APr

ojectRepor
tOn
“
GASCHROMATOGRAPHY”

Submi
tt
edby
:
Ni
khi
lTawade 68
Mi
teshThakur 69
Pi
yushPat
il 46

Undert
hegui
danceof
Dr
.Ar
atiBar
ik

Chemi
calEngi
neer
ingDepar
tment

Mahat
maGandhimi
ssi
on’
scol
legeofengi
neer
ing
Technol
ogy

Nav
iMumbai

2021-
22
 Page|
1

I
ndex

Sr
. Cont
ent PageNo.
No
.
I
ndex……………………………………………………………. 01

Abst
ract
………………………………………………………… 02

1.I
ntr
oduct
ion…………………………………………………….
. 03

1.
1.Pr
inci
ple.
..
……………………………………………….
.. 04

1.
2.I
nst
rument
ati
on…………………………………………… 04

2.HowGCWor
k………………………………………………. 06

2.
1.Chr
omat
ogr
aphi
canal
ysi
s……….
…………………….
.. 06

2.
2.Appl
i
cat
ion………………………………………………… 06

3.Theappl
i
cat
ionofgaschr
omat
ogr
aphyt
oenv
ironment
al

anal
ysi
s………………………………………………………….
. 07

4.Appl
i
cat
ionofchr
omat
ogr
aphyi
nfoodanal
ysi
s……………… 07

5.Appl
i
cat
ionofGCi
ncat
aly
sis…………………………………. 07

6.Appl
i
cat
ionofGCt
othequal
i
tat
ive&quant
it
ati
ve

copol
yi
mideanal
ysi
s…………………………………………………………… 08

7.GCanal
ysi
sofxy
lenei
somer
s…………………………………… 09

8.GCanal
ysi
sofpet
rol
eum pr
oduct……………………………….
. 09

9.Concl
usi
on 10

Ref
erences……………………………………………………… 11
 Page|
2

Abst
ract

Gaschr omat ogr aphyi sat erm usedt odescr ibet hegr oupof
analytical separ ati
ont echniquesusedt oanal yzev olatile
substancesi nt hegasphase.I ngaschr omat ogr aphy , the
component sofasampl ear edi ssolvedi nasol ventand
vapor izedi nor dert osepar atet heanal y
tesbydi stribut ingt he
sampl ebet weent wophases: ast ati
onar yphaseandamobi l
e
phase.Themobi l
ephasei sachemi cal l
yiner tgast hatser ves
tocar ryt hemol eculesoft heanal ytethr ought heheat ed
column.Gaschr omat ogr aphyi soneoft hesol ef ormsof
chromat ogr aphyt hatdoesnotut il
izet hemobi lephasef or
interactingwi tht heanal y t
e.Thest ationar yphasei sei thera
sol i
dadsor bant ,ter medgas- solidchr omat ogr aphy( GSC) , ora
l
iquidonani nertsuppor t,termedgas- li
qui dchr omat ogr aphy
(
GLC) .Gaschr omat ographyi sani nst rument altechni queused
forensical lyindr uganal ysis,arson, toxicologyanal ysesof
otheror ganiccompounds.
 Page|
3

1.I
ntr
oduct
ion

GasChr
omat
ogr
aphyi
sawi
del
yusedanal
yti
cal
techni
queusedt
osepar
ate&anal
yzet
he

gaseous&v
olat
il
ecompounds.I
n1952,
Moder
nGasChr
omat
ogr
aphywasi
nvent
edby

James&Mar
ti
n.Si
nceear
ly1950’
sthi
stechni
quewasf
ir
stusedf
ort
hesepar
ati
onofami
no

aci
dsnowGChasl
argenumberofappl
i
cat
ionsast
hist
echni
quei
srapi
d&hasagr
eat

sensi
ti
vi
ty.Bot
hqual
i
tat
ive&quant
it
ati
veanal
ysi
scanbedonet
hroughGC.Ev
enmi
nut
e

quant
it
ysampl
ecanbeanal
yzedt
hroughGC.
Ingaschr
omat
ogr
aphy
,thesampl
eis

di
ssol
vedi
nasol
ventandv
apor
izedi
nor
dert
osepar
atet
heanal
ytes.Thesampl
eis

di
str
ibut
edbet
weent
wophases:
ast
ati
onar
yphaseandamobi
l
ephase.Themobi
l
ephase

i
sachemi
cal
l
yiner
tgassuchashel
i
um,
nit
rogenet
c.Gaschr
omat
ogr
aphyi
soneoft
he

uni
quef
ormsofchr
omat
ogr
aphyt
hatdoesnotneedt
hemobi
l
ephasef
ori
nter
act
ingwi
th

t
heanal
yte.Thest
ati
onar
yphasei
sei
therasol
i
dadsor
bent
,ter
medgas-
sol
i
d

chr
omat
ogr
aphy(
GSC)
,oral
i
qui
donani
ner
tsuppor
t,t
ermedgas-
li
qui
d
 Page|
4

1.
1Pr
inci
ple
In gas-
soli
d chromat
ogr
aphy
,sol
i
d adsor
benti
sused asa st
ati
onar
yphase &
separat
iontakes

pl
acethr
oughadsor
pti
onpr
ocesswhi
l
eingas-l
i
qui
dchr
omat
ogr
aphy
,thest
ati
onar
y
phase

consi
stsoft
hinl
ayerofnon-
vol
ati
l
eli
qui
dboundt
osol
i
dsuppor
t&separ
ati
ont
akes
pl
ace

t
hrought hepr
ocessofpar
ti
ti
on.
Gas-
li
qui
dchr
omat
ogr
aphyi
smostcommol
yused
t
echnique.

Thesamplewhi
chi
stobesepar
atedi
sfi
rstconv
ert
edi
ntov
apour
s&t
husmi
xed
wit
hgaseous

mobil
ephase.Component
sofasampl
ethatar
emor
esol
ubl
einst
ati
onar
yphase
t
rav
elssl
ower&

the componentsthatar
eless sol
ubl
ein st
ati
onar
y phase t
rav
elsf
ast
er.The
componentsarethus

separ
atedaccor
dingt
othei
rpar
ti
ti
onco-
eff
ici
ent
 Page|
5

1.
2Inst
rument
ati
on
Gener
all
y,al
lthechr
omat
ogr
aphs(
GSCorGLC)consi
stsofsi
xbasi
ccomponent
s:

1.Sampl
einj
ect
ionsy
stem:Asampl
epor
tisnecessar
yfori
ntr
oduci
ngt
hesampl
eat
t
heheadoft
hecol
umn.Acal
i
brat
edmi
crosy
ringei
susedt
otr
ansf
erav
olumeof
sampl
ethr
oughar
ubbersept
um andt
husi
ntot
hev
apor
izat
ionchamber
.Mostof
t
hesepar
ati
onsr
equi
reonl
yasmal
lfr
act
ionoft
hei
nit
ialsampl
evol
umeanda
sampl
e spl
i
tteri
s used t
o di
rectexcess sampl
eto wast
e.Commer
cialgas
chr
omat
ogr
aphs i
nvol
ves t
he use ofbot
h spl
i
tand spl
i
tless i
nject
ions when
al
ter
nat
ing bet
ween packed col
umns and capi
l
lar
y col
umns.The v
apor
izat
ion
chamberi
sty
pical
l
yheat
ed50°
Cabov
ethel
owestboi
l
ingpoi
ntoft
hesampl
eand
subsequent
lymi
xedwi
tht
hecar
ri
ergast
otr
anspor
tthesampl
eint
othecol
umn.

2.Car
ri
erGas:Acar
ri
ergaspl
aysav
italr
olei
nGC.I
tshoul
dbei
ner
t,dr
y&f
reeof
oxy
gen.Hel
i
um ,Ni
tr
ogen,ar
gon & hy
drogen gases ar
e used as car
ri
ergas
dependi
ngupont
hedesi
redper
for
mance& det
ect
orbei
ngused.
Car
ri
ergasi
s
suppl
i
edathi
ghpr
essur
e&i
spassedt
oinst
rumentatar
api
d&r
epr
oduci
bler
ate.

3.Separ
ati
oncol
umn:Opent
ubul
arcol
umnsorcapi
l
lar
ycol
umns&packedcol
umns
ar
eusedi
nGC.Thef
ir
stt
ypeofcapi
l
lar
ycol
umni
sawal
l
-coat
edopent
ubul
ar
(
WCOT)col
umnand t
hesecondt
ypei
sasuppor
t-
coat
edopent
ubul
ar(
SCOT)
col
umn.WCOTcol
umnsar
ehav
eat
hinl
ateroft
hest
ati
onar
yphasecoat
edal
ong
t
hecol
umnwal
l
s.I
nSCOTcol
umns,t
hecol
umnwal
l
sar
efi
rstcoat
edwi
that
hin
l
ayerofadsor
bantsol
i
d,suchasdi
atomaceousear
th,amat
eri
alwhi
chconsi
stsof
si
ngl
e-cel
l
ed,sea-
plantskel
etons.Theadsor
bantsol
i
dist
hent
reat
edwi
tht
hel
i
qui
d
st
ati
onar
yphase.Whi
l
eSCOTcol
umnsar
ecapabl
eofhol
dingagr
eat
erv
olumeof
st
ati
onar
yphaset
hanaWCOTcol
umnduet
oit
sgr
eat
ersampl
ecapaci
ty,WCOT
 Page|
6

col
umnsst
il
lhav
egr
eat
ercol
umnef
fi
cienci
es.Oneoft
hemostpopul
art
ypesof
capi
l
lar
ycol
umnsi
scal
l
edt
hecoat
edFusedSi
l
icaopent
ubul
arcol
umn.

4.Col
umnOv
enorTher
most
atchamber
s:Thet
her
most
atov
enar
ether
etocont
rol
t
he

t
emper
atur
eoft
hecol
umnt
oconductpr
eci
sewor
k.Theov
encanbeoper
atedi
n
t
wo

manner
s:i
sot
her
mal
progr
ammi
ngort
emper
atur
epr
ogr
ammi
ng.I
nisot
her
mal

pr
ogr
ammi
ng,
thet
emper
atur
eoft
hecol
umni
shel
dconst
antt
hroughoutt
hewhol
e

separ
ati
on.I
nthet
emper
atur
epr
ogr
ammi
ngmet
hod,t
hecol
umnt
emper
atur
eis
ei
ther

i
ncr
easedcont
inuousl
yori
nst
epsast
hesepar
ati
onpr
ogr
esses.

5.Det
ect
ors:Mostcommont
ypesofdet
ect
orsusedi
nGCar
e:MassSpect
romet
er,
Fl
ame

i
oni
zat
iondet
ect
or(
FID)
,El
ect
roncapt
uredet
ect
or(
ECD)
,Ther
mal
conduct
ivi
ty

det
ect
or(
TCD)
,At
omi
cemi
ssi
ondet
ect
or(
AED)
,Phot
oioni
zti
ondet
ect
or(
PID)
,

Chemi
l
umnescencedet
ect
or.Det
ect
ori
spr
esentatt
heendoft
hecol
umn&gi
ves
t
he

quant
it
ati
ve measur
ementoft
he component
s oft
he mi
xtur
e as t
heyel
utei
n
combi
nat
ion

wi
tht
hecar
ri
ergas.

6.Ampl
i
ficat
ion&Recor
dersy
stem:
Thesear
ethel
ast&f
inal
component
sofGC

i
nst
rument
ati
on.Thesear
emeantt
orecor
dthesi
gnal
sthatcomef
rom t
hedet
ect
or.
These

usespeci
alel
ect
roni
cci
rcui
tst
hepr
ocess&ampl
i
fyt
hesi
gnal
ssoast
odi
spl
ayi
n
an

under
standabl
egr
aphi
calf
ormatt
hatr
epr
esent
ssev
eralpeaksoft
heconst
it
uent
s
 Page|
7

oft
he

sampl
eunderanal
ysi
s

Fl
owr
egul
ator
s&f
lowmet
ersar
eal
sot
her
einGCt
odel
i
vert
hecar
ri
ergaswi
th

uni
for
m pr
essur
e&f
lowr
ate.
 Page|
8

2HowGCwor
ks
I
nGC,
fir
stl
yvapor
izedsampl
eisi
nject
edi
ntot
hechr
omat
ogr
aphi
ccol
umnandt
hen
sampl
e

mov
est
hrought
hecol
umnwi
tht
hef
low ofi
ner
tgas&r
esul
tsi
nthesepar
ati
onof
t
he

component
sofsampl
ewhi
char
erecor
dedasasequenceofpeaksast
heyl
eav
ethe
col
umn.The

di
ff
erentcomponent
soft
hesampl
esepar
ated&el
utedatdi
ff
erent&par
ti
cul
art
ime
whi
chi
s

cal
l
edr
etent
iont
ime.Ret
ent
iont
imei
sdet
ermi
nedbyeachcomponentr
eachi
ngt
he
component

atachar
act
eri
sti
cti
me.

2.
1Chr
omat
ogr
aphi
canal
ysi
s

Thenumberofpeaksdet
ermi
nest
henumberofcomponent
spr
esenti
nthegi
ven
sampl
e,t
he

i
dent
it
yoft
hecomponent
sar
edet
ermi
nedbyt
hei
rchar
act
eri
sti
cret
ent
iont
imes&
t
hequant
it
y

oft
hecomponenti
nagi
vensampl
eisdet
ermi
nedbyt
hear
eaundert
hepeaks.
[1]

2.
2Appl
i
cat
ions

GC has wi
de r
ange ofappl
i
cat
ions i
nvar
ious f
iel
ds .
Ithas a medi
cinal&
phar
maceut
ical

appl
i
cat
ions.I
tisusedi
nfood,
bev
erage,
flav
or&f
ragr
anceanal
ysi
s.I
tisal
sohel
pful
i
n

env
ironment
alanal
ysi
sandmoni
tor
ing.I
tisusedt
odet
ectdopi
ngofdr
ugs.
In
f
orensi
cs,
iti
s
 Page|
9

usedi
ncasesofar
son,det
ect
ionofbodyf
lui
ds,f
ort
het
est
ingoff
iber,bl
ood
al
cohol
,det
ect
ion

ofpoi
sons,pest
ici
des&al
sot
odet
ectexpl
osi
vesr
esi
dues.I
tisal
sousef
uli
n
Secur
it
yand

chemi
cal
war
far
eagentdet
ect
ion.

3Theappl
icat
ionofgaschr
omat
ogr
aphyt
oenv
ironment
alanal
ysi
s:GC
hassi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
n

t
hei
dent
if
icat
ion&quant
if
icat
ionofpol
l
utant
sofenv
ironment
.Capi
l
lar
yGCi
sused
i
nthe

anal
ysi
sofv
ari
ouscl
assesofper
sist
entor
gani
ccont
ami
nant
sinai
r,wat
er,soi
l
s,
sedi
ment
sand

bi
ota.The or
gani
c pol
l
utantgr
oups l
i
ke v
olat
il
e or
gani
c compounds (
VOCs)
;
pol
ycy
cli
c

ar
omat
ichy
drocar
bons(
PAHs)
;pest
ici
des;andhal
ogenat
edcompoundssuchas
pol
ychl
ori
nat
ed

di
benzo-
p-di
oxi
ns and di
benzof
urans, pol
ychl
ori
nat
ed bi
pheny
l, t
erpheny
ls,
napht
hal
enesand

al
kanes, or
ganochl
ori
ne pest
ici
des, and t
he br
omi
nat
ed f
lame r
etar
dant
s,
pol
ybr
omi
nat
ed

bi
pheny
lsandpol
ybr
omi
nat
eddi
pheny
let
her
sar
eanal
ysedbyGC

4 Appl
i
cat
ion of gas chr
omat
ogr
aphy i
n f
ood anal
ysi
s: Gas
chr
omat
ogr
aphy(
GC)i
swi
del
y

usedi
nfoodanal
ysi
s.Quant
it
ati
veandqual
i
tat
iveanal
ysi
soff
oodcomposi
ti
on,
nat
ural

pr
oduct
s,f
oodaddi
ti
ves,f
lav
orandar
omacomponent
s,av
ari
etyoft
ransf
ormat
ion
pr
oduct
sand

cont
ami
nant
s,such as pest
ici
des,f
umi
gant
s,env
ironment
alpol
l
utant
s,nat
ural
t
oxi
ns,
vet
eri
nar
y
 Page|
10

dr
ugs,
andpackagi
ngmat
eri
alsar
edonet
hroughGC.
[3]

5 Appl
icat
ion ofGC i
n cat
aly
sis:Det
ermi
nat
ion oft
he phy
sicochemi
cal
pr
oper
ti
esofsol
i
d

cat
aly
stsandadsor
bent
s,cat
aly
stev
aluat
ionandki
net
icsofcat
aly
ticr
eact
ions,
and
st
udyof

cat
aly
ticr
eact
ionsar
edoneunderchr
omat
ogr
aphi
ccondi
ti
ons.GCi
s110l
ongert
o
ber
egar
ded

mer
ely as an anal
yti
calt
oolf
or t
he qui
ck (
and,i
f necessar
y,cont
inuous)
det
ermi
nat
ionof

pr
oductcomposi
ti
on,butasanessent
ialpar
tofani
ntegr
atedpr
ogr
am ofki
net
ic
anal
ysi
s,

i
ncl
udi
ngt
hedet
ermi
nat
ionofr
eact
ionpar
amet
ersaswel
lasdi
ff
usi
onalconst
ant
s.
GCcanbe

usedi
nthest
udyofcat
aly
sisi
ntwoway
s.I
nthef
ir
st,t
hecat
aly
stunderst
udyi
s
packedi
na

chr
omat
ogr
aphi
ccol
umn,andt
hepr
oper
ti
esar
eest
imat
edbyt
hechr
omat
ogr
aphi
c
par
amet
ers

suchasr
etent
iont
ime,
ret
ent
ionv
olume,
bandwi
dthandshape,
andbehav
ioroft
he

chr
omat
ogr
aphi
cpeak;whi
l
eint
hesecond,ami
cror
eact
or,i
nwhi
chacat
aly
tic
r
eact
ionor

cer
tai
nmeasur
ement
sont
hecat
aly
star
ecar
ri
edout
,isdi
rect
lyconnect
edt
othe

chr
omat
ogr
aphi
csy
stem whosef
unct
ioni
stopr
ovi
dear
api
danal
ysi
soff
eedand
pr
oduct
soft
he

cat
aly
ticpr
ocess.
[4]

6 Appl
icat
ion ofGC t
othe qual
it
ati
ve & quant
it
ati
ve Copol
yami
de
anal
ysi
s:

Thepr
evi
oust
echni
quesusedf
ort
heanal
ysi
sofcopol
yami
dear
eti
meconsumi
ng&
 Page|
11

ar
eunabl
etogi
vebot
h

qual
i
tat
iveaswel
lasquant
it
ati
veanal
ysi
s.Thegaschr
omat
ogr
aphi
csepar
ati
onof
t
hedi
aci
ds

r
ecov
ered f
rom hy
drol
yzed copol
yami
des pr
epar
ed f
rom hexamet
hyl
enedi
ami
ne
gi
vesbot
h

qual
i
tat
ive& quant
it
ati
ver
esul
ts.Themet
hodr
equi
resonl
ylesst
henor0.
2gm
sampl
es.The

per
cent6ny
loni
ncopol
yami
dei
sdet
ermi
ned,bydi
ff
erence&wi
thcopol
yami
de
madef
rom

mor
ethandi
ami
ne,acal
i
ber
ati
oncur
vef
oreachdi
ami
net
henbepr
epar
edaswel
l
asf
ordi
aci
ds.

Thi
smet
hodi
nvol
vest
hegaschr
omat
ogr
aphi
cresol
uti
onoft
hepol
ymerhy
drol
yzat
e
.t
he

l
i
ber
ated di
aci
ds i
nthe hy
drozy
lat
e ar
e est
eri
fi
ed wi
tht
he bor
on t
ri
fl
our
ide –
met
hanol
&the

di
est
ers ar
erecov
ered i
nthe di
ethy
let
her
,dr
ied,gas chr
omat
ogr
aphed & t
he
r
etent
iont
imei
s

measur
edt
oident
if
ythecor
respondi
ngdi
aci
d.Asecondhy
drol
yzedusedi
smade
madecaust
ic,

ext
ract
edwi
thn-
but
anolwhi
chi
sthenr
emov
edbyat
mospher
icdi
sti
l
lat
ion&t
hus
t
her
esi
duei
s

gaschr
omat
ogr
aphedt
oident
if
ydi
ami
nes.
[5]

7GC anal
ysi
sofxy
lenei
somer
s:Xyl
enei
somer
sar
epr
ecur
sor
stomany
chemi
cal
s.o-
xyl
enei
sa

pr
ecur
sorf
orpt
hal
i
canhy
dri
de,m-x
ylenei
sapr
ecur
sorf
ori
sopt
hal
i
caci
d,p-
xy
lenei
s

apr
ecur
sorf
ort
etr
apt
hal
i
caci
d& di
met
hylt
erept
hal
ate.Thecr
esoli
somer
sar
e
 Page|
12

pr
ecur
sor
sto

manychemi
cal
s.Thechr
omat
ogr
am ofami
xtur
eofar
omat
ic& met
hylphenol
compoundswas

gener
atedusi
nganSLB-
IL60i
oni
cli
qui
dcol
umn.I
t’
sint
erat
ionmechani
smsal
l
ows
t
he

separ
ati
onofal
lthr
eexy
lenei
somer
s&al
lthr
eecr
esol
isomer
s.[
6]

8GCanal
ysi
sofpet
rol
eum pr
oduct
s:Thepet
rol
eum pr
oduct
ssuchasj
etf
uel
pet
rol
,di
esel

ker
osenear
eal
soanal
ysedt
hroughGC.Testpar
amet
ersi
nvol
vescol
umn-supeul
–QPLOT,

ov
en-
35degr
eecel
sius,16degr
eepermi
n.t
o250degr
eeCel
sius,det
ect
or–TCD,
car
ri
ergas–

He,
sampl
e-j
etf
uel
.GCanal
ysi
sofwat
eri
bgasol
i
nei
sal
sodone.
[6]

Ot
hercommonappl
icat
ions

I
dent
if
icat
ionofhazar
douscompoundsi
nwast
edamps.

Quant
if
icat
ion of dr
ugs & t
hei
r met
abol
i
tes i
n bl
ood & ur
ine f
or bot
h
phar
macol
ogi
cal
&

f
orensi
cappl
i
cat
ions.

I
dent
if
icat
ionofr
eact
ionpr
oduct
s.

Quant
if
icat
ionofpol
l
utant
sindr
inki
ng&wast
ewat
er.

Anal
ysi
sofi
ndust
ri
alpr
oduct
sforqual
i
tycont
rol
.

Ski
nsampl
eanal
ysi
s.
 Page|
13

RNAi
sol
ati
on.

Ast
rochemi
str
y&geochemi
cal
sear
ch

9Concl
usi
on:

Thus,i
tcanbeconcl
udedt
hatatpr
esent
,GC i
sthemost
wi
del
yusedanal
yti
calt
echni
que

av
ail
abl
eforsepar
ati
ons&i
dent
if
icat
ionsofcompoundsor
compl
exmi
xtur
es.
Thef
act
orst
hat

makesGC mostwi
del
yusedt
echni
quear
eit
’sspeed,good
r
esol
vi
ngpower,
sensi
ti
vi
tywi
thf
ew

mgofsampl
e,goodpr
eci
sion&accur
acy
 Page|
14

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