the object, simply divide the round-trip distance in
half.

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It is important to understand that some objects might not be

detected by
ultrasonic sensors. This is because some objects are shaped or
positioned in such a way that the sound wave bounces off the
object, but are deflected away
from the Ultrasonic sensor. It is also possible for the object to
be too small to
reflect enough of the sound wave back to the sensor to be
detected. Other
objects can absorb the sound wave all together (cloth, carpeting,
etc), which
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means that there is no way for the sensor to detect them

accurately. These are
important factors to consider when designing and programming
a robot using
an ultrasonic sensor.

Technical parameters:
1 : Voltage: DC5V
2 : Static current: less than 2mA
3 : Level output: high 5V
4 : Level output: bottom 0V
5 : Induction angle: not more than 15 degree
6 : Detection range: 2 cm -45 0cm
7: High precision: up to 0.3cm

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RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to
oppose an electric current by producing a voltage drop between
its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance
with Ohm's law:
V = IR
ResistorsResistors are used as part of electrical networks and
electronic circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a
high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).The primary
characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power
they can dissipate. Other characteristics include temperature
coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical
resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the
maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is
applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials
constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's
determined by design.Resistors can be integrated into hybrid
and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and
position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment
designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to
overheat when dissipating their power.

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A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. When a
voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I
will flow through the resistor in direct proportionto that voltage.
The reciprocal of the constant of proportionality is known as
the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of
R further "resists" the flow of current I as given by Ohm's
law:Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and
electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic
equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a
highresistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog
devices, and can also be integrated into hybridand printed
circuits.The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by
its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured

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over a range of more than 9 orders of magnitude. When

specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required
precision of the resistance may require attention to the
manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its
specific application. The temperature coefficient of the
resistance may also be of concern in some precision
applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a
maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated
power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is
mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors
with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require
heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention must sometimes
be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the
resistor.The series inductance of a practical resistor causes its
behavior to depart from ohms law; this specification can be
important in some high-frequency applications for smaller
values of resistance. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp the
noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The
unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient
are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing
the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a
particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular
technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized
according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and
position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the
practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

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Units:
The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance,
named after Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm is equivalent to a volt
per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured
over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm
(1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilohm (1 kΩ = 103 Ω), and megohm (1 MΩ
= 106 Ω) are also in common usage.The reciprocal of
resistance R is called conductance G = 1/R and is measured in
Siemens (SI unit), sometimes referred to as a mho. Thus a
Siemens is the reciprocal of an ohm: S = Ω – 1.Although the
concept of conductance is often used in circuit

CAPACITOR
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric.
When a voltage potential difference exists between the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This
field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between
the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel,
narrowly separated conductors.An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on
each conductor to the potential difference between them. In
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practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount

of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an
equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric
field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.The
properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant
frequency and quality factor of a resonant circuit, power
dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic circuit,
energy capacity in a high-power system, and many other
important aspects.

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for

storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a
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non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems,

for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of
insulating film.Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits
for blocking direct currentwhile allowing alternating current to
pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power
supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular
frequenciesand for many other purposes.A capacitor is a
passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential
difference(voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field
develops in the dielectric that storesy and produces a
mechanical force between the conductors. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured
in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each
conductor to the potential difference between them.The
capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation
between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors
are often called "plates", referring to an early means of
construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes
a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field
strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the
conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and
resistance.Theory of operation CapacitanceCharge separation
in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A
dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the
capacitance.Energy storage Work must be done by an external
influence to "move" charge between the conductors in a
capacitor. When the external influence is removed the charge
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separation persists in the electric field and energy is stored to be

released when the charge is allowed to return to its equilibrium
position. The work done in establishing the electric field, and
hence the amount of energy stored, is given by:

Regulated power supply

Regulated power supply is an electronic circuit that is designed

to provide a constant dc voltage of predetermined value across
load terminals irrespective of ac mains fluctuations or load
variations.

As shown in the figure, the two main parts of a regulated power

supply are a simple power supply and a voltage regulating
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device. The power supply output is given as input to the voltage

regulating device that provides the final output. The voltage
output of the power supply remains constant irrespective of
large variations in the input AC voltage or output load current.

Given below is a circuit diagram of a regulated power supply

circuit using a transistor series regulator as a regulating device.
The input AC voltage (230 Voltas Vrms), is supplied to a
transformer. The output will be a stepped down ac output
appropriate for the desired dc output. This ac voltage is then
given to a bridge rectifier to produce a full-wave rectified
output. This is then given to a pi-filter circuit to produce a dc
voltage. The filter output may have some ac voltage variations
and ripples. This is further filtered using a regulating circuit
whose output will be a constant dc voltage. This regulated dc
voltage is then given to a voltage divider, which supplies the
different dc voltages that may be needed for different electronic
circuits.

The potential divider is a single tapped resistor connected

across the output terminals of the supply. The tapped resistor
may consist of two or three resistors connected in series across
the supply. A bleeder resistor may also be employed as a
potential divider.

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CONCLUSION

The smart parking system based on IoT concept has been

implemented using various sensor circuitry and cloud (server).
It is an efficient system for car parking which prevails traffic
congestion.
This work is further extended as smart car parking
system with automatic billing system[8] also fully automated
system using multilayer parking method. Safety measures such
as vehicle no. tracing, driver facerecognition⁠ ⁠ ⁠ ⁠

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EXPENDITURE

Equipment cost 1800

Traveling cost 200
Book cost 1500
Internet cost 50
Total 3550

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