Jounal of Eehnopharmsarology 02 (2028) 115870, Contents lists available nt ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology ELSEVIER journal homepage: www clsevier.comilocateljethpharm ® Ethnopharmacology of Rubus idaeus Linnaeus: A critical review on ca ethnobotany, processing methods, phytochemicals, pharmacology and quality control Yi Tao , Jiaqi Bao, Fei Zhu, Meiling Pan, Qing Liu, Ping Wang” ote of Pharmacie! Sic, Zone ines of Teil, Hangs. 21022, China oc of rated compounds ete 0 is ‘ionaePubchen ib: 220686) Reenplal 7 samen Pabchem, cao25579 945) 2"-0.GalioyhgpecinPbchen CID6853859) (Queen Pubchen CIS200343) ‘AnrpainyPbchem CDS282102) Iga Pubchem C5280) Nisin PubChem IDSS16757) ‘omaentn (bom €I:122850) ‘Gueenin(PubChem cID290359) Hyperndehutchen CD=S25165) Ge Tleide(PebChe CIDI01735%0) Kaen 30 suena PabCoem ‘apssi8757) atin Pobhen CD-5250805) Phu Pubchen CD: 6072) aempfeol3 0 hanaosde (abchen Se8719), Cotchin Patchem ID9064) esealPubchen D5154) Gale ef been c1D70) ‘Veni ee Pubchem CD85) Fer siubchen lD-e3658) esas! peounaaePabcheen ‘yrorbenle cab CD95) ‘lal wceubChem CDS251855) glint (Patches C1D15250) “4 ponypheayiacete et PubChem wan castes) 4 yaonpbnzldcydeubChen CD26) Niles CD18) Mey revlon PubChem cabs319516) -Bnophannacological relevance: Rubus dass Linnaeus (RI sa Chinese herbal medicine that has been widely ‘ses i China for» long time reinforce the Key, nous che iver, Snprove Vision, an test poy ‘Aim ofthe say This work ais to evaluate the ecet progress of the temieal composition, pharmacological ‘activity, phaumacokinecs, merabolis, and quality coatol and of Rufus ces, which focuses on the ins Ceney of existing research and wil sed ight on fare sues of Rubus Has Maths Lteratses about “Rubus aes‘ "Re rary and “Fupenal “ae teseved by uowsing the database, suet as Web of Seence(hic:// ww. webotknowedecony/ wos), Pubmed (tps//pudnied ennui gov) ONKT Cip/orm nkne/),ad Wanfang Data (ip: //9. anna. com.cn). kn ation, related text books ant digital dacuments ae intetrgate to provide a olisie and exit! eview ofthe top. The pete of {he Uteratre covered from 1981 to 2022, Resins Approximately 194 compounds have Deen isolated fom Ru dvs, which i ih in phenols, eye. noid, lal, sted and fatty acids. Numerous investigations have denoastrated that Ras iaews ext ‘many phumacologcal activites, including hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic, an-Alsheimer effet, ant osteoporosis, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, ani-bacteia and skin cae, et. Howeve, ei ‘woth noing that mos ofthe reseateh is ot asacated with the conventional ect, sh a edn wnation and weaving opacity of the comnea Conesion: The etectveness of Rubus iaeus hasbeen proved by is long-term clinical application, The esearch fon the pharmacological acest of Rb dons has Morse. In many prmncological experiments, ony he high dose gioup can achieve the couresponding efcay, so the efficacy of Rubus ulaaus nods to be futher Imerogated. Meanvile, che relationship between pharmacological activity and specific compounds of Rubus ‘tora has not been cated yet. Last bt ne east, sie invlving toxicology at pharmacokinetics ae very lied Knowledge of boavalaility and toxicological behavior of Rubus idaus can help understand he her's pharmacodyaanle and safery profi * Conesponding author. Collegeof Pharmaceutical Selene, Zelang Univesity of Technology, 18 Chaowang Avenue, Hangzhou, $10014, China © Conresponding auhot mal address 20 985) ed.ca(¥. Tao, botox. com (J Bao), 102635241899 com (F. Zhu), 1090616605 eqq.com (M.Pan), 151688705376 162.com (Q. Lt), wangpingtS@z}uted.cn CP. Wang) spd. org/10.1016/) ep 2022.118870 Received 18 Apul 2022; Received in revised for 1 October 2022; Accepted 21 October 2022 ‘Available online 29 October 2022 (0378987410 2022 Elsevier B.A rights reserved,Raspbeny Ketone ubchem C2168) Sale cea CD38) BreflncubonycaclPubChem ‘tbasns035) Commer (Chem iDs7542) Snegtin FF CID16150097) Lambertian € (Fubcher €iDe13590365) (Coaninfabctem Cb1s035492) (Gousesn (PubChem CID73648) (ConsrninPabchee ID1S7395) Pedutclgin Pubes Ci-44258) Smeginte on lotone Cher caeissreesst) ‘elon aid baanetPubcen caibisis79) lag ee pemosiePubcem CS457461) Flag cd pemondePubchen CDSA8 461) ‘Beata Pbchen c1D-5281416) elinchen CDS281417) Impesoin(Pubchem Gbs0212) pense ald (Pathe C1D1208507) (tele acPabchem CDs10190) Masini oad Pubchem CiD.73559) ‘unsaid CDS 285516) Sees (PubChem cb2426) Unole sPubchem C6105) Daipdearyrsali acd Pubchem ‘apeiesssi5) Bucapheald(PtChen CD71426) ‘Tormens sePabchem CD73195) NiguichigosideF(Pabchem CiD1O110959) aborosiePubChem CID 24721579) Gostacsie FPubchem IP13555760) (Gost onan 2(PubChem CID3ES5785) Gorkoneite FAPabchem CID 131752040) GorkooniteFAPubciem CDH1S1752950) Gostaonsie (bce CID 13888771) (ostaosoe Fe(ubctem CIs 131732596) ‘ortaoosit A PubChem IDETST 72990) Stoel Puchen C1D-521153) DevewtolPubchem CD: 5742590) Stgmat ee (a0 ilPubChem ‘tb0ss0st0 ‘apa2oesi071) fsugmeseralrbchen cDs2A0734) ‘Store penta PaChem C1D9852570) Compete Pabchem C7318) (opr acPabchem C8692) (epee cian CID) Dotlacontanne ai PubChem CD39255) ‘Ste aiPobChes CD: 5251) lepadcent ae(ubChem CISI0%65) (tee ntsc CIs 495659) [Nepetadeceoic PubChem CIS13649) ‘Hetatecaole aeltPubchem CD95) 2 Homadecnote acl PubChem C05 26274) “etodecroie cub Chem 111005) Undecanies(Pebchem D100) ‘ets Raumati sd puch CID 5253028) Linli cPuschem CiS230450) 9 Octedecyoie ct [PubChem 68167) ‘Linon sla PobChen CD60) S14 elect aedPubchew Sho ibyorycadeen 3215 denen (then Cbsse202986) Linlenie suber ct S204) Shine aiPuchem CD72) (chen CD5076) Dotecani setPubchem CID3655) ower nest polute Peoln Jour of Bamps 302 (2023) 135670YT Jour of Bamps 302 (2023) 135670 Abbreviations: AB pamyloid NFTS —neurofibilary tangles RE Rubus fdaeue Linnaeus ACHE acetylcholinesterase FOC Flora of China ChAT aceflcholinetransferase RIEE ethanol extract of RL ConA cotcanavalin DPPH 1,1- indueed apoptosis and nitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SYSY cell (Zhou et al, 2018. A terwards, the group found that (+) iéaeusinol A and (+) idseusinol D exhibited significant neuroprotective activity at a concentration of 25 HM, whereas (—)-idacusinol D at the concentration of 25 and 50 4M shoved no neuroprotective effect against He03 induction (Zhou el. 2019), 6.9, Antibacterial effect RI showed inhibitory effect on both Gram-positive bacteria and (Gram-negative bacterin, Flavonoids of RI havea trong inhibitory effect ‘on Stapylocoecus aureus, which are less aecte by temperature and pit (Zin, 2012). Moreover, the combination of RIEE and azole drugs showed a synergistic relationship, which significantly enhanced the bacteriostatic effet of azole drugs alone (Zeng et al, 2012). Another study found that RIE exhibited anti-adherent acivty against Candida aicans, the bioactive substances of which are mainly hydrolyzed tan tins and condensed tannins (Ducix tal, 2018). The ebtained ella tannins of RI have in vitro and in site antifungal activity against GGearichum candid (Kewicks et a, 2016). RIE treatment inhibitedNLRPS.mediated inflammatory response and oxidative stress caused by E.coli 0157:H7 infection. This protection effec is achieved partially by ‘enhancing the NRF2 signaling pathway and promoting nitric oxide produetion (Xue et, 2019. 16.10. skin care RL is rich in ellagle acd, which has the effect of whitening, ant ultraviolet rays, and promoting the formation of elastic fibers. Ellagic acid can reduce the activity of tyrosinase and catalase, thereby inhibit ing the formation of melasma tn addition, ellagie acid enn also et as & ‘sunscreen, which scavenges oxygen free radicals (Xu er al, 2012). An interesting work investigated the effects of RIE on female chloasma, The ‘melasma area on the face of the female volunteer was significantly reduced. Meanwhile, the color was also significantly Improved. There is hho new melasma. RIE induces genes, which are responsible for skin hhyration, uct as aquaporin 3, filaggrin, and hyaluronan synthase, and stimulates the expression of glucocerebrosidase involved in ceramide production (ito el, 2015). RI could prevent skin photoaging induced by UV rays. The protective mechanism fs related to the inhibition of MAPK/AP-1 and NF-xB, as well as the activation of TGF-f/Smad pathway (Cao et al, 2018). 7. Quality control Generally, thin Jayerciromatography is used for identification of RI, Wherexs HPLC Is used for the quantification of ellygic acd and ‘kaempfero-3-0-mutinoside. Scholars have established HPLC methods to determine the content of other bioactive compounds in fruits of Rl, Including lindenin (hai eal 2009; Yu e al, 2008) gale ae (Li and ‘Tan, 2008; Ping, 2007), VE (Sun, 2012), goshonoside-F5 (He etl 2013), kaempferol3-0-5.D-glucopyranoside (Zong etal, 201, mas lini acid, eorosolie acid and oleanolie eid (Cao etal, 2017), However, the relationship between these compounds and the traditional effect of RU remains unknown, Storage ce is a major factor affecting the quality of RE (Giulee cr sl, 2019). With the extension of storage time, the contents of tr: terpene eid and ellagic reid in RI were significantly increased, while the ‘content of kaempferol3-0-ritinoside was significantly decreased (C0 fr al, 2017; He et sl, 2021), It should be pointed our that “Chinese Pharmacopoeia” uses ellagie acld as an index eomponne for quality ‘control of RI but elligie nei is greatly affected by processing methods ‘and storage time (sshishth et al, 2020). Meanvile, one research, Jour of Bamps 302 (2023) 135670 shoved thatthe content of tiiroside isthe highest in lavonoids of Ru ‘Therefore i is recommended to select the conteat of tres as the ‘quality conto standard for RE (Zhang, L. al, 2017), 8. Pharmacokinetic and metabolism Limited data are available for pharmacokinetics of RL. However, the pharmacokinetic of single compound of RI has been investigated (see “Table 3). For instance, the concentraion-time curve of gic aid was fit for « rwo-compartment model in ras. The absolute bioavailability of Intragastric administetion of gallic neid was 42.9% (Wan 6%, 2008). ‘The metabolites of gallc acd in the urine included pyrogallel, pyro gallol-O-PD-glucuronice, — 40-methylgallic seid 3-O-ulfate, 2-O-methylpyrogallol1-0 .D glucuronide, 2-0-methylpyrogallol and 40 -methylgallie acid (Vasu eta. 2000). ‘Quercetin has @ long elimination halflife time, and repeated con: sumption of quercetin-containing foods can cause quercetin to ac rnlate in the blood (Hollis tal, 1997). After oral administration to rats, about 93.396 of quercetin was metabolized in the intestine, and ‘only 2.1% was metabolized inthe liver, and no significant enterohepatic clteulation was observed for quercetin and is conjgated metabolites (Chen et al, 2005). 1 was also found that the main metabolites of ‘quercetin are queretin sulfate nd quercetin glueuronide (Mioon a. 2008; Yang eta, 2005) The bioavailability of ellagic acid is limited. Intake of more free ellagie acid does not inrease its bioavailability, ut promotes produ: tion of urolthin (Gonzalez Sarrias eta, 2015). When ellagic acid is ‘eneapsulated into # microsphere, its bioavailability can be significantly Improved, and the action time fs longer chan that of ellage ac tablets (Chen et al, 2016) Kaempferl is absorbed from che small intestine, The main metabo: lite of kenspferol in plastna and urine i kaempferol 3-glucuronide. Oral bioavailabilcy of Kaempferol ean be increased by co-administation of edhanol, which may be related to the increased permeability of cell membranes (zhow etal, 2015) AK exhibited diferent pharmacokinetic behaviors between normal tice aud HFD-induced obese mice. The total bioavailability of RK in HPD Anduced obese mice was aos wo tines more than that of nora mice, but the time to peak and elimination halfife time were delayed. “The study also found that RK aceumlated mainly i Lipids Uses, especially the brain and white adipose tissue (Zhao et s., 2020). How. fever the sty Tacks information on phase It metabolism of RK as pre biovie metabolism and effluent systems are also reported (0 be ‘Table Pacmacokinetic panmeters of compounds of Rb dons ‘ompound Router of einai eat ing o oo om ites Referee) dove seem ‘aliewe@——LavS0 marke ‘Maes 657 min ‘acomin — a0eme wesmemind wine ra ne) Levisome/te Meas emi ; ? 619 mg mine mgt (208) ypead paige Votes Ler sss Tea sseceat 0426067 yh nono etal ens) evo marke atic 7U61 $1279 — so0os0h LI EOI RATS EASTFMEN, hen seal(2016) Less marty ate Seu soseah ascooh Tas at2 RAND LO7IMEHAL Cena. (206) 5/2055 ma/kp monamer Males , seh CH0-L000mp. 120.4025mgbA Zhang a. 00) Raptery Lg /200 malts Malomice —-«MAALBSGmin 1504 BAR. LSGam)B5BL AAO ameLIML/ Zhao (2000) igo meres Obeymice «ATL 7Bmin MDE HG.AZSamel) GIL .AnmelmL/ Than (2000) quecein patois Maes , Goes Ta 3Rygml SOS ene 2005) pose met Votuens 3.478 = Stag 25mg mL Moose a(2008) Koomplerol ——pa/100martg Miers S24 0bsme/ 158 DUB LOD mp 089.1 002mg/H Zoo wal OL) bavtomerte Maes S51 0197 0258 Is4tondmpt 289 018mg/1 thou al 2016) iealtered during the development of besity. Preliminary metabolism study identified sixty-two polyphenol me tabolites of RI in plasma, urine and breast milk of human, including fight anthocyanins, three urolithins, one flavan-$-ot conjugate, and forty-nine free and conjugated phenolie acids. The content of phenolic ‘metabolites in urine was the highest. Phase It metabolites, especially sulfated conjugates, were mainly found in urine and breast milk, Compared with urine and plasme, breast milk contained less content of anthocyanins (Zhang, Xe ly 2018). 19, Discussion and conclusions In tis review, we summarized the historical records, processing methods, and constiniens of RE. Meanie, we evaluated the effets oF Rl on varios diseases, RI i Irgely ised new urine constrictor in recent ‘Umes and indicated anti-diabetic, Anti-Alzheimer, hepatoprotective and ‘anticancer activity a well. RL as eceived great attention froma the last {ovo decades for its potential in brain related disorders, RU is entieled With numerous biowetive compounds such as (-)rasidasin Th (e)decusinol A ané (+);-idaeusinolD chat have been explored throught valid science analysis 1m China, RU is considered asthe best rine constrictor fr the elderly ‘and children, Varios publications on RI have reported its effetiveness for polyuria. 1 has been perceived that most of the published daca are ‘based on in vitro and in vivo stdies. Hovwever, few clinical data are available co support its evidence of aetvities. There is no direct study fo ‘compare the effect of RI adits extract with approved drugs in a given Inieation. Various individual compounds of RI ave been isolated and cla: ‘acterized, but we sill need to discover and clarify the mechanism of {hese compounds in this plant. This would certainly help to promote an extensive use of RI and is extract, The above fiadings clearly indicate that the use of RE and ft compounds fins & reasonable and scientific Dasis. Rand its extract showed countless potential as safe and bioactive candidate in polyuria disorders. Further clinical tials of bioactive ‘compounds alone and in synergistic combination are the major field “which needs exploration, ‘cRediT authorship conteibution statement ‘Yi Tao: Writing — original draft, Writing - review & editing, Super: ‘isin, Project administration, Funding aequistion.Jiagl Bao: Writing — original draft. Fei Zhu: Formal analysis, Investigation. Meiling Pa Formal analysis, Data curation. Qing Liu: Formal analysis, Validation, Ping Wang: Conceptualization, Resources, Funding acquisition. Declaration of competing interest ‘The authors declare that they have no known competing financial Interest or personal relationships that eould have appeared c influence the work reported in this pape. Data availability Data wil be made available on request Acknowledgements Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ¥21H280086) and ‘National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81703701). The au thors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for ther invaluable suggestions that helped improve the manuscript. Jour of Bamps 302 (2023) 135670 References (Mr, Da D, Yun, ¥ 2ens, MA, Yang, HY, Wan, XQ, LJ, 202, Panay sto tie effet een roe moss ante ave oniponens of rarbery. 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