Micro Project Report

On
“Computer Peripheral
And Hardware ”

Submitted by
Phadol Yash Sunil : 2111670181
Patil Rutuja Jitendrasing : 2111670156
Arote Snehal Vikram : 2111670152
Saysamindar Pradnya Kailaspati : 2111670132

Under the Guidance of

Prof. S. N. Khalane
In the partial fulfillment of Second Semester of
Diploma in Computer Engineering

Department of Computer Engineering

Sandip Polytechnic
Mahiravani, Nashik - 422213
Affiliated to

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
Academic Year 2021-22
 Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Certificate

This is to certify that Phadol Yash Sunil ( 57 ), of Second Semester of Diploma in

Computer Engineering of Institute Sandip Polytechnic (1167) havecompleted the
Micro Project satisfactorily in the subject “Computer Peripheral & Hardware
Maintenance (22013)” for the academic year 2021- 22 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Enrolment No Student 1 : 2111670181 Exam Seat No 1 : _______

Place: Nashik Date:

Subject Head of the Department Principal

Teacher

Seal
 Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Certificate

This is to certify that Patil Rutuja Jitendrasing ( 32 ), of Second Semester of

Diploma in Computer Engineering of Institute Sandip Polytechnic (1167) have
completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in the subject “Computer Peripheral
& Hardware Maintenance (22013)” for the academic year 2021- 22 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Enrolment No Student 2 : 2111670156 Exam Seat No 2 : _ _

Place: Nashik Date:

Subject Head of the Department Principal

Teacher

Seal
 Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Certificate

This is to certify that Arote Snehal Vikram (28 ), of Second Semester of Diploma
in Computer Engineering of Institute Sandip Polytechnic (1167) have completed
the Micro Project satisfactorily in the subject “Computer Peripheral &
Hardware Maintenance (22013)” for the academic year 2021- 22 as prescribed
in the curriculum.

Enrolment No Student 3 : 2111670152 Exam Seat No 3 : _ _

Place: Nashik Date:

Subject Head of the Department Principal

Teacher

Seal
 Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Certificate

This is to certify that Saysamindar Pradnya Kailaspati ( 8 ), of Second Semester

of Diploma in Computer Engineering of Institute Sandip Polytechnic (1167)
have completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in the subject “Computer
Peripheral & Hardware Maintenance (22013)” for the academic year 2021-
22 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Enrolment No Student 4 : 2111670132 Exam Seat No 4 : _ _

Place: Nashik Date:

Subject Head of the Department Principal

Teacher

Seal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our subject teacher Prof. S. N.

Khalane for their valuable guidance, support and encouragement in completing our
micro project.

We would like to extend our gratitude to the head of the department of

Computer Engineering Prof. G. K. Gaikwad for permitting us to utilize all the
necessary facilities of the department.

We are also thankful to all the faculties and staff members of our department
for their kind co-operation and help.

Lastly we would like to express our deep appreciation towards our classmates
and our indebtedness to our parents for providing us the moral support and
encouragement.

Phadol Yash Sunil ( 57 ) Enrollment No 1 : 2111670181

Patil Rutuja Jintendrasing Enrollment No 2 : 2111670156
(32)
Arote Snehal Vikram (28) Enrollment No 3 : 2111670152
Saysamindar Pradnya
Kailaspati (8) Enrollment No 4 : 2111670132

Date:
Place: Nashik
 Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project
Academic Year: 2021-22

Course: Computer Engineering Course Code: CO2I

Subject: Computer Peripheral & Hardware SubjectCode:22013
Maintenance
Name of the Faculty: Prof. S. N. Khalane

Title of Micro Project: BIOS { Basic Input Output System }…

COs addressed by Micro Project:

a. To understand the different types of computer systems.
b. To understand the various components of Motherboard and troubleshooting of them.
c. To understand the working of storage devices.
d. Introduce students to troubleshooting and maintaining the peripherals of Computer
System and networks.
e. To perform the testing of power supplies (SMPS and UPS)

Major Learning Outcomes achieved by students by doing the project:

f. Practical Outcomes :- BIOS Configuration.
g. Unit Outcomes in Cognitive Domain :- Configure BIOS settings.
h. Outcomes in Affective Domain:- Apply Logical Thinking And Improve Decision
Making.

Marks out Marks out of

of 06 for 04 for Total
Roll Enrollment
Name of Student performance performance Marks
No. No. in group in oral/ out of 10
activity presentation
57 PHADOL YASH SUNIL 2111670181
32 PATIL RUTUJA JITENDRASING 2111670156
28 AROTE SNEHAL VIKRAM 2111670152
08 SAYSAMINDAR PRADNYA 2111670132
KAILASPATI

Prof. S. N. Khalane
(Name Signature of Faculty)
 BIOS { BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM }

WHAT IS BIOS?

BIOS is a program, stands for basic input/output system, which is stored in nonvolatile memory like
ROM (Read Only Memory) or flash memory that allows you to set up and access your computer
system at the greatest basic level. Although there is no need for most people to mess with the BIOS
on a computer, it can be better to know about BIOS

. It is found on motherboards that are a pre-installed program on Windows-based

computers that executes when a computer is powered up. Before an OS is loaded, the CPU
accesses the basic input/output system (BIOS). Then, the next function of BIOS is to
examine all the hardware connections and detects all your devices.

The main function of BIOS is to set up hardware and start an OS, and it contains generic code that
is needed to control display screens, the keyboard, and other functions. The BIOS is built-in software
that manages the hard drives and cannot live on one. It cannot reside in the RAM (Random Access
Memory)

as it is accessible before the computer system boots up. Actually, it lives on the ROM
of the computer system, and mainly it is located on EPROM (erasable programmable read-
only memory) chip. Therefore, the CPU
accesses the EPROM when you turn on the computer and provides control to the BIOS.

The primary intention of designing the BIOS system is to function with numerous devices that led to
making a complimentary system chipset. There are some functions contained by the BIOS library that
operates and controls system peripherals, and they can be initiated through external software.

Users can perform different functions by using the BIOS user interface, which is discussed below:
 o Users can perform hardware configuration
o They can select boot drives
o They can set the system clock
o The BIOS allows users to enable and disable certain system components
o To BIOS user interface function, it provides set password prompts for secured access

The BIOS works as an intermediary between the I/O devices and the CPU and is used after the
computer has booted up. The BIOS works as an intermediary between the I/O devices and the CPU
and is used after the computer has booted up. Your operating system and programs do not need to
know the details about the I/O devices connected to your system because of the BIOS. You can
change these settings accordingly with the help of entering the BIOS setup at the time of your system
starts up. Furthermore, if you want to access the BIOS setup, you can hold down the DELETE or F2 key
when your computer starts up.

BIOS is stored in rewritable memory in some modern PCs, which allow information to be replaced or
rewritten. Such content rewriting is executed with the help of a special program offered by system
manufacturers.

In computing, BIOS (/ˈbaɪɒs, -oʊs/, BY-oss, -⁠ohss; Basic Input/Output System, also known as
the System BIOS, ROM BIOS, BIOS ROM or PC BIOS) is firmware used to provide runtime services
for operating systems and programs and to perform hardware initialization during
the booting process (power-on startup).[1] The BIOS firmware comes pre-installed on an IBM
PC or IBM PC compatible's system board and exists in UEFI-based systems too.[2][3] The name
originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975.[4][5] The
BIOS originally proprietary to the IBM PC has been reverse engineered by some companies (such
as Phoenix Technologies) looking to create compatible systems. The interface of that original
system serves as a de facto standard.
The BIOS in modern PCs initializes and tests the system hardware components (Power-on self-
test), and loads a boot loader from a mass storage device which then initializes an operating
system. In the era of DOS, the BIOS provided BIOS interrupt calls for the keyboard, display,
storage, and other input/output (I/O) devices that standardized an interface to application
programs and the operating system. More recent operating systems do not use the BIOS interrupt
calls after startup.[6]
Most BIOS implementations are specifically designed to work with a particular computer
or motherboard model, by interfacing with various devices especially system chipset. Originally,
BIOS firmware was stored in a ROM chip on the PC motherboard. In later computer systems, the
BIOS contents are stored on flash memory so it can be rewritten without removing the chip from
the motherboard. This allows easy, end-user updates to the BIOS firmware so new features can be
added or bugs can be fixed, but it also creates a possibility for the computer to become infected
with BIOS rootkits. Furthermore, a BIOS upgrade that fails could brick the motherboard. The last
version of Microsoft Windows running on PCs which uses BIOS firmware is Windows 10.
BIOS AVAILABILITY :-
The BIOS software is available in all modern computer motherboards.
As the BIOS is a part of the motherboard; therefore, the BIOS's access
and configuration on PCs are independent of any type of operating
system. The BIOS is not dependent on anyone that means it does not
matter which types of an operating system is running on the computer
like Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10

, Windows XP, Linux

, Windows Vista, Unix, or no operating system at all, BIOS functions outside
of the operating system environment.
WHAT IS INCLUDED IN A BIOS?
The directions to load basic computer hardware are included in BIOS software. A test
is also included within it that is referred to as a POST (Power-On Self-Test). The POST
helps the computer to boot up properly with verifying the computer meets
requirements. Your computer produces various forms of beeps if the POST test fails at
the time of test.

Peripheral cards such as hard disk drive host bus adapters and video cards have their own
firmware, and BIOS extension option ROM may be a part of the expansion card firmware,
which provide additional functionality to BIOS. Code in option ROMs runs before the BIOS
boots the operating system from mass storage. These ROMs typically test and initialize
hardware, add new BIOS services, or replace existing BIOS services with their own services.
For example, a SCSI controller usually has a BIOS extension ROM that adds support for hard
drives connected through that controller. An extension ROM could in principle contain
operating system, or it could implement an entirely different boot process such as network
booting. Operation of an IBM-compatible computer system can be completely changed by
removing or inserting an adapter card (or a ROM chip) that contains a BIOS extension ROM.

The motherboard BIOS typically contains code for initializing and bootstrapping integrated
display and integrated storage. In addition, plug-in adapter cards such as SCSI, RAID, network
interface cards, and video cards often include their own BIOS (e.g. Video BIOS),
complementing or replacing the system BIOS code for the given component. Even devices
built into the motherboard can behave in this way; their option ROMs can be a part of the
motherboard BIOS.

An add-in card requires an option ROM if the card is not supported by the motherboard BIOS
and the card needs to be initialized or made accessible through BIOS services before the
operating system can be loaded (usually this means it is required in the boot process). An
additional advantage of ROM on some early PC systems (notably including the IBM PCjr) was
that ROM was faster than main system RAM. (On modern systems, the case is very much the
reverse of this, and BIOS ROM code is usually copied ("shadowed") into RAM so it will run
faster.)
FUNCTIONS OF BIOS :-
The BIOS has different instructions that are required to load the hardware, and it is
responsible for loading the operating system. The major functions of a Basic
input/output system (BIOS) are discussed below:

o BIOS Power on Self-Test (POST): It ensures the proper functioning of the

computer hardware as it is a built-in diagnostic program that. In the system, it
verifies the computer meets the necessary parts and functionality. POST does
this function efficiently. It ensures that the computer is loading tasks
successfully, such as the use of memory, a keyboard, and other parts when it
starts up. If the POST test fails at the time of test, the computer provides a
combination of beeps to display the error type, and the system continues to
boot when the POST test is passed completely. Once
the self-test has been passed, and the basic instructions have been loaded, the
computer starts to load the OS from one of the connected drives to the system.
The BIOS settings can also be changed by the computer users with the help of
a configuration screen on the computer. The BIOS information can also be
stored on the flash memory, which can be updated by computer users after
releasing an update by vendors. BIOS actually can be located in between the
external devices and the computer because its name describes that it is used
for reading and writing to and hard disk and floppy disc,displaying values on the
screen, reading the keystroke, etc.
o Bootstrap Loader: The BIOS recognizes and locates the operating system when
the POST running successfully. The program bootstrap loader is contained by
BIOS, which searches and starts the OS boot program. When BIOS detects one,
it transfers access to Operating System that is known as booting.
o BIOS drivers: BIOS drivers are stored in the non-volatile memory, whose primary
function is to supply basic computer hardware information.
o BIOS Setup Utility Program: It is a configuration software, also known as CMOS
setup, that allows users to configure hardware settings as well as device
settings, time and date, computer password. The NVRAM, non-volatile memory,
is used to store settings of memory, disk types, and information about the
computer system; this information is not stored in the BIOS chip

The users run the BIOS setup program during the installation of a system and input the
correct parameters. The CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) is a
required material to construct NVRAM. These CMOS chips store and maintain data
on very low values of current. Therefore, the system's configurations are also called
CMOS settings. With the help of using a capacitor, maintaining the battery backup, or
by a battery built into the NVRAM chip, CMOS settings can be maintained. Additionally,
a system clock is also included in this chip. The setting remains for a short period of
time if there is no battery. And there is a need to reset the system. Through its BIOS
set up program is protected as there is loss of BIOS password.

With computers, BIOS come in-built as firmware on a chip on the motherboard. In

contrast, an operating system such as iOS or Windows can be installed by the user
or pre-installed by the vendor or manufacturer.

When BIOS boots up a computer, it verifies the computer meets the necessary
attachments to boot up. The files are contained by any piece of hardware that needs
for a computer to start up, this piece of hardware is known as a boot device.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOS :-

The BIOS screen is seen by every PC user, it does not matter he knows it or not each
time he turns on his computer system. The computer's manufacturer displays the
screen is called the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS).

The BIOS has mainly two types, which are as follows:

1. UEFI: The UEFI can accommodate 2.2 TB or larger drives, which stands for
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. It handles drives with the help of using
the Master Boot Record instead of GPT technology, the more modern GUID
Partition Table. Furthermore, Apple's Mac PCs have never used the BIOS.
2. Legacy BIOS: The Legacy BIOS was used in older motherboards to turn the PC
on. Legacy BIOSes have limitations as they have no ability to handle or
recognize drives bigger than 2.1 TB. However, it controls how the CPU and the
components communicate with each other.
BIOS VS UEFI :-
Most probably, you will see UEFI rather than the BIOS in most modern computers.
But what are the differences between both UEFI and BIOS? It can be difficult to
differentiate both because they almost perform the same function. UEFI is the same
as BIOS, stands for Unified Extensible Firmware Interface, and acts as an intermediate
program between the hardware and the OS.

As compared to BIOS, UEFI offers more features and can be extensively customized.
In order to load the operating system, it does not need a separate program of a
bootloader. It has the ability to manage hard drives that can be exceeded two
Terabytes as it offers native support GPT, and BIOS is unable to provide this.

UPGRADING A BIOS :-
Often, it is discovered that when the computer needs to be upgraded with latest
hardware, it does not support all the features of the latest hardware. It needs to be
upgraded hardware like more memory, a larger hard drive, or a new video card.
Upgrading the BIOS chip is an easier solution to this problem. Generally, to upgrade
BIOS on the system, the files and information are available on the computer's or
motherboard maker's Web site.

Unluckily, it is most important to know that upgrading the BIOS can be a drastic step.
If you are going to upgrade the BIOS, you will be better to back up all of your data from
the hard drive. Also, make sure there is a recovery jumper that makes you capable of
recovering the original BIOS. Although upgrading the BIOS is trouble-free, it is possible
for the by upgrading BIOS the system can be computer unusable, damage or destroy
the BIOS chip.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF BIOS :
The term BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) first appeared in the CP/M operating
system in 1975 and was created by Gary Kildall. It was used to describe the machine-
specific part of CP/M loaded during the boot time. These ideas were adopted by
Microsoft DOS in the first versions of DOS, which included similar. The files used in
CP/M were very close to COM and.SYS files.

The PC's BIOS was held on PROM or ROM chips that were placed on the computer's
motherboard through the early 1990s. Some companies, such as Phoenix
Technologies, reversed the BIOS originally proprietary to the IBM PC, creating
compatible systems. Also, in the mid-1990s, the BIOS was shifted to being stored on
EEPROM chips or flash drives on the computer, as to update the BIOS, and demand for
complexity increased. In modern times, some computers can have the BIOS, which
size can be more than 16 megabytes.

The System BIOS was divided by IBM into real- and protected-mode portions when
the PS/2 machines were introduced. The real-mode portion was mainly responsible for
offering compatibility with existing OS like DOS, that's why it's named was CBIOS,
while new interfaces were provided by ABIOS that was especially ideal for
multitasking operating systems such as OS/2.

The term BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) was created by Gary Kildall[8][9] and first
appeared in the CP/M operating system in 1975,[4][5][9][10][11][12] describing the machine-
specific part of CP/M loaded during boot time that interfaces directly with
the hardware.[5] (A CP/M machine usually has only a simple boot loader in its ROM.)
Versions of MS-DOS, PC DOS or DR-DOS contain a file called variously "IO.SYS",
"IBMBIO.COM", "IBMBIO.SYS", or "DRBIOS.SYS"; this file is known as the "DOS BIOS"
(also known as the "DOS I/O System") and contains the lower-level hardware-specific
part of the operating system. Together with the underlying hardware-specific but
operating system-independent "System BIOS", which resides in ROM, it represents
the analogue to the "CP/M BIOS".
The BIOS originally proprietary to the IBM PC has been reverse engineered by some
companies (such as Phoenix Technologies) looking to create compatible systems.
With the introduction of PS/2 machines, IBM divided the System BIOS into real- and
protected-mode portions. The real-mode portion was meant to provide backward
compatibility with existing operating systems such as DOS, and therefore was
named "CBIOS" (for "Compatibility BIOS"), whereas the "ABIOS" (for "Advanced
BIOS") provided new interfaces specifically suited for multitasking operating
systems such as OS/2.
HOW TO CHECK THE VERSION OF BIOS?
You are required to access the BIOS setup if you want to check the type or version of
BIOS on your computer system. You will see the BIOS version or type on the main BIOS
display such as Phoenix, Award, AMI, and more other kinds of the BIOS.

BIOS SECURITY :-
BIOS security somewhere is a unique component of cybersecurity. However, there is
still a need to manage it because there are various hackers who can run malicious
code on the OS, which can be more harmful. In 2017, inside a motherboard's UEFI, how
modern BIOS security flaws could enable ransomware programs it showed by security
group Cylance. And other PCs get the benefit of BIOS vulnerabilities.
BIOS MANUFACTURERS :-
In the beginning, BIOS was fundamentally owned by IBM. However, IBM's original
version was reverse-engineered by some other companies like Phoenix Technologies
to create their own. For doing that, other companies have permission to create
clones of the IBM PC by Phoenix. Also, an important thing that they can create non-
IBM computers that work with BIOS. Compaq was one company that did this. In modern
times, there are various manufacturers of the motherboard with BIOS chips; some are
as follows:

o Foxconn
o AMI
o Hewlett Packard (HP)
o Ricoh
o Asus

It may be very important to know about the motherboard manufacturer as users

sometimes need to update their BIOS and chipset drivers. The operating system
functions with other devices in the computer through the drivers. For example, a video
card to the most recent versions. When you update drivers, the patch cancause
recent BIOS-level security vulnerabilities, or computer performance can be improved.
REFERENCES

 "BIOS Boot Specification 1.01" (PDF). Phoenix.com. 1996-01-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-
15.
 "How BIOS Works". How Stuff Works. 2000-09-06.
 "Implementing a Plug and Play BIOS Using Intel's Boot Block Flash Memory" (PDF). Intel. February 1995.
Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
 "List of BIOS options". techarp.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-27.
 "Persistent BIOS Infection". Phrack. No. 66. 2009-06-01. Archived from the original on 2011-04-30.
Retrieved 2011-04-30.
 "Preventing BIOS Failures Using Intel Boot Block Flash Memory" (PDF). Intel. December 1998. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-29. Retrieved 2007-03-29.

THANK YOU