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    12 views14 pages

    6-8 Hto

    Uploaded by

    Mitesh Thakur

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Thermal conductivity of insulating powder co Estimate thermal conductivity of engineering materials Heater ® Supply 1 to T10 thermocouple setting @ ® Fig. | (a) Apparatus of thermal conductivity of insulating powder 1, Shell 2. Voltmeter 3. Ammeter 4. Temperature indicator 5. Selector switch 6. Main switch 7, Heater control, (b) Location of thermocouples in spherical shell OBSERVATION TABLI 1) Voltmeter reading (V) 2) Ammeter reading (1) INNER SPHERE: = Volts. = Amps Thermocouple No. | 1 2 Tt Tr Ts T, Mean Temp. T; T= CATT y+ T/4 OUTER SPHERE: Thermocouple]5_]6 [7 18 No. 10 Temp. Ts [Te [1 [Ts Ts Mean Temp. To To= (Ist Tet PrP yt Tot T)6 CALCULATION: Q=V x1 Watts, 1 = Radius of inner copper sphere = 100 mm. 1) = Radius of outer copper sphere = 200 mm. k= Q(m—n [4 rx46(Ti- To) Wim? K AIM: ‘To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder at average temperature. APPARATUS: ‘The apparatus consists of a smaller (inner) sphere, inside, which is fitted a mica electric heater. Smaller sphere is fitted at the center of outer sphere. The insulating powder, whose thermal conductivity is to be determined is filled in the gap between the two spheres. The heat generated by heater flows through the powder to the outer sphere. The outer sphere loses heat to atmosphere. ‘The input to the heater is controlled by a dimmerstat and is measured on voltmeter and ammeter. Four thermocouples are provided on the outer surface of inner sphere and six thermocouples are on the inner surface of outer sphere, which are connected to a multi-channel digital temperature indicator. THEORY: - Conduction of heat is flow of heat which occurs due to exchange of energy from one molecule to another without appreciable motion of molecules. In any heating proces heat is flowing outwards from heat generation point. In order to reduce losses of heat, various types of insulations are used in practice. Various powders e.g. asbestos powder, plaster of Paris etc. are also used for heat insulation, In order to determine the appropriate thickness of insulation, knowledge of thermal conductivity of insulating material is essential. SPECIFICATIONS: 1) Radius of the inner copper sphere, r,= 100 mm 2) Radius of the outer copper sphere, r, = 200 mm 3) Voltmeter (0 — 100 - 200 V). 4) Ammeter (0-2 Amps.) 5) Temperature Indicator 0 — 300 °C calibrated for chrome! alumel. 6) Dimmerstat 0— 2A, 0 - 230 V. 7) Heater coil - Strip Heating Element sandwiched between mica sheets ~ 200 watts. 8) Chromel Alumel Thermocouples ~ No. (1) to (4) embedded on inner sphere to measure T; 9) Chromel Alumel Thermocouples measure Ty 10) Insulating Powder ~ Asbestos magnesia commercially available powder and packed between the two spheres. PROCEDUR! 1) Start main switch of control panel. 2) Increase slowly the input to heater by the dimmerstat starting from zero volt position, 3) Adjust input equal to 40 Watts Max. by Voltmeter and Ammeter. Wattage W = VI 4) See that this input remains constant throughout the experiment. 5) Wait till fairly steady state condition is reached. This can be checked by reading temperatures of thermocouples (1) to (10) and note changes in their readings with time. 6) Note down the readings in the observations table as given below No. (5) to (10) embedded on outer sphere to PRECAUTIO! 1. Switch off the ceiling fan before giving supply to setup. This is to ensure the natural convection heat transfer environment. 2. Adjust the temperature indicator to ambient using compensation screw before starting experiment (if needed), 3. Keep Dimmerstat to zero volt position and increase it slowly, Use proper range of ammeter and voltmeter. 5. Operate the temperature change over switch gently from one position to another. RESUL’ ok, Thermal conductivity of insulating powder is at temperature INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION The main aim of an insulating material is to separate electrical conductors without passing current from one to the other and to safeguard individuals from electrically energized wires and parts. A complete knowledge of insulating materials and standards for safe working practices is required. QUESTIONNAIRE: 1. Define thermal conductivity. 2, For which material thermal conductivity is highest? 3. What is the general heat conduction equation for spherical coordinate? 4. Write down the general heat conduction equation for steady state with no heat generation for spherical coordinate. 5. Explain critical radius of insulation for sphere body. EXPERIMI Measurement of heat transfer coefficient for flow through tubes in co2 ate heat transfer coefficient VOLTMETER AMETER, TEST PIPE oO | answrcH HEATER CONTROL (a) Fig. 1 (a) Natural convection apparatus (b) Location of thermocouples Forced conve OBSERVATION TABLE ion Sr. [Voltage | Current | Manometer Temperatures °C No. Reading Vv 1 Hmm Tlhlh)h)] tt] T.-Air inlet temp. °C Te — Air outlet temp. °C Tp, Ts, Ts, Ts — Temp. of pipe surface °C Free convection OBSERVATION TABLE Outer diameter of cylinder (d) = 38 mm Length of the Cylinder (L) = $10 mm Voltmeter reading = Volt and Ammeter reading = Amp Sr. | Time ‘Temperature reading °C Ne oj TT] RR] h)&) hw) bh) I. Forced convection AIM To calculate heat transfer coefficient in forced convection, INTRODUCTION Heat transfer by forced convection is one of the most important heat transfer modes present in many engineering applications. The apparatus is designed to find out the value of heat transfer coefficient under the different air flow conditions. Heat is transferred from the heated test section of the pipe to the air flow through it DESCRIPTION ‘The apparatus is mounted on a table. It mainly consists of blower with regulator to vary the air flow rate, electrically heated test section, orifice and a Water tube manometer. AGL pipe is fitted at the outlet of air blower and is connected to the test section where surface of pipe is heated by using nichrome heater clamped on the pipe. Six thermocouples are fitted inside the test section to measure the temperature of air and surface temperature of pipe. An orifice meter is fitted at the outlet of the test section for measurement of air flow with the help of Water tube manometer. By using dimmerstat the heat input for heater can be varied. A digital temperature indicator is used to measure the temperature with the help of thermocouples provided. SPECIFICATIONS 1) Industrial Type Air Blower with AC motor 0.35 HP, 2800 rpm, 230 V AC, having provision to increase the air flow rate by control valve, Model : 50 No. 2) Orifice diameter — 14 mm. 3) Band type Nichrome heater (MS in Brass ) mounted on test pipe surface - 38mm Dia. x 400 mm Lt. Capacity — 400 watt. 4) Dimmerstat 2 amp., 230 V, Open type. 5) Digital Temp. Indicator : Range 0 — 300°C : Make : ES Point, 6) Digital Ammeter 0 - 2 Amps., 230 VAC Make : Selec. 7) Digital Voltmeter = 0- 199.9 VAC Make : Selec. 8) Cr/Al Thermocouple - 6 Nos. 9) Length of the test section — 400 mm. Test Pipe : Material : Copper. 10) Water tube manometer with scale. 11) Table & Stand made up of MS square hollow pipe and Angle. Both side Laminated boards are fixed on the top and front side of the table. PROCEDURE 1) Switch On the blower switch and adjust the air flow by using Control. Valve provided on the blower as desired. 2) Now afier adjusting the air flow rate switch on the Heater switch. 3) Now, give heat input by dimmerstat ( say 80 V, 100 V, etc) to desired value, (DO NOT EXCEED 80 watt ) 4) Observe that the temperature of air and wall increases. 5) Wait for one hour approximately to achieve steady state conditions. 6) Record all six temperatures by using selector switch. 7) Note down the readings in observation table, 8) Repeat the experiment for different heat input as well as different air flow conditions, OBSERVATIONS 1) Test section length - 400 mm, 2) LD. of GL. Pipe— 28 mm. 3) Air temperatures -T; & Ts 4) Pipe surface temperatures ~ T3, Ts, Ts, Ts 5) Orifice diameter — 14 mm. CALCULATI 1) The value of heat transfer coefficient ‘h,’ can be calculated by using hy Wim °C AC.-Ta) Where Q, is the heat transfer rate to air Qe- mxepxAT m = Mass flow rate of air from orifice meter reading. - kg/see cp = Sp. Heat of air at T, - 1005 Ivkg.m"C AT = Temperature rise of air (Ts-T)) °C A. = heat transfer area - m? = mxdxL Average surface Temp. of pipe. Tht Ts % 7 c T, = Average surface Temp. of air - Th 4 2 c Now ‘q’ Air flow rate = cd * n/4* d? 2gehpo ween /Sec. pa Mass flow rate of air ‘m’ Air flow rate (q) x density of air at T, x 3600 kg/hr. Where d dia, of orifice in m, h = manometer head in m Po = density of water 1000 Kg/m? (Ti + Te) pa= density of air at Ta ~ 5 m3/Sec. ‘Now mass flow rate of air m= q X Ppa Kg/sec, Heat transfer rate to air Qa= mxcpx AT... Watt. 2) Nusselt number (Nu) ha x di N " K Where K = Thermal conductivity of air at Ta 3) Reynold’s Number (Re) Vxdi v Re = V_ = Velocity of air in pipe ....m/see. = a/A A = x/4di2 m? 4 = air flow rate m9/sec., di = Dia. of Pipe = 28 mm Kinematic viscosity of air at Ta Now we have Nu = 0,023 (Re}®8 (pr)®4 Where pr = Prandalt number from table at Ta PRECAUTIONS 1. DO NOT EXCEED THE VOLTAGE WHILE GIVING HEATER INPUT BEYOND 80 watts ON VOLTMETER. Selector switch, dimmer knobs should be used gently. 3. When the experiment is over, turn the dimmer knob to zero position and allow the blower to run for 5 to 10 minutes. 4, Run the equipment once in a week for better performance. 5, Do not disturb the Thermocouple wires. SERVICE REQUIRED: 230 V., Single phase A.C. supply. 10 I. NATURAL CONVECTION AIM:- To determine the natural convection heat transfer coe! jent for the vertical Cylindrical tube which is exposed to atmospheric air and losing heat by natural convection. APPARATUS: The apparatus consists of stainless steel tube fitted in a rectangular duct in vertical fashion. The heat input to heater is measured by an ammeter and a voltmeter. The temperatures of the vertical tube are measured by 7 thermocouples and are marked on instrument panel. One more thermocouple is used to measure ambient temperature, The duct is open at top and the bottom forms an enclosure which serves the purpose of undisturbed surroundings, One side of the duct is made up of Perspex for visualization. ‘An electric heating element is kept in the vertical tube which internally heats the tube surface. The heat is lost to surrounding by natural convection. The tube is polished for minimum radiation losses. THEORY: ‘The heat transfer process is continuous and the heat transfer takes place due to the relative motion of hot and cold particles, The heat transfer coefficient is given by: h=q/A, (T; -T,) ‘Where, h=average heat transfer coefficient (HTC) for convective surface, qrheat transfer rate, T.=Avg. surface temperature, A.=Area of heat transfer surface, T,-Ambient surface temperature. T.is given by, Tea(T y+ Ty Ty Ty Ts Tot T/T The dependence of ‘h’ on all the above mentioned parameters is expressed in terms of dimensionless groups as follows, (h L/k) = A (gBAT L497)" (Cop /)” Where, A, m and n are empirical constants, L=characteristic length, k=thermal conductivity of fluid, g=Gravitational acceleration, f is coefficient of volumetric expansion, AT=T,-T,, v is dynamic viscosity and C, heat capacity at constant pressure For gases, » B= (/Tr+ 273) where, Ty=(Te+T,)/2 The Nusselt no, Nu=( L/B),.. nse The Grashof no., Gr=(gB AT L'/v’)..... The Prandtl no., Pr=(Cy 1 /k), Using 1 23 and 4 we get Nu=A(GrPr)™....... (S) ‘The product of Gr and Pr is another dimensionles Ra=Gr*Pr, (6) no. known as Rayleigh’s no. 1 ‘Therefore in terms of Ra, Nu is given by, Nu=A(Ra)", a) For vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection, A=0,59 and m= 0,25 for 10*

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