A line drawn on a chart which joins all points where the value of magnetic variation is zero

is called an:

isotach
agonic line
aclinic line
isogonal

Which of the following statements concerning earth magnetism is completely correct?

An isogonal is a line which connects places with the same magnetic variation; the agonic line is the
line of zero magnetic dip
An isogonal is a line which connects places of equal dip; the aclinic is the line of zero magnetic dip
An isogonal is a line which connects places with the same magnetic variation; the aclinic connects
places with the same magnetic field strength
An isogonal is a line which connects places with the same magnetic variation; the aclinic is the
line of zero magnetic dip

On which of the following chart projections is it NOT possible to represent the north or
south poles?

Transverse Mercator
Polar stereographic
Direct Mercator
Lambert's conformal

What is the highest latitude listed below at which the sun will reach an altitude of 90°
above the horizon at some time during the year?

45°
0°
23.5°
66°

The ICAO definition of ETA is the:

estimated time of arrival at destination

actual time of arrival at a point or fix
estimated time of arrival at an en-route point or fix
estimated time en route

Complete the following statement regarding magnetic variation.

The charted values of magnetic variation on earth normally change annually due to:

magnetic pole movement causing numerical values at all locations to increase or decrease
magnetic pole movement causing numerical values at all locations to increase.
a reducing field strength causing numerical values at all locations to decrease.
an increasing field strength causing numerical values at all locations to increase.
Parallels of latitude on a Direct Mercator chart are :

straight lines converging above the pole

parallel straight lines unequally spaced
parallel straight lines equally spaced
arcs of concentric circles equally spaced

The value of magnetic variation:

varies between a maximum of 45° East and 45° West

cannot exceed 90°
has a maximum of 180°
must be 0° at the magnetic equator

On a Direct Mercator chart, meridians are:

inclined, equally spaced, straight lines that meet at the nearer pole
parallel, unequally spaced, vertical straight lines
inclined, unequally spaced, curved lines that meet at the nearer pole
parallel, equally spaced, vertical straight lines

The first law of Keplar states:

The angular speed of the planet in the orbit around the sun is constant
Planets move around the sun in a circular orbit
Planets move in elliptic orbits with the sun in one of the foci
All planets orbit around the sun at the same speed

A Rhumb line is :

any straight line on a Lambert projection

a line convex to the nearest pole on a Mercator projection
a line on the surface of the earth cutting all meridians at the same angle
the shortest distance between two points on a Polyconic Projection

During a low level flight 2 parallel roads that are crossed at right angles by an aircraft. The
time between these roads can be used to check the aircraft:

position
track
drift
groundspeed

An Oblique Mercator projection is used specifically to produce:

charts of the great circle route between two points
radio navigational charts in equatorial regions
topographical maps of large east/ west extent
plotting charts in equatorial regions

Which one of the following, concerning great circles on a Direct Mercator chart, is correct?

They are all curves concave to the equator

They approximate to straight lines between the standard parallels
They are all curves convex to the equator
With the exception of meridians and the equator, they are curves concave to the equator

The horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field:

is approximately the same at magnetic latitudes 50°N and 50°S

weakens with increasing distance from the magnetic poles
weakens with increasing distance from the nearer magnetic pole
is approximately the same at all magnetic latitudes less than 60°

A negative (westerly) magnetic variation signifies that:

Compass North is West of Magnetic North

True North is East of Magnetic North
True North is West of Magnetic North
Compass North is East of Magnetic North

On a Lambert conformal conic chart, the distance between parallels of latitude spaced the
same number of degrees apart:

is constant between, and expands outside, the standard parallels

expands between, and reduces outside, the standard parallels
is constant throughout the chart
reduces between, and expands outside, the standard Parallels

The scale on a Lambert conformal conic chart :

is constant across the whole map

varies slightly as a function of latitude and longitude
is constant along a parallel of latitude
is constant along a meridian of longitude

On a Lambert chart (standard parallels 37°N and 65°N), with respect to the straight line
drawn on the map between A ( N49° W030°) and B (N48° W040°), the:

rhumb line is to the north, the great circle is to the south

great circle and rhumb line are to the south
great circle and rhumb line are to the north
great circle is to the north, the rhumb line is to the south

On a Lambert Conformal Conic chart great circles that are not meridians are:

curves concave to the pole of projection

straight lines within the standard parallels
curves concave to the parallel of origin
straight lines regardless of distance

Which statement about the orbit of the earth is correct?

The orbit of the earth around the sun is an ellipse with the sun as one of the foci
The orbit of the earth around the sun is an ellipse with the sun at a point halfway between
the two foci
The orbit of the earth is a circle with the sun at a point next to its centre
The orbit of the earth around the sun is a circle with the sun at its centre

The angle between True North and Magnetic North is called :

compass error
drift
variation
deviation

A straight line on a Lambert Conformal Projection chart for normal flight planning
purposes:

is approximately a Great Circle

is a Loxodromic line
is a Rhumb line
can only be a parallel of latitude

In order to fly from position A (10°00'N, 030°00'W) to position B (30°00'N, 050°00'W),

maintaining a constant true course, it is necessary to fly:

a straight line plotted on a Lambert chart

a rhumb line track
the constant average drift route
the great-circle route

Deviation applied to magnetic heading gives:

magnetic course
magnetic track
compass heading
true heading

The nominal scale of a Lambert conformal conic chart is the:

scale at the standard parallels
mean scale between pole and equator
mean scale between the parallels of the secant cone
scale at the equator

What is the meaning of the term "standard time"?

It is the time zone system applicable only in the USA

It is an expression for local mean time
It is another term for UTC
It is the time set by the legal authorities for a country or part of a country

Isogonic lines connect positions that have:

0° variation
the same elevation
the same angle of magnetic dip
the same variation

A useful method of a pilot resolving, during a visual flight, any uncertainty in the aircraft's
position is to maintain visual contact with the ground and:

set heading towards a line feature such as a coastline, motorway, river or railway
fly the reverse of the heading being flown prior to becoming uncertain until a pinpoint is obtained
fly expanding circles until a pinpoint is obtained
fly reverse headings and associated timings until the point of departure is regained

Isogonals are lines of equal :

magnetic variation.
compass deviation.
pressure.
wind velocity.

On a Lambert conformal conic chart the convergence of the meridians:

is zero throughout the chart

varies as the secant of the latitude
equals earth convergency at the standard parallels
is the same as earth convergency at the parallel of origin

The duration of civil twilight is the time:

between sunset and when the centre of the sun is 6° below the true horizon
agreed by the international aeronautical authorities which is 12 minutes
needed by the sun to move from the apparent height of 0° to the apparent height of 6°
between sunset and when the centre of the sun is 12° below the true horizon
An Agonic line is a line that connects:

positions that have the same variation

points of equal magnetic dip
points of equal magnetic horizontal field strength
positions that have 0° variation

A direct Mercator graticule is based on a projection that is :

spherical
concentric
cylindrical
conical

What is the highest latitude listed below at which the sun will rise above the horizon and
set every day?

72°
62°
68°
66.5°

The main reason that day and night, throughout the year, have different duration, is due to
the:

gravitational effect of the sun and moon on the speed of rotation of the earth
inclination of the ecliptic to the equator
earth's rotation
relative speed of the sun along the ecliptic

Civil twilight is defined by :

sun upper edge tangential to horizon

sun altitude is 6° below the celestial horizon
sun altitude is 12° below the celestial horizon
sun altitude is 18° below the celestial horizon

Which of the following statements concerning the earth's magnetic field is completely
correct?

The earth's magnetic field can be classified as transient, semi-permanent or permanent

Dip is the angle between total magnetic field and vertical field component
The blue pole of the earth's magnetic field is situated in North Canada
At the earth's magnetic equator, the inclination varies depending on whether the geograhic equator
is north or south of the magnetic equator
On a Lambert Conformal Conic chart earth convergency is most accurately represented at
the:

Equator
parallel of origin
north and south limits of the chart
standard parallels

At what approximate date is the earth closest to the sun (perihelion)?

Beginning of July
End of June
Beginning of January
End of March

In which two months of the year is the difference between the transit of the Apparent Sun
and Mean Sun across the Greenwich Meridian the greatest?

June and December

April and August
February and November
March and September

The parallels on a Lambert Conformal Conic chart are represented by:

straight lines
parabolic lines
hyperbolic lines
arcs of concentric circles

At a specific location, the value of magnetic variation:

depends on the magnetic heading

depends on the true heading
varies slowly over time
depends on the type of compass installed

The lines on the earth's surface that join points of equal magnetic variation are called:

isogrives
isoclines
isogonals
isotachs

The angular difference, on a Lambert conformal conic chart, between the arrival and
departure track is equal to:

earth convergence
conversion angle
difference in longitude
map convergence

A Lambert conformal conic projection, with two standard parallels:

shows lines of longitude as parallel straight lines

the scale is only correct along the standard parallels
shows all great circles as straight lines
the scale is only correct at parallel of origin

On a Mercator chart, the scale:

varies as 1/2 cosine of the co-latitude

varies as 1/cosine of latitude (1/cosine= secant)
varies as the sine of the latitude
is constant throughout the chart

Assuming mid-latitudes (N/S 40° to 50°) At which time of year is the relationship between
the length of day and night, as well as the rate of change of declination of the sun,
changing at the greatest rate?

Summer solstice and spring equinox

Spring equinox and autumn equinox
summer solstice and winter solstice
Winter solstice and autumn equinox

At what approximate date is the earth closest to the sun (perihelion)?

End of March
Beginning of July
End of June
Beginning of January

At what approximate date is the earth furthest from the sun (aphelion)?

End of December
Beginning of July
Beginning of January
End of September

Seasons are due to the:

inclination of the polar axis with the ecliptic plane

Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun
Earth's rotation on its polar axis
variable distance between Earth and Sun

The circumference of the earth is approximately:

43200 NM
21600 NM
5400 NM
10800 NM

At what approximate latitude is the length of one minute of arc along a meridian equal to
one NM (1852 m) correct?

0°
90°
30°
45°

An aircraft is following the 45°N parallel of latitude. The track followed is a:

constant-heading track
constant-drift track
great circle
rhumb line

On a Direct Mercator projection a particular chart length is measured at 30°N. What earth
distance will the same chart length be if measured at 60°N?

The same distance.

Twice the distance.
A smaller distance.
A larger distance.

How does the scale vary in a Direct Mercator chart?

The scale is constant.

The scale increases south of the Equator and decreases north of the Equator.
The scale increases with increasing distance from the Equator.
The scale decreases with increasing distance from the Equator.

Location A is at 50°N 030°W and location B is at 50 °S 030°W. On 27th November it is

noted that:

Sunrise and sunset will be at the same time at A and B.

Sunrise will be earlier at A than it is at B and sunset will be later at A than it is at B.
Sunrise will be earlier at A than it is at B and sunset will be earlier at A than it is at B
Sunrise will be later at A than it is at B and sunset will be earlier at A than it is at B.

On a Direct Mercator, rhumb lines are:

straight lines
curves concave to the equator
ellipses
curves convex to the equator

Which of the following alternatives is correct when you cross the international date line?

The date will always be the same.

If you are crossing from westerly longitude to easterly longitude the date will remain the
same.
The date will increase if you are crossing on a easterly heading.
The date will increase if you are crossing on a westerly heading.

On a transverse Mercator chart, the scale is exactly correct along the:

meridian of tangency and the parallel of latitude perpendicular to it

meridians of tangency
prime meridian and the equator
equator and parallel of origin

When crossing the International Date Line, which of the following statements can be
considered correct?

when crossing from a west to east longitude the date will stay the same;
the date will increase crossing on an easterly heading
the date will increase crossing on a westerly heading
there will be no change to the date

The angle between Magnetic North and Compass North is called:

alignment error
magnetic variation
compass error
compass deviation

Keplar's second law states: Keplar

the area swept out by the radius vector of each planet, sun to earth, per hour, increasing
with increasing length of the radius vector;
each planet revolves so that the radius vector, sun to earth, sweeps out equal area
in equal intervals of time;
each planet's radius vector, sun to earth, moves at a constant angular speed;
the length of the radius vector, sun to earth, is proportional to the square root of its angular
speed;

The direction of Magnetic North at a certain position coincides with the direction of:

the isogonic line to the Magnetic North pole.

the isoclinic line to the Magnetic North pole.
the great circle to the magnetic North pole.
the horizontal component of the Earth"s magnetic field.

Morning Civil twilight begins when:

the centre of the sun is 12* below the celestial horizon

the centre of the sun is 6* below the celestial horizon
the sun's upper edge is tangential to the celestial horizon
the centre of the sun is 18* below the celestial horizon

If the acceleration of an aircraft is zero, its velocity:;

will increase.
is always zero.
will decreases.
is constant.

The north and south magnetic poles are the only positions on the earth's surface where:

a position where the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field is a maximum
the value of magnetic variation equals 90°
a freely suspended compass needle would stand vertical
a freely suspended compass needle will stand horizontal

Contour lines on aeronautical maps and charts connect points:

of equal latitude
having the same longitude
with the same variation
having the same elevation above sea level

A rhumb line on a Direct Mercator chart appears as a:

complex curve.
straight line.
curve convex to the nearer pole.
small circle concave to the nearer pole.

Where on a Direct Mercator projection is the chart convergency correct compared to the
earth convergency?

At the equator.
All over the chart.
At the two parallels of tangency.
At the poles.
How does the chart convergency change with latitude in a Lambert Conformal projection?

It changes with sine of latitude.

It increases with increase of latitude.
It changes with cosine of latitude.
It is constant and does not change with latitude.

In which occasions does the rhumb line track and the great circle track coincide on the
surface of the Earth?

On East - West tracks in the northern hemisphere north of the magnetic equator.
On tracks directly North - South and on East - West tracks along the Equator.
On high latitude tracks directly East - West.
On East - West tracks in polar areas.

A straight line is drawn on a Lamberts conformal conic chart between two positions of
different longitude. The angular difference between the initial true track and the final true
track of the line is equal to:

earth convergency
chart convergency
conversion angle
difference in longitude

Isogrives are lines that connect positions that have:

the same grivation

the same horizontal magnetic field strength
the same variation
O° magnetic dip

Isogonals converge at the:

Magnetic equator
North magnetic pole only
North and South geographic and magnetic poles
North and South magnetic poles only

The angle between the plane of the ecliptic and the plane of the equator is approximately:

25.3°
27.5°
23.5°
66.5°
On a Lambert conformal conic chart, with two standard parallels, the quoted scale is
correct:

in the area between the standard parallels

along the two standard parallels
along the parallel of origin
along the prime meridian

Keplar’s second law states that:

The radius vector sun-earth sweeps out equal areas in equal time
The length of the radius vector sun-earth is directly proportional to the square root of its
angular speed
The radius vector sun-earth moves at constant angular speed
The area swept out by the radius vector sun-earth per hour increases with increasing
length of the radius vector

On a Direct Mercator chart, a rhumb line appears as a:

small circle concave to the nearer pole

spiral curve
straight line
curve convex to the nearer pole

On a Direct Mercator chart a great circle will be represented by a:

curve concave to the equator

complex curve
curve convex to the equator
straight line

On a Lambert chart (standard parallels 37°N and 65°N), with respect to the straight line
drawn on the map between A ( N49° W030°) and B (N48° W040°), the:

great circle and rhumb line are to the north

great circle is to the north, the rhumb line is to the south
rhumb line is to the north, the great circle is to the south
great circle and rhumb line are to the south

Parallels of latitude, except the equator, are:

Rhumb lines
Great circles
both Rhumb lines and Great circles
are neither Rhumb lines nor Great circles

Consider the positions (N/S 00° E/W 000°) and (N/S 00° E/W 180°) on the ellipsoid. Which
statement about the distances between these positions is correct?

The route via the North Pole is shorter than the route along the equator
The route va the equator is shorter than the route via the South Pole
The route via the South Pole is shorter than the route via the North Pole
The route via either pole and the route via the equator are of equal length
What is meant by “aphelion”?

The point of the sun’s orbit furthest away from the earth
The point of the sun’s orbit closest to the earth
The point of the earth’s orbit furthest away from the sun
The point of the earth’s orbit closest to the sun

A great circle on the earth running from the north pole to the south pole is called:

a) a parallel of latitude
b) a difference of longitude
c) a longitude
d) a meridian

The maximum difference in distance when proceeding along the great circle between two
positions, instead of a rhumb line, will occur:

On North-South tracks at low altitudes

On North-South tracks at high altitudes
On East-West tracks at low altitudes
On East-West tracks at high altitudes

Which statement is correct?

a) A meridian and its anti-meridian for a complete great circle

b) The plane of a meridian is parallel to the equator
c) A meridian is a complete great circle of 360°
d) All meridians are parallel to the meridian of Greenwich

An aircraft follows a great circle in the Northern Hemisphere. At a certain moment the
aircraft is in the position on the great circle where the great circle direction is 270° (T).
Continuing on the great circle the:

Track angle will decrease and the latitude will increase

Track angle will increase and the latitude will decrease
Track angle will increase and the latitude will increase
Track angle will decrease and the latitude will decrease

Which definition of the equator is correct?

The equator is a great circle with its plane parallel to the earth’s rotational plane
The equator is a small circle, the plane is parallel to the earth’s rotational plane
The equator is a great circle with its plane perpendicular to the earth’s rotational
axis
The equator is a small circle with its plane perpendicular to the earth’s rotational axis

How many small circles can be drawn between any two points on a sphere?
None
1
2
Unlimited amount

An aircraft is following the N 45° parallel of latitude. The track followed is a?

Constant-drift track
Great circle
Rhumb line
Constant-heading track

On the earth’s ellipsoid one degree of latitude near the equator is:

More than 60 nm but less than 61 nm

More than 60 nm
60 nm
Less than 60 nm

What is the correct definition of latitude of a position on the earth?

Latitude is the angle between the plane of the ecliptic and the parallel of the position
Latitude is the angle between the earth’s rotational axis and the line from the centre of the
earth to the position
Latitude is the angle between the plan of the equator and the line from the centre of
the earth to the position
Latitude is the angle between the plane of the Prime Meridian and the plane of the
meridian of the position

Which statement is correct?

The sun moves in an elliptical orbit around the earth

The earth is one of the planets which are all moving in elliptical orbit around the
sun
The planets move around the sun like all stars of the solar system
The solar system consists of the sun, planets and stars

How does convergency of any two meridians on the earth change with varying latitude?

It changes as cosine of latitude

It changes as sine of latitude
It is constant and does not change with latitude
It increases with decrease of latitude

When flying on a westerly great circle track in the southern hemisphere you will:

Always have the rhumb line track between the departure point and the destination to the
left of your great circle track
Fly a spiral and finally end up at the south pole
Experience an increase in the value of true track
Experience a decrease in the value of true track

The main reason for the occurrence of seasons on earth is:

The elliptical form of the orbit of the earth around the sun
The distance between the sun and the earth
The length of the day as stated by the second law of Kepler4
The inclination of the earth axis with regard to the plane of the ecliptic
Which definition describes best the notion “poles”?

The poles are the points of intersection between the surface of the earth and the extended
line joining the star Polaris with the centre of the earth
The poles are the points of intersection between the earth’s axis and the surface of
the earth
The poles are the points on the surface of the earth where gravity acts under an angle of
90
The poles are the points on the surface of the earth which have the same distance to all
points of the eliptic

On an oblate spheroid representing the earth’s shape

1 minute of arc along the meridian at 0° N/S measures the same distance as 1 minute of
arc at 90° N/S
1 minute of arc along the equator measures the same distance as 1 minute of arc along
the meridian at a latitude of 45° N/S
1 minute of arc along the equator measures a greater distance than 1 minute of arc
along the meridian at a latitude of 45 °N/S
1 minute of arc along the meridian at low altitude a greater distance than 1 minute of arc
along the meridian at high latitudes

An aircraft is in the position (N 86° E 020°. When following a rhumb line track of 085°(T) it
will:

Follow a small circle which lies to the North of the parallel of N 86°
Follow a line which lies at first to the North of the parallel of N 86° but after having passed
a DL of 180° to the south of it.
Fly to the north via an arbitrary line
Fly via a spiral to the North pole

Which statement regarding the apparent sun and mean sun is correct?

The mean sun moves along the ecliptic, the apparent sun along the celestial equator
The apparent sun is not important for navigation as difference in time with the mean sun is
maximal 4 seconds
The apparent sun is the visible sun, the mean sun is the fictitious sun
The apparent sun is the fictitious sun coupled to UTC, the mean sun is related to the local
mean time
The declination of the sun is defined as:

The arc from the celestial horizon to the sun measured along a vertical line perpendicular
on the horizon
The arc along the celestial sphere from zenith to the sun
The arc of the meridian of the sun measured from the nearest pole to the sun
The angular distance of the sun north or south of the celestial equator

The time interval between sunrise and sunset is dependent on:

The declination of the sun and the latitude of the observer

The inclination of the axis of the earth and the longitude of the observer
The latitude and longitude of the observer
The date and the longitude of the observer

An observer is situated on the parallel of S 23° 30’. Which statement about the passage of
the apparent sun in relation to this position is correct?

It passes through the zenith once a year around March 21st

It passes through the zenith once a year around December 22nd
It passes through the zenith twice a year around June 21st and December 22nd
It passes through the zenith twice a year around March 21st and September 23rd

If you are flying along a parallel of latitude, you are flying:

A great circle track

A rhumb line track
On a north-south track
On a track which is constantly changing direction

A rhumb line from position N 86° W 30° has an initial track of 085°T. Is it?

Initially north N 86° and 180° later south of N 86°

A spiral to the north pole
A small circle north of N 86°
A random northerly track to the pole

The definition of True North for any observer is

The reading of the observer’s compass corrected for deviation and local variation
The direction of the observer’s meridian to the North Pole
The direction of the observer’s Magnetic North corrected for local variation
the direction of the Greenwich meridian to the North Pole

The time difference in Local Mean Time sunset at positions A (N50° E120°) and B (S50°
E120°) on the 21st of November is:

Negligible small because A and B are located at the same meridian

Negligible small because A and B are located symmetrically to the equator
Some hours and the sun rises earlier in A than in B
Some hours and the sun rises earlier in B than in A

Definition of a magnetic Track angle is:

The direction of the longitudinal axis of an aircraft referenced to Compass North

The direction of a line reference to True North
The direction of a line reference to Magnetic North
Dependant on the heading of an aircraft

Deviation on the Standby Compass is:

Positive if the CompassF North is to the West of Magnetic North

Dependant on the track of an aircraft
Zero on the Magnetic Equator
Dependant on the heading of an aircraft

Lines of latitude on a chart are always:

Great Circles
Small Circles except for the Equator
Vertices
Meridians

What is the formula for Conversion Angle?

Change of longitude × Sine latitude

Change of longitude / 2 × Sine mean longitude
Change of longitude / 2 × Sine mean latitude
Change of longitude × Cosine latitude

What is the definition of magnetic variation?

The angle between the direction indicated by a compass and Magnetic North.
The angle between True North and Compass North.
The angle between Magnetic North and True North.
The angle between Magnetic Heading and Magnetic North.

At the magnetic equator:

Dip is zero
Variation is zero
Deviation is zero
The isogonal is an agonic line

Where is a compass most effective?

About midway between the earth’s magnetic poles
In the region of the magnetic South pole
In the region of the magnetic North pole
On the geographic equator

The value of variation:

is zero at the magnetic equator

has a maximum value of 180°
has a maximum value of 45° E or 45° W
cannot exceed 90°

In which months is the difference between apparent noon and mean noon the greatest?

November and February

January and July
March and September
June and December

On a Direct Mercator chart, great circles are shown as:

Curves convex to the nearer pole

Straight lines
Rhumb lines
Curves concave to the nearer pole

The scale on a Lambert’s conformal conic chart

is constant along a meridian of longitude

is constant along a parallel of latitude
varies slightly as a function of latitude and longitude
is constant across the whole map

The agonic line:

is midway between the magnetic North and South poles

follows the geographic equator
is the shorter distance between the respective True and Magnetic North and South poles
Follows separate paths out of the North polar regions, one currently running through
Western Europe and the other through the USA

How does scale change on a normal Mercator chart?

Expands as the secant 2 (½ co-latitude)

Expands directly with the secant of the latitude
Correct on the standard parallels, expands outside them, contracts within them
Expands as the secant of the E/W great circle distance

The value of magnetic variation on a chart changes with time. This is due to:

Movement of the magnetic poles, causing an increase

Increase in the magnetic field, causing an increase
Reduction in the magnetic field, causing a decrease
Movement of the magnetic poles, which can cause either an increase or a decrease

What is the reason for seasonal changes in climate?

Because the Earth’s spin axis is inclined to the plane of its orbit round the Sun
Because the distance between the Earth and the Sun varies over a year
Because the Earth’s orbital speed round the Sun varies according to the time of the year
Because of the difference between the Tropical Year and the Calendar Year

What is the effect on the Mach number and TAS in an aircraft that is climbing with
constant CAS?

Mach number decreases; TAS decreases

Mach number increases; TAS remains constant
Mach number increases; TAS increases
Mach number remains constant; TAS increases

If variation is West; then:

True North is West of Magnetic North

Compass North is West of Magnetic North
True North is East of Magnetic North
Magnetic North is West of Compass North

The orbit of the Earth round the Sun is elliptical. An ellipse has 2 foci. Which of the
following is a correct statement?

The Earth is positioned at one of the foci.

The Sun is positioned at the mid-point of the 2 foci.
The Sun is positioned at one of the foci.
The Earth is positioned at the mid-point of the 2 foci.

If acceleration is zero:

Velocity decreases
Velocity increases
Velocity is constant
Velocity is zero
Civil Twilight occurs between:

Sunset and 6° below the horizon

6° and 12° below the horizon
12° and 18° below the horizon
Sunrise and sunset

At what latitude does the maximum difference between geodetic and geocentric latitude
occur?

0°
45°
60°
90°