SOLVED VIVA QUESTIONS COMMUNITY MEDICINE BY: ABDUL MALIKQu:WHO Defintion of Community Medicine: : A system of delivery of comprehensive healthcare to the peope of a health team in order to improve the health of community. Qe: Health {is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and ability to function and not merely absence of disease or infirmity but also the ability to me] socially and economically productive life. 8: Defintion of Epidemiology: A: It is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related s events in specified populations and application of this study to the A ae problems. Q4: Components of Epidemiology: A: * Disease frequency * Distribution * Determinants Qs: Types of Epidemiology: 1. Observational : a. Descriptive Studies b 2. Experimental Q6: Incidence incidence is defined as the number ote occurring in a defined population during a specified period of time. of a cross section of population at one point in time- the results of jected to whole population provided the sampling has been done Ismission of Hepatitis B reads through contact with infected blood, semen or other body fluids. Can also from mother to child through vertical transmission. Quo: Transmission of Hepatitis C A: Unprotected Sex, Exposure to Blood on contaminated needles and exposure to blood on other things such as razers and toothbrush.Qui: Prevention of Hepatiti : 1. Good personal Hygiene 2. Careful blood handling 3. Have no Specific Treatment. uz: Vaccination of Hepatitis: ‘Two Types of Vaccines are available 1. Plasma Derived 2. Recombinant DNA Qu: Dose of Hep B Immunoglubins A: 0.05- 0.07ml/kg body weight Qua: Which hepatitis is considered to be most dangerous? And Why? lepatitis D (Delta) is considered to be the most severe form of h of its potential to quickly lead to more serious liver disease than hep Qu5: Why we could not eradicate polio from Pakistan? A: The misconception of people about polio vaccine, i and poor health system are the reasons of failure of S Q16: Diseases transmitted through intestine ? ‘A: 1. Poliomyelitis 2. Viral Hepatitis 3. Cholera S 4. Typhoid 5. Amoebiasis Qi7: Sampling Types? . Probability Sampli Probablity Sampling Qi8: What is Snowball Sampling? 0 known as chain-referral sampling) is a non- thod used when characteristics to be possessed by samples cult to find. Snowball sampling is a recruitment technique in which icipants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential at is bell- Shaped Curve? bell curve is a graph depicting the normal distribution, which has a shape reminiscent of a bell. - The top of the curve shows the mean, mode, and median.Qeo. What is the purpose of research? : "Review or synthesize existing knowledge “Investigate existing situations and problems * Provide solutions to the problems * Explain New Phenomenon * Generate new knowledge Qe1: Descriptive Research? escriptive research is defined as a research method that describes th characteristies of the population or phenomenon studied. This methodol ses more on the “what” of the research subject than the “why” of the res ject. Descriptive study is limited to a description of occurrence of a population in terms of time, place and person distribution. Qz2: Mean? ‘A: The mean is the average of a data set. Q23: Mode? A: The mode is the most common number in a data set. 24: Median? A: The median is the middle of the set of numbers Q25: Which one is most freque: Se ‘A: Mean is the most comm: méasure of central tendency. Q26: Whats is Leishmani A: Leishmaniasis is a paraBitic disease that is found in parts of the tropies, subtropies, and ee Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with ND jich are spread by the bite of infected sand flies food preservation? jethods: 1. Drying 2. Freezing 3. Fermentation jodern Methods: 1. Canning 2. Pasteurization 3. Irridation : Demographic Transition? : Demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology.Qeo: Role of Male in Family Planning? : Men's participation is crucial to the success of family planning programs and women's empowerment and associated with better outcomes in reproductive health such as contraceptive acceptance and continuation, and safer sexual behaviors Qgo: Pillars of Safe Motherhood? A: 1, Family Planning 2. Antenatal Care 3. Obstetric Care 4. Postnatal Care 5. Abortion Care 6. STD/HIV Control O Qgi: Is family planning part of Reproductive Health? O A: Yes (It is included in safe motherhood) Qg2: What other things are included in ronan : *Safe Motherhood * Fertility Regulation * Infertility * Prevention and control of ae infecti * Malignances of reprod * Newborn care Q33: Male reproductive : The male reproductive system consists of external organs. The testes in the scrotum prodi gamete, sperm, which is ejaculated in seminal fluid by the penis. ) luctive system? Q34: : one internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ‘at changes surprise you at the time of puberty? ‘Changes in genitals “Secondary Sexual Characteristics * Nocturnal secretions Qg6: What do you do to avoid such surprise? ‘eproductive health EducationQ37: What type of instruction you will give to control STDs? . Use condoms 2.Avoid Multiply sexual partner Q38: Specific Protection against viral infections? : The spread of many viral diseases can be prevented by hygienic factors such as efficient sanitation facilities, effective waste disposal, clean water, and personal cleanliness. “Active immunization has also been useful in preventing common epidemics caus by acutely infectious viruses. For ex: Small pox Q39: Specific prevention against malaria? A: “Bite prevention — avoid mosquito bites by using insect repel ing your arms and legs, and using a mosquito net. *AntiMalarial Regime OS Qgo: EPI schedule in PAKISTAN? ee eR CeCe ea alent, PCV OPy, alent, PCV /, Pentavalent, PCV sles Hepatitis A, Chicken pox PCV OPV + Hepatitis A Typhoid OPV + Chicken Pox + DPT TT (Tetanus Toxoid) fects of drug addiction on human/Individual? Drug users are engaged in crimes such as burglary and prostitution to raise the money to buy drugs *Risk of contracting AIDS and hepatitis Qa3: Components of Research Paper?*Selection of title, “abstract “Introduction “Discussion *Materials and Methods “Result Q44: What is Screening? Screening is defined as the search of unrecognized disease or defect —s rapidly applied tests, examinations or other procedures in apparently h individuals. Q45: Common Public health problem in Pakistan? ‘A: “Dengue * TB * Diabetes *Hepatitis A and E * Can Q46: Amoebiasis? ‘A: Amebiasis is a parasitic infection of the intestiné y the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica, or E. histolytica. Qa7: Types of Amoebiasis? ‘A: 1, Luminal Amoebiasis 2. Imei Ags Q48: Low birthweight? ‘A: Any infant with a birth weig 2.5 Kg within one hour of birth regardless of gestational age. Q4g: Causes of Low bit ‘A: “Premature birth * Growth retardation *Persistent medication * Infections Qs0: Prematui Ry, ‘uperchlorination is a water treatment process in which the addition of excess amounts of chlorine to a water supply speed chemical reactions or insure disinfection within a short contact time. Q53: What is Measles?‘A: Measles is an acute viral respiratory illness. It is characterized by a prodrome of fever (as high as 105°F) and malaise, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis -the three “C’s -, a pathognomonic enanthema (Koplik spots) followed by a maculopapular rash . The rash usually appears about 14 days after a person is exposed. Q54: What is Non-communicable diseases and name them? A: Anon-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible direct! from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heat diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, o: Alzheimer's disease and cataracts. Q55: What is dechlorination? ‘A: Dechlorination is the process of removing residual chlorine wastewater prior to discharge into the environment. Q56: Most commonly used dechlorination agent? : Sulfur dioxide is most commonly used for dechlori Q57: Slow sand filter? A: Slow sand filtration is a type of <— semi-centralised water purification system. A well-designed and re ed slow sand filter (SSE) effectively removes turbidity and pathoge gh various biological, physical and chemical processes in a single b Q58: Rapid sand filter? Rapid sand filtration ly physical drinking water purification method. Rapid sand filters (RSF) provide rapid and efficient removal of relatively large suspended ngs of RSF are typically used: rapid gravity and rapid its ae names? filters work through the formation of a gelatinous layer (or biofilm) a) pogeal layer or Schmutzdecke in the top few millimetres of the fine sand ni ction of vital layer? slow sand filters slowly lose their performance as the biofilm thickens and thereby reduces the rate of flow through the filter. Q61: Measles schedule?‘Ar ist does: 9 months, 2nd dose : 15 months 62: Zoonotic diseases? A: Zoonotic diseases are group of diseases commonly found in vertebrates animal capable of infecting human, and vice versa 63: Epizootic? ‘A: An epizootic is an outbreak(epidemic) of disease in an animal population. For & Rift valley fever. 64: Enzootic? A; Enzootic is a disease that is endemic in animals, e.g bovine TB 65: Herd Immunity? jerd immunity occurs when enough people in a population. infectious disease like COVID-19 (through vaccination or disease’s spread from person to person unlikely. Q66: Causes of maternal Mortality? (OTamomihass (nied patra Paci Pirereeen pregnancy * obstructed labour *Sepsis Q67: SMR? tandard Mortality Rate XN Q68: Standardization? compositional differen is being examined. ‘these groups that may influence the indicator that : Standardization is a techniqu in comparing indicators from two or more populations. The goal of the lization procedure is to control for cn alue is a measure of the probability that an observed difference could have just by random chance. The lower the p-value, the greater the statistical ighificance of the observed difference. Qz1: Primary healthcare? (WHO)‘A: PHCis a whole-of-society approach to health that aims at ensuring the highest possible level of health and well-being and their equitable distribution by focusing on people’s needs and as early as possible along the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care, and as close as feasible to people’s everyday environment. Q72: Rural Health problems ? A:Infectious diseases such as gastrointestinal disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, malaria, and diarrhoea are common in village communities. Waterborne diseases like diarrhoea, amoebiasis and typhoid are also cot area, which can actually be attributed to the lack of awareness about the and hygiene. Q73: Fortification? A: Process of addition of micronutrients to food to provide Its i.e vitamins and minerals Q74: Adulteration? A: Adulteration is defined as a process by which whey or nature of a given substance is reduced through the addition of foreign ferior substance and removal of vital substance. 75: Salt iodine fortification? [odization is the process of fortifVing salt for human consumption with iodine and is an effective strategy to increase iodine isttake at the population level to avoid nutritional diseases such as goit supplementation is thé pills or special types of food in order to improve health of individhal. Nutritional supplements add vitamins and minerals imary healthcare? Distribution munity participation Intersectoral Cordination Appropiate technology, Q78: Elements of Primary healthcare? Ima Atta declaration put forward 8 essential elements of PHC:Education about prevailing health problems and how to prevent and control Food supply and proper nutrition Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation Maternal and child health, Family planning Immunisation against infectious diseases Prevention and control of endemic diseases ‘Treatment of common infections Qe eeeentaltries 79: Is fortification included in appropriate technology? A: Yes. Q80: IMNCI? : Integrated management of neonatal and “© Q81: Family planning? (WHO) ‘A: According to WHO, It is defined as “ A way/of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge. Atti \d responsible decisions of development of a country”. individuals and couples, in order to a health and welfare of the family ci group and thus contribute effectively to the Q82: Health Indicators? YY *Crude death rate. *Life expectancys “Infant mortality r: *Mate! jortality rate. 83: Methods of tontraception? ar Pill ey ine Device (TUD) “Emergency Contraception Pill (The ‘Morning After’ Pill) “Contraceptive Ring. *Diaphragm Q84: Which contraception method is contraindicated in over 35 years? ‘A: Oral Combined ContraceptionQ85: Uses of Epidemiology? 1. To study history of disease 2. Community diagnosis 3. Planning and evaluation 4. Evaluation of individual risks and chances Q86: Consequences of drug abuse? Low self-esteem *Dependency *Criminal Record *Car accidents *Over. Poisioning Q87: Components of research? A: *Purpose *Research question © Sampling methods *Data collection methods *Quality Criteria *Report Writing Q88: Obesity definition? ‘A: Obesity is a medical condition i widen body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse el ealth, leading to reduced life expectancy and inereased health problems Q89: Obesity Measurement! is measured by B! Qgo: What is BM} ‘A: Body mass Jee Qou: BMI ifiobesity? infectious diseases? n Cold *Mumps *Rubella *Pertussis *Plague *Influenza *Meningitis ‘Arthopod borne diseases? ral: Dengue, Yellow fever Bacterial: Plaque Protozoal: Malaria, Leshmaniasis Qo4: Occupational Health? A: WHO defined Occupational Health as; “the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of worker in all occupationsQo5: Occupational Diseases? : “Asbestosis “Berylliosis *Siderosis *Byssinosis *Sillicosis Q96: Case control study? : A case-control study is a retrospective study that looks back in time to find the relative risk between a specific exposure (e.g. second hand tobacco smoke) and an outcome (e.g. cancer). Qo7: Protocol of case and control? The case-control study starts with a group of cases, which are the indivi have the outcome of interest. The researcher then tries to construct a si up of individuals called the controls, who are similar to the case individuals but do not have the outcome of interest. The researcher then looks at hi ictors to identify if some exposure(s) is/are found more commonly in controls. Qo8: 8 Millenium Development Goals? A *Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, *Achieve universal primary education. *Promote gender equality and a ‘women. *Reduce child mortality. *Improve maternal OY, *Combat HIV/AIDS, and other diseases. “Ensure enviro inability. *Develop a global p: ip for development. Types of Seng? . Mass Sereenihg 2. High risk or selective or targeted screening. 3. Multiphasic i murpose screening. 5. Opportunistic Q99: common carcinoma of male in screening? lost common carcinoma of female in screening? : Breast cancer Quo2: Is vaccine for Malaria available? A: Yes (RTS) Qu03: Modes of intervention of measles?‘A: Public health interventions to reduce the secondary spread of measles are vaccination of susceptible contacts; human immunoglobulin (Ig) for susceptible contacts; quarantine of susceptible contacts; isolation of active measles cases; and special vaccination clinics or activities during outbreaks to increase population. Quo4: Tetanus vaceine dosage in pregnancy? A: “IT: Give as soon as possible during pregnancy “TP2: 1 month after the first dose *TT3: 6 months after the second dose 14: 1 Year after rd dose “175: 1 Year after 4th dose Qu05: COVID-19 prevention? : * Wear Mask * social distancing * Vaccination * Frequei ing Qu06: Vitamin deficiency diseases: : “Vitamin A: Night blindness, "Vit Beri-beri, '2: Megaloblastic anemia “Vitamin C ; scurvy, “Vitamin D: Rickets. Quo7: Micronutrients: : Calcium, phosphorous, Iron, SS Quo8: Sand fly disease name: ‘A: Leshmaniasis Quo9: Demography? ste jemography is the idy of human populations. Demography examines the size, structure, and ;nts of populations over space and time. aneous, 2. Visceral and 3. Mucocutaneous. Qu1g: Normal requirement of macronutrients? ‘A: Carbohydrate: 45-65% Protein: 15-35% Fat: 20-35%Qui4: Name Macronutrients and micronutrients? : Macronutrients: Carbohydres, lipids and proteins Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals. Quis: Measures of dispersion? ‘A: Measures of dispersion describe the spread of the data. Qu16: Name the measures of dispersion? ‘A: They include the range, interquartile range, standard deviation and vari Qu17: Which one is the simplest? ‘A: Range: Qui8: Advantages of Cohort Study? “Subjects in cohorts can be matched, which limits the influer variables *Standardization of criteria/outcome is possible *Easier and cheaper than a randomized cone a EH Quo: Disadvantages of Cohort Study? A: "Cohorts can be difficult to ian ding variables *No randomization, which means YY in patient characteris exist *Blinding/masking is difficult “Outcome of interest could time to occur Qu20: Definition of Coht : Astudy in two or more groups of people that are free of disease and that i ‘tent of exposure are compared with respect to disease ‘of Cohort Study? e Study, Incidence Study, Follow up study, and Longitudinal Study Qi23: Most Common Haemorrhage in Maternal Mortality ? : Post Partum, Qu24: WHO DAY? A: 7th April Qi25: Tuberculosis Day?A: 24TH MARCH Q126: What is RCT? A: Randomized controlled trials (RCT) are prospective studies that measure the effectiveness of a new intervention or treatment. Q127: Importance of Randomized Control trials? A: The randomised controlled trial (RCT) is considered to provide the most reliab| evidence on the effectiveness of interventions because the processes used duri conduct of an RCT minimise the risk of confounding factors influencing the Q128: What is Bias? Any systematic error in the design, conduct or analysis of a stud mistaken estimate of and exposure’s effect on the risk of diseas OR Itis any factor which adversely effect the outcome of m=" @) Qu29: Blinding? A: Blinding, in research, refers to a practice where ants are prevented from knowing certain information that may somel ence them. Qug0: Examples of Blinding? A: *Single Blind trial *Doul st “Triple blind Trial Qug1: Disease caused by air et XN ‘A: Most common diseases cau: ‘tion include ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive puh e (COPD) Q132: Management of patient with snake bite? A: 1, Relieve anxiel Sure the patient 2. Immobilize 3. Applytout ite on limb 4. 1f ite is dh face,neck or trunk, apply pressure over the bite suck technique ore wound with plenty of water 7. Use of specific Antivenin lat is APGAR? isa test to check baby's health, Apgar stands for "Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. Q134: Specificity? A: Specificity: the ability of a test to correctly identify people without the disease. igs: Sensitivity? ‘A: Sensitivity: the ability of a test to correctly identify patients with a disease.136: Pneumoconioses? : Pneumoconioses are a group of interstitial lung diseases caused by the inhalation of certain dusts and the lung tissue's reaction to the dust. 137: Which measure of central tendency is used when date contain extreme values? Median Qu38: Standard Deviation? ‘A: Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of values. Qi39: Balanced Diet? A; It is defined as a diet which contains variety of foods in such quant proportions that need for energy, amino acids, vitamins, mine! carbohydrates is adequately met for maintaining health, vit being. Qu4o: PPM full form? A: Parts per million > Qu41: Total Fertility rate? A: total fertility rate in a specific year is e total number of children that would be born to each woman if she wei to the end of her child-bearing years and give birth to children in alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates. Qi42: Reproductive age of Wor A: 15 to 49 years Qi43: Investigation B? ‘A: — *Cough that lasts more than three weeks. *Loss of ‘ite and unintentional weight loss. Fe ‘ak plications of Measles? Common: Ear infections and diarrhea Severe: Pneumonia and encephalitis Q145: Most Lethal complication of measles? ‘A: Encephalitis Q146: Radiation Hazards measurement unit? Becquerel (Bq)Qu47: Unit of noice? ecibels, Q148: Epidemic which was common but now eradicated? : Small Pox Qi4g: Incineration definition? A: Incineration is high temperature dry oxidation process that reduces organic ani | combustible waste to inorganic, incombustible matter and result in a very si reduction of waste volume and weight. Q150: Define drift and shift in influenza? ‘A: One way flu viruses change is called “antigenic drift.” Drift consist changes (or mutations) in the genes of influenza viruses that the surface proteins of the virus, HA (hemaggluti ‘Another type of change is called “antigenic shift.” Shift major change in a flu A virus, resulting in new HA and/or new HA an in flu viruses that infect humans. Antigenic shift can result in a new Q151: Route of Rota virus Vaccine? : Oral Qus2: Dosage of Rota Vaccine? ‘A: 2 doses, One on 6th week and ie ith week 153: IMNCT color coding syste INK, YELLOW AND GI Qu54: Green Color is fo A: Home management uss: Odd rati A: The odd\ratio i8 calculated by dividing the odds of the first group by the odds in C divided by B/D condary level health facilities? 157: Single difference between observational and experimental study? A: An observational study is a study where researchers simply collect data based on what is seen and heard and infer based on the data collected. ... The researcher has no control over the variables in an observational study. An experiment is a method of applying treatments to a group and recording the effects.158: Recall Bias? ecall bias is a systematic error that occurs when participants do not remember previous events or experiences accurately or omit details. Qi59: Number of controls for a single case? investigators planning case-control studies are usually advised to include no more than four or five controls per case. Qu60: Difference between family planning and reproductive health? Q163: Murine Typhus is cause A; Flea-borne (murine) typ ease caused by a bacteria called Rickettsia typhi. Q164: Breakpoint of chlo: sufficient chlorine must be added to the water to raise the el to 10 times the amount of combined chlorine sused in chlorination? are devices which introduce chlorine gas to water using liquid ied in steel cylinders. due to air conditioner? fever and pneumonia. 167: Difference between Shallow and deep well? : *Shallow well: Tap the water from above the first impervious layer. Water is moderately hard often grossly contaminated. *Deep well: Tap the water below the first impervious layer. Water is much harder but pure from bacteriasQ168: Chlorine sensitive test? : Semi-quantitative test strips for the determination of Chlorine. Ideal for rapid and easy analysis of Chlorine directly on-site. Color change from yellow to violet. Qu69:1Ds ‘otal dissolved Solute Quo: Excellent TDS? ‘A: Less than goomg/litre | Qu71: Disaster? Qe ‘A: Any occurrence that results into loss of human life or health loss Qu72: Malaria Types? A: Faleiparum , Ovale , Vivox and malarae O Qu73: Benign Malaria: ‘A: Vivax and Malarae O Qi74: Malignant Malaria? > A; Plasmodium Faleiparum Qu75: Lady health worker training peri ate A: Six week training (Scale low) Qu76: Lady health visitor? A: After Matric, 2 year cour; ap Qu77: Randomization? : Allocation of subjects ilar groups that receive different treatment. It help to prevent Bias Qi78: Sedentarylif@habit diseases: Hh ion “CHD “Diabetes 71 logical *Hydrological jeteriological *Climatogical