1. Which carbohydrates cannot be
What type of
converted to simpler compounds by
hydrolysis?
- Monosaccharides
2. What are monosaccharides with a
carbonyl group at C1 called?
- Aldoses
3. Which compound is the most soluble in
water?
- CH2OHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHO
4. The structures of galactose (left) and
glucose (right) are shown below. How
are the two monosaccharides related?
- Stereoisomers
5. When converting a Fischer projection to
a Haworth projection, where are all of
the substituents on the right side of the
carbon skeleton drawn in the Haworth
projection?
- down
6. The formation of what color in the
Benedict's test indicates a reducing
sugar is present in solution?
- brick red
7. Disaccharides and polysaccharides
contain monosaccharide units joined
together by
- glycosidic linkages
8. Lactose is present in milk.
sugar is lactose?
- a disaccharide
9. Salicin is a naturally occurring,
carbohydrate-containing pain reliever.
Which statement concerning the
functional groups present in salicin is
incorrect?
- Salicin contains a phenol
10. Which is the only polysaccharide to
have β-glycosidic bonds?
- Cellulose
11. Which is not a naturally-occurring
polysaccharide?
- maltose
12. Why are humans not able to digest
cellulose?
- branched skeleton of glucose molecules
joined by 1 to 4-a-glycoside linkages
13. Why are humans not able to digest
cellulose?
- Humans do not possess the enzyme
necessary to hydrolyze the 1→4-β-
glycoside linkages found in cellulose.
14. What is the structure of amylopectin?
- Branched skeleton of glucose molecules
joined by 1→4-α-glycoside linkages
15. What is the structure of cellulose?
- Unbranched skeleton of glucose
molecules joined together by 1-4 b-
glycogen linkages
16. What is the most common type of
starch molecules?
- amylopectin
17. What is the polysaccharide form in
which glucose is stored in animals?
- glycogen
18. Which is not a glycosaminoglycan?
- Chitin
19. Chitin is identical in structure to
cellulose, except that?
- Each OH group at C2 is replaced by
NHCOCH3
20. What monosaccharide is found in
cellulose, starch, and glycogen?
- glucose
21. Which carbohydrate derivative forms a
gel-like matrix in joints and the vitreous
humor of the eye?
- Hyaluronate
22. What is responsible for the different
blood types in humans?
- 3 to 4 monosaccharides attached to a
membrane protein on the surface of
red blood cells
23. Which is not a reducing sugar?
- sucrose
24. Melibiose is a carbohydrate found in
some plant juices. Which statement
concerning melibiose is incorrect?
- It contains 1-5 a-glycosidic linkage
25. Which statement concerning
carbohydrates is incorrect?
- Humans store excess glucose for short
term energy requirements in the
polysaccharide cellulose.
26. What is the difference between the
disaccharides lactose and maltose?
- The two monosaccharides in lactose are
joined by a 1 to 4-B-glycoside bond,
while the two monosaccharides in
maltose are joined by a 1 to 4-a-
glycoside bond.
27. Humans store excess glucose for short
term energy requirements in the
polysaccharide cellulose.
- False
28. When a monosaccharide forms a cyclic
hemiacetal, the carbon atom that is
part of the hemiacetal is a new chirality
center, called the anomeric carbon.
- True
29. The β anomer of a cyclic
monosaccharide has the -OH group
drawn down, below the ring.
- False
30. A hemiacetal is a compound that
contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) and an
alkoxy group (-OR) on adjacent carbon
atoms.
- False
31. At equilibrium, a solution of glucose in
water is an equal mixture of the a
anomer, the B anomer, and the acyclic
aldehyde.
- False
32. Certain monosaccharides—notably
aldopentoses and ketohexoses—form
five-membered rings, not six-
membered rings, in solution.
- True
33. The carbonyl group of an aldose is
reduced to a secondary alcohol using
hydrogen (H2) in the presence of
palladium (Pd) metal.
- False
34. An alditol contains an -OH group on
every carbon atom
- True
35. Carbohydrates that are oxidized with
Benedict's reagent are called reducing
sugars, because they reduce the Cu2+ in
Benedict's reagent to Cu+ during the
reaction.
- True
36. Modern glucose meters are electronic
devices that measure the amount of
oxidizing agent that reacts with the
glucose in a known amount of blood.
- True
37. Test strips that contain the enzyme
lactase are used to measure glucose
concentration in urine.
- False
38. All aldoses and ketoses are reducing
sugars.
- True
39. All disaccharides contain at least one
acetal that joins the rings together
- True
40. An α glycoside has the glycosidic linkage
oriented down, below the plane of the
ring that contains the acetal joining the
monosaccharides.
- True
41. Cellulose is a highly-branched polymer
composed of repeating glucose units
joined in a 1→4-β-glycosidic linkage.
- False
42. In addition to the three
monosaccharides that occur in all blood
types, type A blood contains the
monosaccharide N-acetyl-D-
galactosamine, and type B blood
contains an additional D-galactose unit.
- True
43. Individuals with type AB blood are
called universal recipients because their
blood contains no antibodies to blood
types A, B, or O. Individuals with type
AB blood can receive blood of any type.
- True
44. The two compounds N-acetyl-D-
glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-
galactosamine are a set of
constitutional isomers.
- False
45. In aldohexoses, it is the -OH group on
C5 that reacts with the aldehyde
carbonyl to form two cyclic hemiacetals
called anomers
- True
46. α-D-galactose and β-D-galactose are
enantiomers.
- False
47. The structure shown has four (4)
chirality centers and is a D
monosaccharide.
- True
48. Maltose is a reducing sugar.
- True
49. Glucose and other naturally occurring
sugars are D sugars.
- True
50. When the monosaccharide below is
oxidized by Benedict's reagent, the
indicated product results.
- False
51. In the disaccharide structure shown, the
anomeric carbons are properly labeled.
- False
52. The conversion of D-ribose to L-ribose is
an example of mutarotation.
- False
53. Carbohydrates serve important energy
and structural roles for both plants and
animals.
- True
54. Carbohydrates are chiral biomolecules.
The term chiral indicates that
carbohydrates can be both synthesized
and digested by the human body.
- False
55. Carbohydrates are structurally defined
as polyhydroxyaldehydes and
polyhydroxyketones, or compounds
that can be hydrolyzed to them.
- True
56. Disaccharides contain two carbonyl
groups
- False
57. Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group 65. The hydrolysis of a disaccharide cleaves
at C2 are called ketoses. the _____ linkage and forms two
- True monosaccharides.
- glycoside

58. Monosaccharides are polar compounds

with low melting points. 66. Individuals who are lactose intolerant
- False no longer produce the enzyme _____.
- lactose

59. All carbohydrates, except for

dihydroxyacetone, contain one or more 67. Humans store glucose for short term
chirality centers. energy requirements in the
- True polysaccharide _____.
- glycogen

60. The naturally occurring enantiomer of a

monosaccharide is distinguished by the
prefix L-
68. Which is not an example of a lipid?
- False
- Phenol

61. The two monosaccharides shown below

69. Which is a hydrolyzable lipid?
are related as enantiomers.
- A triacylglycerol
- True

70. Which is a nonhydrolyzable lipid?

- An eicosanoid
62. Which of the following is not a term
that would properly describe glucose as
it is shown below?
- β-D-Glucose
71. A triacylglycerol
- A fat-soluble vitamin
63. are the simplest carbohydrates.
- monosaccharides
72. What functional group is contained in
most hydrolyzable lipids?
64. Dextrose is another name for the - Ester
monosaccharide ____
- glucose
73. The structure of lipids is
- dominated by hydrophobic regions
74. Which compound has the highest
melting point?
- CH3(CH2)14COOH
75. Which compound has the lowest
melting point?
- CH3(CH2)2CH=CH(CH2)2CH=CH(CH2)2C
H=CH(CH2)2COOH
76. Waxes are formed from the reaction
between which two types of
compounds?
- a fatty acid and a high molecular weight
alcohol
77. Which type of fatty acid is most
common in olive oil?
- monounsaturated
78. Complete metabolism of a
triacylglycerol yields which of the
following?
- CO2, H2O, and a great deal of energy
79. Which is not an anabolic steroid?
- cortisone
80. Which statement is not true?
- Cholesterol cannot be synthesized in
the body, and therefore is required in
the diet.
81. Which is not a fat-soluble vitamin?
- Vitamin C
82. Soap is prepared by the acid hydrolysis
(saponification) of a triacylglycerol.
- False
83. When phospholipids are mixed with
water, they assemble in an
arrangement called a lipid bilayer, with
the ionic heads oriented on the inside
and the nonpolar tails on the outside.
- False
84. Some lipids and proteins on the cell
membrane surface are bonded to
carbohydrates, forming glycolipids and
glycoproteins.
- True
85. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
transport cholesterol from where it is
synthesized, to the tissues.
- False
86. Vitamins are organic compounds
required in small quantities for normal
metabolism.
- True
87. Lipids come in a wide variety of
structures and have many different
functions.
- True
88. Lipids are soluble in organic solvents
and aqueous solutions.
- False
89. Saturated fatty acids have no double
bonds in their long hydrocarbon chains.
- True
90. The most common unsaturated fatty
acids are palmitic and stearic acid.
- False
91. Which protein stores iron in the liver?
- Ferritin
92. Which protein stores O2 in tissues?
- Myoglobin
93. The term protein is usually reserved for
polymers of more than _____ amino
acids.
- 40
94. How is a dipeptide formed?
- The -NH3+ group of one amino acid
forms an amide bond with the
carboxylate (-COO-) of another amino
acid, and the elements of H2O are
removed.
95. What is the particular sequence of
amino acids of a protein that are joined
together by peptide bonds called?
- The primary structure of a protein
96. What is the strongest type of
interaction between two cysteine
amino acid side chains in a protein?
- Disulfide bond
97. What is the process of altering the
shape of a protein without breaking the
amide bonds that form the primary
structure?
- Denaturation
98. Which statement is not true?
- A cofactor is always a metal ion needed
for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to
occur.
99. Based on its name, which compound is
an enzyme?
- Triosephosphate isomerase
100. Denaturation of a protein
results in the loss of its native
conformation and its biological activity.
Which statement best describes what
happens to a protein when it is
denatured?
- Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
levels of structure are disrupted.
101. D-Amino acids have the -NH3+ 108. The hydrolysis of the amide
group on the left side in the Fischer bonds in a protein forms the individual
projection. amino acids that comprise the primary
- False structure.
- True

102. A diet of rice and tofu provides

all essential amino acids. 109. The lock-and-key model is often
- True used to explain why some enzymes
catalyze a wide variety of substrate
reactions.
103. A dipeptide contains two amino - False
acids joined together by two amide
bonds.
- False 110. a-Keratin in hair is a fibrous
protein composed almost exclusively of
a-helix units that wind together to form
104. The amide bonds in peptides a superhelix.
and proteins are called peptide bonds. - True
- True

105. The a-helix and the b-pleated

111. There are _____ amino acids
sheet are examples of the tertiary
that occur naturally in proteins.
structure of a protein.
- 20
- False

106. Globular proteins are coiled

into compact shapes with hydrophilic 112. _____ proteins are composed
outer surfaces that make them water of long linear polypeptide chains that
soluble. are bundled together to form rods or
- True sheets that are insoluble in water and
serve structural roles.
- Fibrosis
107. Hemoglobin, collagen, and
myoglobin are all examples of
conjugated proteins. 113. A _____ is a peptide that
- False contains four amino acids joined
together by three peptide bonds.
- tetrapeptide
 114. Which component is not part of 120. Hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in
a nucleotide? the body occurs with the aid of which
- An amino acid reagent?
- Enzymes

115. Which monosaccharide is a

ketose? 121. Which structural feature is not
- fructose found in sphingomyelins?
- a glycerol backbone

116. Which monosaccharide is an

aldose? 122. Which statement is not true?
- Vitamin E is an oxidizing agent, oxidizing
glucose
the unsaturated side chains in fatty
galactose acids

mannose

ribose 123. Which is not true about

prostaglandins?
All of them - Prostaglandins decrease inflammation.

124. What is the main component of

the cell membrane?
- Phospholipids
117. are representations of the cyclic
form of sugars, can show the distinction
between the α and β anomers 125. Which is a hydrolyzable lipid?
- Haworth projection formulas - a phosphoacylglycerol

118. What is not a function of 126. Which of these groups of

carbohydrates? compounds are phospholipids?
- They are catalytic components of - sphingomyelins
enzymes.

127. What hydrolysis products are

119. Unlike most oils, which type of formed when the wax
fatty acid is most common in coconut CH3(CH2)18COO(CH2)17CH3 is treated
oil? with aqueous sulfuric acid?
- Saturated - CH3(CH2)18COOH + CH3(CH2)16CH2OH
128. How many triacylglycerols can
be prepared from two different fatty
acids?
- 4
129. Which statement concerning
lipid functions is incorrect?
- Plants and animals use waxes for
insulation.
130. Fats and oils are structurally
both triacylglycerols, but fats are solids
at room temperature and oils are
liquids at room temperature. Which
statement best describes the reason for
their difference in physical state?
- Fats contain a higher percentage of
saturated fatty acids than oils do, and
therefore have higher melting points
than oils.
131. The contents on a box of
cupcakes lists partially hydrogenated
soybean oil. Partial hydrogenation of
soybean oil has what effect?
- It decreases the percent of unsaturation
that is present.
132. Fats contain a larger percentage
of unsaturation in their structures than
oils do.
- False
133. Trans double bonds can be
formed when triacylglycerols are
partially hydrogenated.
- True
134. Modern glucose meters are
electronic devices that measure the
amount of oxidizing agent that reacts
with the glucose in a known amount of
blood.
- True
135. All disaccharides contain at
least one acetal that joins the rings
together.
- True
136. A glycoside has the glycosidic
linkage oriented down, below the plane
of the ring that contains the acetal
joining the monosaccharides.
- True
137. In addition to the three
monosaccharides that occur in all blood
types, type A blood contains the
monosaccharide N-acetyl-D-
galactosamine, and type B blood
contains an additional D-galactose unit.
- True
138. Individuals with type AB blood
are called universal recipients because
their blood contains no antibodies to
blood types A, B, or O. Individuals with
type AB blood can receive blood of any
type.
- True
139. a-D-galactose and b-D-galactose
are enantiomers.
- False
140. Glucose and other naturally 147. What does amphipathic mean?
occurring sugars are D sugars. - having both hydrophilic and
- True hydrophobic regions

141. Carbohydrates serve important 148. Which of the following

energy and structural roles for both statements is true?
plants and animals. - The fatty acids in both triacylglycerols
- True and in phosphoacylglycerols vary.

142. Carbohydrates are structurally 149. How many hydroxyl groups

defined as polyhydroxyaldehydes and
polyhydroxyketones, or compounds
that can be hydrolyzed to them.
- True
143. Monosaccharides with a
carbonyl group at C2 are called ketoses.
- True
does a molecule of glycerol have?
- 3
150. Which of the following is true?
- Fatty acids with an odd number of
carbons are more rare than those with
an even number

151. Which of the following is not a

characteristic of most fatty acids?
- Presence of trans double bonds.
144. All carbohydrates, except for
dihydroxyacetone, contain one or more
chirality centers.
152. Unsaturated fatty acids usually
- True
have ____ double bonds.
- cis

145. What characteristic is most

used to define lipids?
153. Which of the following
- solubility
compounds yields the most energy per
gram?
- triacylglycerols
146. Which of the following lipid
molecules possess a different
fundamental structural make-up from
154. What kinds of bonds do lipase
the others?
break in order to release fatty acids
- Cholesterol
from triacylglycerols?
- esters
 155. Which of the following groups is 161. Which of the following lipids is
not present in a phosphatidic acid? not found in biological membranes?
- Choline - triacylglycerols

156. Which of the following groups is 162. Glycolipids are characterized by

not present in a cerebroside? containing the following non-lipid
- Phosphate component:
- Sugars

157. Which of the following is not a

product of saponification of a 163. Phospholipids are particularly
triglyceride? important in these structures:
- Long chain fatty alcohols.
[All of these are correct.]

A. Membranes.
158. Saponification is the hydrolysis
B. Lipoproteins.
of a(n)
- ester bond C. The brain and nervous system.

D. Membranes, the brain and the nervous

system.
159. Which of the following groups is
not present in lecithin?

[all of these are components of lecithin.] 164. Which of the following

molecules is not amphipathic?
A. Choline
- glucose
B. Fatty acids

C. Glycerol

D. Phosphate

160. Which of the following alcohols

is never found in phosphatides?

[All of these can be components of

phosphatides.]

A. Ethanolamine

B. Serine

C. Inositol

D. Sugars
 165. Which of the following is true? 170. The HDL class of lipoprotein is
generally believed to be preventative of
A. Fatty acids with trans double bonds may be
heart disease.
particularly unhealthy because they increase
- True
the ratio of LDLs to HDLs.

B. A fatty acid with 14 carbons and one trans

double bond will behave more like a saturated
fatty acid with 14 carbons than will an
171. Fatty acids with multiple double
unsaturated fatty acid with a cis double bond.
bonds are usually conjugated.
C. Fatty acids with trans double bonds can be - False
formed by hydrogenation reaction of
polyunsaturated fatty acids
172. Which of the following four
D. fatty acids with trans double bonds tend to
fatty acids has the lowest melting
have higher melting points than those with cis
point?
double bonds all else being equal
- CH3CH=CHCH2CH2COOH
[All of these are correct]

173. With what compound are fatty

acids reacted to make a fat or oil?
- glycerol
166. Glycolipids are particularly
important in these structures:
- Membranes, the brain and the nervous
174. The myelin sheaths of neurons
system.
typically contain large amounts of
- sphingolipids

167. Sphingolipids are particularly

important in these structures:
175. Lipids differ from most other
- Membranes, the brain and the nervous
biomolecules because they are defined
system.
on the basis of solubility, rather than on
their chemical structure.
- True
168. Which of the following groups is
not present in sphingomyelin?
- Sugar
176. Which of the following best
describes lipids' insolubility in water?
- They are typically insoluble.
169. Which of the following four
fatty acids has the highest melting
point?
- CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
CH2COOH
177. Glycolipids on the surface of 184. How does the presence of cis
cells are especially important as cell double bonds in fatty acids affect
markers. membrane fluidity?
- True - They tend to increase the fluidity.

178. Biological waxes are composed 185. How does cholesterol affect
of membrane fluidity?
- a fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol. - It tends to decrease the fluidity.

179. Multiple sclerosis is

characterized by destruction of the
186. Plants need cholesterol in their
myelin sheath.
membranes to counteract the rigidity of
- True
the cell wall.
- False

180. Which of the following cell

types contains cholesterol?
187. Membranes are generally
- animal
symmetrical, i.e., the outer face is
composed of the same number and
types of phospholipids as the inner face.
- False
181. Cholesterol is particularly
important as a component of animal
membranes. 188. Which of the following would
- True not be enriched on the outer side of the
lipid bilayer compared to the inner
side?
182. Membrane lipids in a lipid - Phosphoacylglyerol
bilayer are held together by
- hydrophobic interactions
189. The association of membrane
proteins with lipids in the membrane
183. Cell membranes typically bilayer always involves
display asymmetry. What does this - hydrophobic interactions
mean?
- The two leaves of a bilayer contain
different collections of lipids and
proteins.
 190. The order-disorder transition
(melting) in membranes
[all of these]
A. is cooperative
B. can be monitored by fluorescence techniques
C. can be monitored by spin labeling
191. How do the membranes of
plant and animal cells compare?
- Animal cell membranes tend to be more
rigid than those of plant cells.
192. Which of the following is not
true?
- Unsaturated fatty acids lead to higher
levels of LDL than saturated fatty acids
do
193. The distribution of lipids in
membranes is
- uneven, with bulkier molecules on the
exterior
194. The degree of membrane
fluidity depends on
- the percentage of unsaturated fatty
acids
195. I find that briefly washing cells
in a buffered solution at pH 11 is
effective for isolating a cell membrane-
associated hormone receptor. (A
standard growth solution for the cells is
pH 7.) Which of following best fits this
description?
- This is a peripheral membrane protein
that probably interacts with membrane
phospholipids using lysine-mediated
salt bridges.
196. Which of the following is not a
function or characteristic of membrane
proteins?
- Blood clotting
197. Where can membrane proteins
be located?
[in either position]
A. entirely within the membrane
B. on the surface of the membrane
198. When a membrane reaches its
transition temperature, integral
membrane proteins dissociate from the
bilayer.
- False
199. Which property has not been
observed for membrane proteins?
- energy storage
200. The freeze-fracture technique
of electron microscopy is useful in
studying membrane structure because
- integral membrane proteins can be
seen in association with one leaflet of
the lipid bilayer
201. Which of the following
treatments would be most useful in
separating an integral membrane
protein from the lipid component of a
cell membrane?
- Add a detergent.
202. Which of the following is the
best phrase to describe the modern
view of membrane structure?
- Membranes are a fluid mosaic of lipids
and proteins.
203. Liposomes are
- artificial membrane-bounded structures
used to deliver medications.
204. In the fluid mosaic model of
membrane structure
- the proteins "float" in the lipid bilayer
205. Which protein would likely be
involved in a channel? [exhibit 8A]
- 1
206. Which protein might help to
identify the cell type? [exhibit 8A]
- More than one could help identify the
cell type.
207. Protein #2 would most likely
function as a: exhibit 8A]
- Carrier
208. Passive transport is the same
as:
- facilitated diffusion
209. The mechanism of membrane
transport may involve the following:
[All of these are correct.]
A. ATP hydrolysis.
B. Conformation change of membrane proteins.
C. Phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of
membrane proteins.
D. ATP hydrolysis and conformation change of
membrane proteins.
210. Transport of a compound
across a cell membrane (down a
concentration gradient) was measured
at several concentrations. The presence
or absence of ATP had no effect on the
transport of this compound. Which best
describes the mechanism of transport?
- facilitated diffusion
211. The difference between active
transport and passive transport is that
- one requires expenditure of energy by
the cell and the other does not.
 212. Facilitated diffusion requires
- a carrier protein to which the
transported substance binds
213. Which of the following is not
true?
- A given receptor type is present at a
constant level on the outside of a cell
214. In the operation of the sodium-
potassium pump
- a membrane protein is phosphorylated
with ATP as the source of the
phosphate group
215. What distinguishes primary
from secondary active transport?
- The type of linkage to ATP hydrolysis
216. Which of the following methods
of transport across a membrane does
not require a protein?
- Simple diffusion
[DOES require a protein]
A. Passive transport
B. Facilitated transport
C. Active Transport
217. Which of the following
statements concerning active transport
is true?
- A membrane-associate protein must be
involved.
218. A major difficulty in extracting
receptor proteins from membranes is
that
[all of these]
A. it is difficult to remove the proteins from the
membrane without denaturation
B. there may be very few molecules of the
protein in a cell
C. receptor proteins tend to have high
molecular weights
219. In the sodium-potassium pump
- sodium is transported out of the cell
and potassium into the cell, both
against concentration gradients
220. A useful method for studying
membrane proteins in place in the
membrane is
- nuclear magnetic resonance
221. Glycoproteins on the cell
surface are involved in this type of
function:
[all of these are correct.]
A. Cell identification
B. Receptor sites
C. Immune function
D. Cell identification and receptor sites
 222. The key reaction of eyesight (in 228. The vitamin classified as fat
dim light) involving vitamin A is: soluble rather than water soluble is
- vitamin A
[All of these.]

A. Reaction of the protein complex called

Rhodopsin. [Water soluble]

B. A cis-trans isomerization of a double bond. B. vitamin B1

C. Bleaching of a pigment in the retina. C. vitamin B6

D. Reaction of Rhodopsin and cis-trans D. vitamin C

isomerization of a double bond.

229. There are likely to be huge

223. These two lipid vitamins are stores of lipid vitamins in healthy
often found in membranes: animals.
- A and E - True

224. The following lipid vitamin is 230. Which of the following is not a
often used to preserve foods from lipid-soluble vitamin?
spoiling: - Ascorbic Acid
- E

[Lipid soluble]
225. Vitamin E has all of the
B. Cholicalciferol
following properties, except:
- It can be made in the sunshine. C. Vitamin K

D. Retinol
226. Rickets is caused by a deficiency E. Tocopherol
in
- vitamin D.
231. The following lipid vitamin has
important involvement with calcium
227. The vitamin needed for blood ions:.
coagulation is - More than one reacts with calcium ion.
- vitamin K
232. Which of the following is a
metabolic precursor of prostaglandins &
leukotrienes?
- arachidonic acid.
233. Aspirin produces most of its
analgesic effects by
- inhibiting the synthesis of
prostaglandins
234. Which of the following does not
belong in the list?
- Cholesterol
235. Test for sugars
- A positive result for the Benedict test
occurs anytime the reagent changes
from its original blue color. Relative
concentration of simple sugar can be
determined by color. Blue represents
the lack of simple sugars. The color then
progresses through green, orange, and
red as the amount of simple sugars
increases.
236. test for starch
- A positive test result for starch occurs
when iodine turns color. Medium blue
is a small amount of starch, dark blue
indicates a medium amount of starch,
and blue-black indicates a large amount
of starch. A negative test result for
starch occurs when iodine stays yellow.
237. test for proteins
- A positive result for the Biuret test
occurs anytime the reagent changes
from its original blue color to a pink or
purple color. Any tube that is blue, no
matter which shade of blue, does not
contain protein.
238. test for fats
- A positive result for a lipid will result in
an evenly distributed oily stain
remaining on paper after 15 minutes.
Water will completely evaporate, and
nonlipid substances mixed with water
will leave a circular stain.
239. test for emulsifaction of lipids
- A positive result for an emulsifier will
result in oil and water mixing much
better than without an emulsifier.
240. Glucose
- A small, six-carbon sugar molecule
found in starch and glycogen. A
common monosaccharide.
241. Monosaccharide
- One individual molecule of sugar; the
building blocks of carbohydrates.
242. Disaccharide
- A carbohydrate made up of two sugar
molecules linked together.
243. Maltose 251. Negative control
- A disaccharide consisting of two glucose - Any procedure that is known to NOT
molecules bound together. produce the desired result. A negative
test result means what you are looking
for is NOT present.
244. Simple sugar
- Monosaccharides and disaccharides.
252. Monomer
- A substance that is the smallest unit of
245. Oligosaccharide a category of substances. For example,
- A carbohydrate made up of more than an amino acid is a monomer of a
two sugar molecules linked together. protein.

253. Polymer
246. Polysaccharide - A substance made up of many units of a
- A carbohydrate made up of hundreds to common chemical attached to each
thousands of sugar molecules linked other.
together.

254. Biuret Reagent

247. Starch - A light blue reagent that tests for
- A plant-based polysaccharide. protein.

248. Glycogen 255. Lipid

- An animal-based polysaccharide.
249. Iodine
- A solution that turns from brown to
purple in the presence of starch.
250. Positive control
- Any procedure that is known to
produce the desired result. A positive
test result means what you are looking
for is present.
- A macromolecule made up of dozens to
hundreds of molecules of mostly carbon
and hydrogen.
256. Cholesterol
- A lipid with a structure containing over
20 carbon atoms configured into four
rings.
257. Phospholipid
- A lipid made up of a three-carbon
glycerol molecule with a phosphate
group and two fatty acids attached.
 258. Triglyceride
- A lipid made up of a three-carbon
264. Colors for starch test
glycerol molecule with three fatty acid
chains attached to it. yellow: no starch

medium blue: a little

259. Fatty acids dark blue: medium amount
- Long chains of carbon with hydrogen
attached, making them nonpolar blue black: the most
molecules.

260. saturated fatty acid 265. Colors for proteins test

- A chain of carbon atoms using only
single carbon-to-carbon bonds with blue: none
hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon pink: a little
atoms.
purple: the most

261. unsaturated fatty acid

- A chain of carbon atoms that contain
one (monounsaturated) or more
266. lipids in liquid form
(polyunsaturated) double bonds
between carbons with hydrogen atoms -are oils that do not mix with water because
attached to the carbon atoms. water is polar.

-take several days to dry out, whereas water

will dry out in only a few minutes.
262. Emulsifier
- A substance that has a polar and
nonpolar component that can disperse
267. Triacylglycerols are composed
fat into smaller particles in water or
of?
other polar solutions.
- A glycerol backbone, 3 fatty acids

263. Colors for sugar test

Blue: no sugar

Green: a little

Orange: more

Red: Most Sugar

 268. what are the biological
functions of lipids?
273. Phospholipase C acts on the
- energy storage
lipid below. What would be the best
- chaperones to help membrane protein
method to purify the resulting
folding
phospholylated ring product?
- electron carriers
- ion exchange chromatography
- light-absorbing pigments
- emulsifying agents
- structural elements of membranes
- enzymes 274. Which of the following would
- hormones decrease the transition temperature for
- hydrophobic anchors a mixture of triglycerides and
- intracellular messagers cholesterol?
- add triglycerides with two (16:1) and
one (21:2) fatty acids
269. Which of the following contains
a ether-linked alkyl group?
- platelet activating factor 275. which of the following would
result from the action of phosholipase C
on a membrane glycerophospholipid?
- a diacylglycerol and a polar group
270. Which of the following is true of
containing phosphate
sphingolipids?

a. phosphatidylcholine is a typical sphingolipid

b. they always contain glycerol and fatty acids
c. they contain two esterified fatty acids
d. they may be charged, but they are never
amphipathic
e. none of the above
276. a novel subclass of
thromboxane was discovered in lipids
isolated from a newly discovered poison
dart from the Amazon valley. What
unique structural feature is likely
present in these lipids?
- a 6 membered ring

e
277. Lipids were extracted from
plasma membranes. What method
271. Which of the following is not a could be used to separate them by
glycerophosphlipid? exploiting differences in volatility?
- ceramide - gas-liquid chromatograph

272. What sort of charbohydrate is

found on glycolipids, one of the
glycoconjugates?
- branched heteropolysaccharide
278. Nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy was performed on a
derivative of cortisol, a steroid
hormone. What structural feature was
not observed in this molecule that
would be present in sterols?
- an alkyl chain on the D-ring
279. How do the features of
Vitamins E and K cause them to be in
different cellular locations than
Vitamins B and C?
- they are hydrophobic, so they are
located in membranes rather than in
the cytosol, like Vitamins B and C.
280. Lipid storage diseases are the
result of alterations of what chemical
group on membrane lipids?
- carbohydrate
281. Which is not a significant
structural difference between archaeal
membrane lipids and most other
membrane lipids?
- lack of both phosphate and sugars in
their structures
282. Which of the following
statements about sterols is true?
- all sterols share a fused-ring structure
with 4 rings
283. Which of the following
statements about prostaglandins is not
true?
- prostaglandins are eicosanoids made
from saturated fatty acids
284. which of the following is not a
derivative of cholesterol?
- Vitamin E
285. Compounds with carbohydrates
along with fatty acids are called?
- glycolipids
286. Lipid storage diseases are the
result of alterations of what chemical
group on membrane lipids?
Carbohydrate:
a. Give 3 to 4 examples of lipid molecules. What
are their structural characteristics?
Fatty Acids - Hydrocarbon derivatives (4 - 36
carbons long), can be unbranched and fully
saturated or can contain double bonds, 3
carbon rings, and hydroxyl/methyl group
b. Triacylglycerol - fatty acid esters of glycerol,
composed of 3 fatty acids, each in ester linkage
with a glycerol
Waxes - ester of long chain (14 - 36 carbons)
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long
chain (16 - 30 carbon) alcohols
c. Glycerophospholipids - derivatives of
phosphatic acid, 2 fatty acids attached in ester
linkage to the 1st and 2nd carbons of glycerol,
highly polar/charged group attached through
phosphodiester linkage to 3rd carbon
287. What is the biological function
of Ubiquinone? Is it a coenzyme?
- Ubiquinone is an isoprenoid that
functions as lipophilic electron carrier in
the oxidation-reduction reactions that
drive ATP synthesis in mitochondria and
chloroplasts respectively. It is also
referred to as coenzyme Q.
288. True/False: lipids are organic
molecules that are characterized by low
solubility in water, and are relatively
hydrophilic.
- True, lipids are organic molecules that
are characterized by low solubility in
water and are relatively hydrophilic.
289. What are those common
biological functions of lipids?
- Storage of energy, insultation from the
environment through low thermal
conductivity/high heat capacity, water
replant, buoyancy control and acoustics
in marine animals
290. Use examples to explain lipid
functions as:
a) Cofactor for enzymes, Signaling
molecules, Pigments, Antioxidants
b) COFACTOR FOR ENZYMES - vitamin K
(blood clotting), coenzyme Q (ATP
synthesis)
c) SIGNALING MOELCULES - paracrine
hormones (local), steroid hormones
(body wide), growth factors, vitamin A
& D (hormone precursors)
d) PIGMENTS - carotene, rhodopsin,
canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin
e) ANTIOXIDANTS - vitamin E
291. What are structure building
blocks of triacylglycerols? Are they
storage lipids or membrane lipids?
- Triacylglycerols have three different
fatty acids attached in ester linkage to a
glycerol backbone. They are storage
lipids.
292. What are three membrane
lipids? What are their structural
differences?
a) Glycerophospholipids - hydrophobic
regions are composed of two fatty acids
joined to glycerol
b) Galactolipids and sulfolipids - two fatty
acids esterified to glycerol
c) Archaeal tetraether lipids - two very
long alkyl chains are ether-linked to
glycerol at both ends
d) Sphingolipids - a single fatty acid is
joined to a fatty amine, sphingosine
e) Sterols - a rigid system of four fused
hydrocarbon rings.
293. What kinds of functional groups
in fatty acids? What is a saturated fatty
acid? What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
- Fatty acids are made up of a long-chain
carbon skeleton that has a carboxylic
acid functional group. A saturated fatty
acid contains no double bonds between
carbons in the chain. An unsaturated
fatty acid contains double bonds,
monounsaturated fatty acid contains
one double bond between carbons in
the alkyl chain and polyunsaturated
fatty acids contain more than one
double bond between the alkyl chain.
 297. How are solubility and melting
point of fatty acids affected by double
294. Most natural fatty acids have an
bonds and chain length? Give
______(even/odd) number of carbons
explanation based on their structures.
(Why?), and are ______
- Solubility is largely determined by chain
(branched/unbranched).
length and degree of saturation of the
- Most natural carbons have an even
hydrocarbon chain. Solubility decreases
number of carbons. The even number
as the chain length increases and with
results from the mode of synthesis of
fewer double bonds. Melting Point,
these compounds, which involves
influenced by length and degree of
successive condensations of 2-carbon
unsaturation of the hydrocarbon chain),
(acetate) units. Most natural fatty acids
also decreases as the chain length
are unbranched.
decreases and decreases as the number
of double bonds increases.

295. Draw structure of fatty acid:

20:3(Δ3,9,12)
298. What are trans fatty acids? Is it
- The 20 is the number of carbons in the
true that trans fatty acids show high
fatty acid, the 3 is the number of double
melting points than cis form? Why?
bonds, the superscript numbers
- Trans fatty acids form by partial
indicate that the double bonds are
hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty
between c-3 and c-4, c-9 and c-10, and
acids, which is done to increase shelf
c-12 and c-13.
life or stability at high temperature of
oils used in cooking (especially deep
frying). Trans fatty acids can pack more
296. What is an omega-3 fatty acid? regularly and show higher melting
- Omega-3 fatty acids are essential points than cis forms
nutrients for humans need but cannot
synthesize. These include ALA, DHA,
and EPA.
299. TRUE/FALSE: consuming trans
fats is healthy to our bodies, and we
should eat more trans fats.
- FALSE

300. What is the difference between

fat and oil?
- Majority of fatty acids in biological
systems are found in the form of
triacylglycerols. Solid ones are called
fats, liquid ones are called oils.
301. What is the name of the protein
carrier in vertebrates which is bound
with free fatty acids? Majority of fatty
acids in biological systems are found in
the form of __________.
- In vertebrates, free fatty acids with a
free carboxylate group are bound to a
protein carrier called serum albumin.
Majority of fatty acids in biological
systems are found in the form of
triacylglycerols
302. What are the differences
between fats and carbohydrates as
both of them are energy storage
molecules?
- Glucose and glycogen are for short-
term energy needs, quick delivery. Fats
are for long-term (months) energy
needs, good storage, slow delivery.
303. What is structure of waxes? Are
they soluble or insoluble? What are
their general functions?
- Waxes are esters of long-chain
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
with long-chain alcohols. They are
insoluble and have high melting points
(60 ~ 100 C). They have a variety of
functions, including storage of
metabolic fuel in plankton, protection
and pliability for hair and skin in
vertebrates, waterproofing of feathers
in birds, protection from evaporation in
tropical plants and ivy, usage lotions,
ointments, and polishes.
304. Glycerophospholipids are
primary constituents of _______.
Structurally, these molecules contain
glycerol, __________ (non-polar), and
________ (polar, head group). What
kind of bond linkage is usually found in
these molecules? Ester or ether linkages
- Glycerophospholipids are primary
constituents of cell membranes.
Structurally, these molecules contain
glycerol, two fatty acids (non-polar),
and a phosphate and alcohol (polar,
head group). The two fatty acids form
ester linkages with the first and second
hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol-3-
phosphate
305. Phosphatidylcholine is the
major component of ________
- Phosphatidylcholine is the major
component of eukaryotic cell
membranes
306. Plasmalogen is a type of
________, is common in ________also
found in some protozoa and anaerobic
bacteria.
- Plasmalogen is a type of ether lipids, is
common in vertebrate heart tissue also
found in some protozoa and anaerobic
bacteria.
307. For ester lipids and ether lipids,
which one is more stable?
- Ether bond linkage more stable to
hydrolysis than ester bond. Ether lipids
are resistance to phospholipases that
cleave ester-linked fatty acids.
308. Platelets-activating factor is an
________. It stimulates ________and
plays role in ________.
- Platelets-activating factor is an ether
lipid. It stimulates aggregation of blood
platelets and plays role in mediation of
inflammation
309. What is the main biological
function of chloroplast? What kinds of
lipids usually are found in chloroplasts?
- Chloroplasts enable photosynthesis to
occur so that plants can convert
sunlight into chemical energy.
Galactolipids predominate in the
thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
Sulfolipids are also found in plant
membranes.
310. Describe structural properties
of lipids found in archaebacteria.
- The membrane lipids of archaea are
variable, generally there are two very
long (32C), branched alkyl chains, each
end in ether linkage with a glycerol
moiety.
311. What is the backbone of
sphingolipids? What is the most
important bond linkage in these lipids?
What is the head group in ceramide?
- The backbone of sphingolipids is a long-
chain amino alcohol sphingosine A fatty
acid is joined to sphingosine via an
amide linkage rather than an ester
linkage as usually seen in lipids. A polar
head group is connected to sphingosine
by a glyosidic or phosphodiester
linkage. The head group in Ceramide is
a single hydrogen.
312. Sphingomyelin is a type of
________., is present in ________., and
abundant in ________.
- Sphingomyelin is a type of nonglyceride
lipid, is present in the plasma
membranes of animal cells and
abundant in myelin sheath that
surrounds some nerve cells in animals.
313. What is the structural
difference between sphingomyelin and
phosphatidylcholine?
a) Sphingomyelin and Phosphatidylcholine
both have phosphocholine as their head
groups.
b) Sphingomyelin has an ether linkage
between the head and backbone while
glycerophosphlipid has a
phosphodiester linkage.
c) Sphingomyelin contains sphingosine,
fatty acid, phosphoric acid, and choline.
They occur abundantly in the nervous
tissue and brain. In general, myelin
sheath has high levels of sphingomyelin.
Phosphatidylcholine is a derivative of
phosphatidic acid and it is also called
lecithin. These lipids present in egg yolk,
animal fat, and plant oils.
314. Steroid nucleus has ________.
fused rings (________.6-C and
________.5-C).
- Steroid nucleus has 4 fused rings
(THREE 6-C and ONE 5-C).
315. Cholesterol is ________ 320. What are biological functions of
because it has functional group Vitamin A, D, E, and K?
________ at C-3 and ________ at C-17.
Vitamin A - Vision, Vitamin D - Bone formation,
- Cholesterol is amphipathic because it
Vitamin E - Also known as tocopherols are also
has functional group OH at C-3 and
biological antioxidants, Vitamin K -blood
hydrocarbon side chain at C-17
coagulation process

Vitamin D and A serve as hormone precursors,

316. Cholesterol is present in the Vitamins E and K Are Oxidation-Reduction
membranes of most ________ cells, Cofactors.
while similar molecules in plant called
________, and ________ in fungi.
- Cholesterol is present in the
membranes of most eukaryotic cells,
while similar molecules in plant called 321. Enzymatic oxidation of
stigmasterol, and ergosterol in fungi arachidonic acid yields ________,
________, and ________. Drug (e.g.
aspirin/Ibuprofen) can be used to
inhibit conversion from arachidonate to
317. What are biological functions of
________ and ________.
cholesterol?
- Enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid
- Modulate fluidity and permeability,
yields Prostaglandins, Thromboxane,
thicken the plasma membrane, most
and Leukotrienes. Drug (e.g.
bacteria lack sterols, precursor of bile
aspirin/Ibuprofen) can be used to
salts, vitamin d and hormones
inhibit conversion from arachidonate to
prostaglandins and thromboxane.

318. Many hormones are derivatives

of ________.
- sterols.
322. Vitamin E and K are ________
in water because of their long
319. What is the difference between hydrocarbon chain.
sterol and steroids? - Vitamin E and K are lipid-soluble in
- Steroids are oxidized derivatives of water because of their long
sterols. Steroids have the sterol hydrocarbon chain.
nucleus, but lack the alkyl chain found
in cholesterol.