Plastic Waste Management

Plastic Waste Management

A Project Report On
“Different types of reactors”
Submitted by:

Nikhil ChandraKant Tawade 63

Mitesh suryakanThakur 64
Piyush somnath patil 44

Under the guidance of

Dr. Arati Barik

Chemical Engineering Department

Mahatma Gandhi mission’s college of

engineering Technology
Navi Mumbai
 Plastic Waste Management

2022-2023

MAHATMA GANDHI’S MISSIONS COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Plot no. 1,2, Sion-Panvel Express Highway, Sector-

18,Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, PIN: 410209.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify to that the following students:

Sr. No. Name of students: Roll UID No.

No.

1. Nikhil ChandraKant Tawade 63 121CH3145A

2. Mitesh suryakan Thakur 64 121CH3356A

3. Piyush somnath patil 44 121CH3282A

of third year degree in Chemical Engineering have successfully

Completed the project work on

“Different Types Of Reactors”

As the Partial Fulfilment Prescribed By the Mumbai University in the Year

2022-2023
 Plastic Waste Management

Dr. Cyrus Mistry Dr. Arati Barik

(H.O.D.) Examiner (Project Guide)
 Plastic Waste Management

Preface

As required by the Mumbai University syllabus in the subject “Mini Project - II” The
objective of this report is the partial fulfilment of Mini Project term work. To gain
knowledge on this particular topic, we are required to make a report on “Plastic
Waste Management.” This project aims to analyse the topic’s meaning.

Doing this project report helped us enhance our knowledge in the technical field and
through this report, we learn about the importance of teamwork and the role of
devotion toward work.

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 Plastic Waste Management

Abstract

The purpose of this project is to study about plastic waste management.

Plastic waste becomes one of the world's growing concerns due to its increasing
production and consumption by human. By 2050, the world might have plastics in
the oceans much more than fish. Therefore, it is threatening the world's
environment, economy and human health. Based on latest global statistics, most
common plastic waste is either landfilled, recycled or incinerated. Recycling is the
least implemented method. Degradation of manufactured plastics can take
between 100 to 600 years. They get fragmented in the terrestrial and aquatic
environments into little particles called "microplastics", which may end in human
body through food chain, derma products and drinking bottled water.

As per above mentioned, plastic waste (Solid waste) is harmful for environment
and now it is getting worst. As in now days the production rate of plastic is much
higher than expected. If we ban the plastic right asway the impact of that on
citizens will be bad. So we have to reduce plastic waste instead of banning it right
away. And the next step is to use R3 rule applied by government that is reduce,
reuse and recycle. There are different methods comes under recycle process,
which are chemical recycling and mechanical recycling and there are also several
different sub -processes comes under those tow categories. In this report we
studied those processes and importance of plastic waste management.

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Acknowledgement

It is a privilege for us to have been associated with Dr. Arati Barik our guide
during this project work. We have been greatly benefited by his valuable
suggestions and ideas. It is with greatly pleasure that we express our deep sense
of gratitude to her for valuable guidance constant encouragement and patience
throughout this work. We wish to express our warm and sincere thanks to ma’am
for continuous support and feedback to improve our academic performance.

We express our gratitude to Dr. Vidyanand G. Asagai (Vice Principal), and

Chemical Engineering Dr. Cyrus Mistry (Head Of Department) for their constant
encouragement, co-operation and support.

We take this opportunity to thank all our classmates for their company during the
course work and for useful discussion we had with them.

Submitted by,

Student Name Roll

No
Nikhil ChandraKant 63
Tawade
Mitesh suryakan Thakur 64
Piyush somnath patil 44

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TABLE OF CONTETNTS

Content

Preface…………………………………………………………………………….........
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………..
Table of Content……………………………………………………………………….
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….........
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………...
Chapters

1. Glossar
1.1. Diabatic reactor
1.2. Batch reacto
1.3. Catalyti
1.4. Continues stirred tank reactor
1.5. Conversion
1.6. Elementary reaction
1.7. Isothermal rector
1.8. Product distribution
1.9. Rate constant
1.10. Rate equation
1.11. Reaction mechanism
1.12. Space time

2. Reactor classification…………………………………………………………………
2.1 operation type
2.2 batch
2.3 semibatch
2.4 continuous flow reactor.

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3. number of phase
3.1 Homogeneous
3.2 Heterogeneous

4. Reaction type
4.1 catalyst
4.2 non catalyst
4.3 auto catalyst
4.4 biological
4.5 polymerization
5. Combinat term……………………………………………………….
5.1 primary reactors

6. Types of reactors
A) Description
B) classification
C) Design parameters
D) Application
E) advantage and disadvantage
References……………………………………………………………………………...

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GLOSSARY

1.1 Diabatic reactor: Vessel that is well insulated to minimize heat

transfer and has an increase or decrease in temperature from the initial
inlet conditions due solely to the heats of reaction.

1.2 Batch reactor: Vessel used for chemical reaction that has no feed or
effluent streams. The reactor is well stirred and usually run either
isothermally or adiabatically. The
main design variable is how much time the reactants are allowed remain
in the reactor to achieve the desired level of conversion.

1.3 Catalyst: Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

without being consumed in the reaction.

1.4 Continuous stirred tank reactor: Sometimes called a continuous-

flow stirred-tank reactor, ideal mixer, or mixed-flow reactor, all describing
reactors with continuous input and output of material. The outlet
concentration is assumed to be the same as the concentration at any
point in the reactor.

1.5 Conversion: Fraction or percentage that describes the extent of a

chemical reaction. Conversion is calculated by dividing the number of
moles of a reactant that reacted by the initial moles of reactant.
Conversion is defined only in terms of a reactant.

1.6 Elementary reaction: Reaction that has a rate equation that can be
written directly from a knowledge of the stoichiometry.

1.7 Isothermal reactor: Any type of chemical reactor operated at

constant temperature. Mean residence time: Average time molecules
remain in the reactor. Note that this is different from space time.
Multiple reactions: Series or parallel reactions that take place
simultaneously in a reactor. For example, A + B → C and A + D → E are
parallel reactions, and A + B
→ C + D → E + F are series reactions.

1.8 Plug flow reactor: Sometimes called a piston flow or a perfect flow
reactor. The plug flow reactor has continuous input and output of
material. The plug flow assumption generally requires turbulent flow. No

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radial concentration gradients are assumed.

1.9 Product distribution: Fraction or percent of products in the reactor

effluent.

1.10 Rate constant: Constant that allows the proportionality between

rate and concentration to be written as a mathematical relationship. The
rate constant is a function of temperature only and is generally modeled
by an exponential relationship such as the Arrhenius equation.

1.11 Rate equation: Mathematical expression that is a function of both

concentration of reactants or products, and temperature.

1.12 Reaction mechanism: Series of elementary reaction steps that

when combined, gives the overall rate of reaction.

1.13 Space time: Time to process one reactor volume based on inlet
conditions.

1.14 Yield: Moles of a desired product divided by moles of a limiting

reactant. A chemical reactor is any type of vessel used in transforming
raw materials to desired products. The vessels themselves can be
simple mixing tanks or complex flow reactors.
In all cases, a reactor must provide enough time for chemical reaction to
take place. The design of chemical reactors encompasses at least three
fields of chemical

1.15 Engineering: thermodynamics, kinetics, and heat transfer. For

example, if a reaction is run in a typical batch reactor, a simple mixing
vessel, what is the maximum conversion expected? This is a
thermodynamic question answered with knowledge
of chemical equilibrium. Also, we might like to know how long the
reaction should proceed to achieve a desired conversion. This is a
kinetic question. We must know not only the stoichiometry of the
reaction but also the rates of the forward and the reverse reactions.We
might also wish to know how much heat must be transferred to or from
the reactor to maintain isothermal conditions. This is a heat transfer
problem in combination with a thermodynamic problem. We must know
whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.

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CHAPTER 02: Reactor Classifications

Reactors may be classified by several different methods depending on

the variables of interest. There is no single clear cut procedure for

reactor classification. As a result, several of the more common

classification schemes are presented here.

2.1. OPERATION TYPE

The operational configuration for the reactor can be a primary method of

classification.

2.2. Batch

Batch reactors are operated with all the material placed in the reactor

prior to the start of reaction, and all the material is removed after the

reaction has been complete

2.3 Semibatch

The semibatch reactor combines attributes of the batch and the continuous-stirred tank. The

reactor is essentially batch but has either a continuous input or outpustream during

operation.

2.4 Continuous Flow Reactors

Continuous flow reactors represent the largest group of reactor types by operational

classification. Several continuous flow reactors are used industrially.

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a. The continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) involves feeding reactants into a wellmixed

tank with simultaneous product removal.

b. The plug flow reactor (PFR) consists of a long pipe or tube. The reacting mixture
moves down the tube resulting in a change in concentration down the length of the
reactor.

c. In the recycle reactor part of the outlet stream is returned to the inlet of the reactor.

Although not a typical reactor classification by type, the recycle reactor allows
for continuous operation in regimes between CSTR and PFR conditions.

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CHAPTER 03:- NUMBER OF PHASES

Reactors can also be classified by the number of phases

present in the reactor at any time.

3.1 Homogeneous

Homogeneous reactors contain only one phase throughout the reactor.

3.2 Heterogeneous

Heterogeneous reactors contain more than one phase Several

heterogeneous reactor

types are available due to various combinations of phases

a. Gas-liquid

b. Gas-solid

c. Liquid-soli

Multiphase reactor configurations are strongly influenced by mass

transfer operations..Any of the reactor types presented above can

operated as multiphase reactorCHAP

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CHAPTER 04 :- REACTION TYPES

Classification of reactors can also be made by reaction type

4.1 Catalytic

Reactions that require the presence of a catalyst to obtain the rate conditions

necessary for that particular reactor design.

4.2 Noncatalytic

Reactions that do not include either a homogeneous or heterogeneous

catalyst.

4.3 Autocatalytic

Reaction scheme whereby one of the products increases the overall rate of

reaction.

4.4. Biological

Reactions that involve living cells (enzymes, bacteria, or yeast), parts of cells,

or products from cells required for the reaction scheme.

4.5 Polymerization

Reactions that involve formation of molecular chains, whether on a solid

support or in solution.

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CHAPTER 05 :- COMBINATION OF TERMS

Any combination of the above classifications can be used to describe a

reactor: for example, a heterogeneous-catalytic-batch reactor.

II. Primary Reactors

There are five primary reactor designs based in theory: batch, semibatch,

continuousstirred tank, plug flow, and fluidized bed. The operating

expressions for these reactors are derived from material and energy balances,

and each represents a specific mode of operation. Selected reactor

configurations are presented

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CHAPTER 06 :- BATCH REACTOR

BATCH

6.1 DESCRIPTION. Batch processes are the easiest to understand since they

strongly relate to "cookbook" technology. You put everything in at the

beginning and stop the reaction at some time later. This cookbook technology

allows for immediate production of a new product without extensive

knowledge of the reaction kinetics. [See BATCH PROCESSING (CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING) .]

The reactor is characterized by no addition of reactant or removal of product

during the reaction. Any reaction being carried out with this constraint,

regardless of any other reactor characteristic, is considered batch. The

assumptions for batch operation are (1) the contents of the tank are well

mixed, (2) reaction does not occur to any appreciable degree until filling and

startup procedures are complete, and (3) the reaction stops when quenched

or emptied. The reactor can be operated with either a homogeneous or

heterogeneous reaction mixture for almost any type of reaction.

6.2 CLASSIFICATION. The batch reactor, one of the five primary reactor

configurations, is the oldest reactor scheme.

6.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS. The design parameters for a batch reactor can be

as simple as concentration and time for isothermal systems. The number of

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parameters increases with each additional complication in the reactor. For

example, an additional reactant requires measurement of a second

concentration, a second phase adds parameters, and

6.4 variation of the reaction rate with temperature requires additional

descriptors: a frequency factor and an activation energy. These values can be

related to the reactor volume by the equations in Section III.

FIG. 1. Selected reactor configurations: (a) batch, (b) continuous stirred-tank

reactor, (c) plug flow reactor, (d) fluidized bed, (e) packed bed, (f) spray

column, and (g) bubble column

6.5 APPLICATIONS. Application of the batch reactor design equations

requires integration over time. Along with the simplicity of cookbook

chemistry, this is one of the major advantages of the batch reactor:

concentrations are not averaged over time. Initially, when concentrations are

at their highest, the corresponding rates of reaction are also high.This gives

the greatest amount of conversion in the shortest time. The integral reactor

design form makes the batch reactor attractive for higher-order reactions.

Batch is also good for reactions in series (if the reaction can be quickly

quenched), where large amounts of an intermediate can be produced quickly

before it has time to react away to a by-product.

The batch reactor is extremely flexible compared with continuous reactor

configurations. For example, temperature can easily be made a function of

reaction time. Once the reactor is put into service, operational alternatives are

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still available. The tank can be operated half-full without affecting product

quality, or the reaction time can be modified easily. Both of these changes

may cause heat and mass transfer problems in fixed-volume continuous

equipment. This flexibility is worthwhile for products that are made in various

grades, have seasonal demand, or have subjective specifications such as the

taste of beer.

Batch reactors are used extensively in industries where only small quantities

of product are made, such as pharmaceuticals. For small amounts, the

economy of scale hurts flow reactors, which typically have a higher initial

investment for controls and plumbing.

6.6 ADVANTAGES-DISADVANTAGES. The primary advantages of the batch

reactor are simplicity of design, which allows for tremendous flexibility, and

integration of the performance equation over time. The simplicity of design,

usually a stirred tank, makes operation and monitoring easy for the majority of

reactions. The integrated form of theperformance equation has varied

significance depending on the particular reaction scheme being performed.

For example, molecular weight distributions in polymerization reactions can

be controlled more precisely in batch reactors.

One of the traditional disadvantages of the batch reactor has been the labor

required between runs for emptying and filling the tank. With recent advances

in computer control, this disadvantage no longer exists. If the advantages of

batch are significant, the capital expense of computer control is essentially

negligible.
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CHAPTER 07 :- SEMIBATCH

7.1 DESCRIPTION. The semibatch reactor is a cross between an ordinary

batch reactor and a continuous-stirred tank reactor. The reactor has

continuous input of reactant through the course of the batch run with no

output stream. Another possibility for semibatch operation is continuous

withdrawal of product with no addition of reactant. Due to the crossover

between the other ideal reactor types, the semibatch uses all of the terms in

the general energy and material balances. This results in more complex

mathematical expressions. Since the single continuous stream may be either

an input or an output, the form of the equations depends upon the particular

mode of operation. Physically, the semibatch reactor looks similar to a batch

reactor or a CSTR. Reaction occurs in a stirred tank, with the following

assumptions: (1) the contents of the tank are well mixed, and (2) there are no

inlet or outlet effects caused by the continuous stream.

7.2 CLASSIFICATION. The semibatch reactor is one of the primary ideal

reactor types since it can not be accurately described as either a continuous

or a batch reactor. A semibatch reactor is usually classified as a type of

transient reactor.

7.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS. The major design parameters for a semibatch

reactor are similar to a batch reactor with the addition of flow into or out of

the tank.

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7.4 APPLICATIONS. The advantage of this reactor, with feed only, is for the

control of heat of extremely exothermic reactions. By inputting the feed

gradually during the course of the reaction, the concentration of feed in the

reactor can be kept lower than in normal batch operation. Also, the

temperature of the feed stream, when cooler than the Reaction mixture, has a

quenching effect. Some of the heat released during the reaction is used to

heat the feed material, thereby reducing the required capacity of the heating

coils. The semibatch can also be used to control the kinetics in multiple

reaction sequences. The selectivity may be shifted to one reaction by adding a

reactant slowly. This keeps one reactant concentration high with respect to

the other.

7.5 ADVANTAGES-DISADVANTAGES. The temperature-controlling features of

this reaction scheme dominate selection and use of the reactor. However, the

semibatch reactor does have some of the advantages of batch reactors:

temperature programming with time and variable reaction time control. The

temperature conditions and the batch nature of this reactor are the primary

operational difficulties and make the reactor impractical for most reactions,

even for computer-controlled systems. The majority of reactions considered

for semibatch are highly exothermic and, as such, are dangerous and require

special attention.

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CHAPTER 08:-CONTINUOUS-STIRRED TANK

8.1 DESCRIPTION. The continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) has continuous

input and output of material. The CSTR is well mixed with no dead zones or

bypasses in ideal operation. It may or may not include baffling. The

assumptions made for the ideal CSTR are (1) composition and temperature

are uniform everywhere in the tank, (2) the effluent composition is the same

as that in the tank, and (3) the tank operates at steady state. [SeeFLUID

MIXING.]

We traditionally think of the CSTR as having the appearance of a mixing tank.

Thisneed not be the case. The above assumptions can be met even in a long

tube if the mixing characteristics indicate high dispersion levels in the reactor.

This is particularly true of gassed liquids where the bubbling in the column

mixes the liquid.

8.2 CLASSIFICATION. The continuous-stirred tank reactor is one of the two

primary types of ideal flow reactors. It is also referred to as a mixed-flow

reactor, back-mix reactor, or constant-flow stirred-tank reactor.

DESIGN PARAMETERS. The CSTR is not an integral reactor. Since the same

concentration exists everywhere, and the reactor is operating at steady state,

there is only one reaction rate at the average concentration in the tank. Since

this concentration is low because of the conversion in the tank, the value for

the reaction rate is also low. This is particularly significant for higherorder

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reactions compared with integral reactor systems. Time is still an important

variable for continuous systems, but it is modified to relate to the steady-state

conditions that exist in the reactor. This time variable is referred to as space

time. Space time is the reactor volume divided by the inlet volumetric flow rate.

In other words, it is the time required to process one reactor volume of feed

material. Since concentration versus real time remains constant during the

course of a CSTR reaction, rate-data acquisition requires dividing the

difference in concentration from the inlet to the outlet by the space time for

the particular reactor operating conditions.

8.3 APPLICATIONS. The CSTR is particularly useful for reaction schemes that

require low concentration, such as selectivity between multiple reactions or

substrate inhibition in a chemostat (see Section IV). The reactor also has

applications for heterogeneous systems where high mixing gives high contact

time between phases. Liquid-liquid CSTRs are used for the saponification of

fats and for suspension and emulsion polymerizations. Gas-liquid mixers are

used for the oxidation of cyclohexane. Gas homogeneous CSTRs are

extremely rare.

8.4 ADVANTAGES-DISADVANTAGES. The advantages for CSTRs include (1)

steadystate operation, (2) back mixing of heat generated by exothermic

reactions, which increases the reaction rate and subsequent reactor

performance, (3) avoidance of reactor hot spots for highly exothermic

reactions, making temperature easier to control, (4) favoring lower-order

reactions in parallel reaction schemes, (5) economical operation

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when large volumes require high contact time, and (6) enhancement of heat

transfer by mixing. For the kinetics of decreasing rate with increasing

conversion (most reactions),isothermal CSTRs have lower product

composition than plug flow reactors. Additional disadvantages of CSTR are

that larger reactor volumes are usually required, compared with other reactor

schemes, and that energy for agitation is required in the tank, increasing

operating costs .

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CHAPTER 09 :- PLUG FLOW

9.1 DESCRIPTION. This reactor has continuous input and output of material

through a tube. Assumptions made for the plug flow reactor (PFR) are (1)

material passes through the reactor in incremental slices (each slice is

perfectly mixed radially but has no forward or backward mixing between slices;

each slice can be envisioned as a miniature CSTR), (2) composition and

conversion vary with residence time and can be correlated with reactor

volume or reactor length, and (3) the reactor operates at steady state.

The PFR can be imagined as a tube, but not all tubular reactors respond as

PFRs. The assumptions need to be verified with experimental data.

9.2 CLASSIFICATION. The plug flow reactor is the second primary type of

ideal flow reactor. It is also erroneously referred to as a tubular reactor.

9.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS. The parameters for PFRs include space time,

concentration, volumetric flow rate, and volume. This reactor follows an

integral reaction expression identical to the batch reactor except that space

time has been substituted for reaction time. In the plug flow reactor,

concentration can be envisioned as having a profile down the reactor.

Conversion and concentration can be directly related to the reactor length,

which in turn corresponds to reactor volume.

9.4 APPLICATIONS. For normal reaction kinetics the plug flow reactor is

smaller than the continuous-stirred tank reactor under similar conditions. This

gives the PFR an advantage over CSTR for most reactions. These conditions

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are best met for short residence times where velocity profiles in the tubes can

be maintained in the turbulent flow regime. In an empty tube this requires high

flow rates; for packed columns the flow rates need not be as high.

Noncatalytic reactions performed in PFRs include highpressure

polymerization of ethylene and naphtha conversion to ethylene. A gas-liquid

noncatalytic PFR is used for adipinic nitrile production. A gas-solid PFR is a

packed-bed

9.5 ADVANTAGES-DISADVANTAGES. The advantages of a PFR include (1)

steady state operation, (2) minimum back mixing of product so that

concentration remains higher than in a CSTR for normal reaction kinetics, (3)

minimum reactor volume in comparison with CSTR (since each incremental

slice of the reactor looks like an individual CSTR, we can operate at an infinite

number of points along the rate curve), (4) application of heat transfer in only

those sections of the reactor where it is needed (allowing for temperature

profiles to be generated down the reactor), and (5) no requirement for

agitation and baffling. The plug flow reactor is more complex than the

continuous-stirred tank alternative with regard to operating conditions. There

are a few other disadvantages associated with the PFR. For the kinetics where

rate increases with conversion (rare), an isothermal plug flow reactor has

lower product composition than a CSTR. For highly viscous reactants,

problems can develop due to high-pressure drop through the tubes and

unusual flow profiles.

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REFERENCES

INTERNET SITES:-
https://en.wikipedia.org/publication/276272121_TYPES OF
EVAPORATORS AND THEIR APPLICATION

https://www.shachiengineering.com/evaporators-types-
and-uses

https://www.thermopedia.com/content/

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