-a chain of events, activities, tasks, or functions that constitute the official response to perceived

problems of law and order,”

-The machinery of the state or government which enforces the rules of conduct necessary to protect life
and property and maintain peace and order.

-are at the forefront of the criminal justice system of the country. They are the ones that directly deal
with the citizenry and are directly exposed to the criminal elements.

-lodged mainly with the National Prosecution Service, under the Department of Justice. It is composed
of the Office of the Chief State Prosecutor, the Regional State Prosecutor’s Office and the Provincial and
City Prosecutor’s Offices.

-the judiciary is the final arbiter of controversies, of competing claims and interests, including the
determination of the guilt or innocence of a person charged with the commission of a crime.

-the agencies involved in the punishment of convicts all fall under the executive department of the
government, such as the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, which is charged with the
incarceration of non-minor convicts, and the Department of Social Welfare and Community
Development, who run correctional institutions for youth offenders.

-the members of the community play a very important role in the criminal justice system. It is from their
ranks that the offenders come, and it is with them that they will end up.

Problems Encountered
One (1) court per (50,000) fifty thousand people.
Two thousand (2,000) people courts that serve a population of a hundred million.
Overcrowded prisons is the most visible problem plaguing the correctional facilities.

- it was argued by the former governor of California by the name ______ that if jails do not reform and
rehabilitate, what is their use?

-The act of reforming offenders by means of institutions

-the act of reforming offenders by other means outside institutions

-national hero of the Philippines was executed by firing squad on the morning of _____

-blonde London model in London was hanged in _______ for shooting and killing her faithless lover

-A well-publicised triple execution took place in ____electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape
of the young actress Maggie dela Riva.

-first Filipino to be meted the death penalty by lethal injection when he was found guilty of raping her
daughter.

-The former dictator of Iraq after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by the Iraq Special
Tribunal for the murder of 148 Iraqi Shi'ite in the town of Dujail in 1982,

-are non-institutional based corrections which are being considered as the best alternative for
imprisonment.

-is a program which deal with supervised rehabilitation of convicts within the community.
- a principle in Non-Institutional Correction that works for the reintegration of convicted individuals to
society which is known as

-is the alteration of the behavior of convicts through the use of holistic but non-incarcerate methods of
rehabilitation

-Is a disposition, under which a defendant after conviction and sentence, is released subject to the
conditions imposed by the Court and to the supervision of a probation officer.

-A conditional release from prison of a convicted person upon service d the minimum of his
indeterminate penalty.

-A form of executive clemency which is exercise exclusively by the Chief Executive. Pardon may be given
conditionally (conditional pardon) or unconditionally (absolute pardon). For the purpose of Non-
Institutional Correction, it is the Conditional Pardon with parole conditions is under consideration.

-simple infraction of laws or ordinances, This is imposed to require the violators to render community
service in lieu of payment of fine and/or imprisonment

-the practice of allowing prisoner to work outside of the prison during day;

-is a unit of payment that, above a minimum fine, is based on the offenders daily personal income. A
crime is punished with incarceration for a determined number of days, or with fines;

-is a form of digital incarceration, often in the form of a wrist bracelet or ankle “shackle” that can
monitor a subject’s location, and sometimes also their blood alcohol level or breath

-the offender is confined to home for most hours, with stated exceptions for school, work, religious
services, medical or drug treatment, or food shopping;

-also known as community restitution, is a form of punishment intended to benefit the community
that’s been harmed by an offender’s crime

-Conduct investigations of all cases in relation to parole, probation and pardon.

-Authority in granting parole

-Responsible for the supervision of all parolees, probationers and conditional pardon grantees.

-Responsible for recommending the grant of pardon and executive clemency to the president

-Handling cases of Child in Conflict with the Law (CICL)

Benefits of Community-based Corrections

-through avoidance of broken family relationships - The treatment and rehabilitation of convicted
offender is done outside the institutional facilities; hence, family members will not suffer broken family
due to imprisonment of one of its member;
-Putting convicted felon to prison may expose him to hardened criminals who might influence him to be
a more hardened criminal than before
-Rehabilitation can be more effective with the help of the members of the community
-These programs provide individualize treatment program for the convicts which is if not available, it is
hard to attain in correctional institution
-than institution-based correction on the part of the Government
-as alternatives to prison claim to be more effective in reducing recidivism than traditional prisons, to be
cheaper than prisons, and to reduce overcrowding in prisons and jails.

-A study used a case study approach of a community-based program was conducted by ____ in the
Midwest United States to determine if those community corrections alternatives achieve those results

-as a term was derived from the Latin verb "_____" which mean to prove or to test, which was coined by
____.

-The law defined probation as a _____. under which a convicted individual is released subject to the
conditions imposed by the Court and to the supervision of a probation officer.

Basic Precepts and Concepts on Probation

-The probationer will be placed under the supervision of probation officer who shall be directly in charge
of supervising and monitoring the progress of the rehabilitation program based on the conditions
imposed by the court. Such control of the court shall be considered continuing in character until such
time that the court orders the discharge from probation of the convict.

-Probation consists of the conditional suspension of the execution of sentence while the convict is
placed under supervision and is given individual guidance and treatment programs.

-The basic purpose for probation is to provide an individualized treatment program offering a first time
or unhardened convict as an opportunity to be rehabilitated without institutional confinement or
imprisonment, under the tutelage of a probation officer and under the continuing power of the court to
impose institutional punishment for his original offense in the event that he abuse such opportunity,
and courts have a wide discretion to accomplish such intent.

Predecessors of Probation
- which is a precursor of our use of fines and restitution today, introduced by the Laws of Babylon,
Greece and Rome, for those crimes which did not affect the safety of the state.

-sanctuaries where the accuse was safe pending an investigation of his criminal responsibility,
introduced by the Jewish law for those who killed without premeditation.

-seems to be the earliest device for softening brutal severity of punishment.

-a temporary withholding of sentence, practiced by the English Court in the early 17 century, where they
grant reprieves to prisoners under sentence of death on condition that they accept
deportation/transportation.

-any description of the treatment of crime in England must include the system of transportation to her
colonies, which grew from the ancient practice of banishment and flourished for more than 200 years as
a principal method of disposing of offenders.

-the direct ancestor of probation, means "binding over for good behavior." An ancient practice
developed also in England in the 14 century, originated as a measure of preventive justice,

-were usually required and the person who stood surety had the power and the duty to enforce the
conditions and return the offender to court if he committed an offense during the specified period or
failed to comply with other conditions of his release.

-"Security for good behavior. also known as "good aberrance,

-an 18th-century English barrister and judge;

-a 19th-century Boston boot-maker.

-Father of Probation in England

➢ English lawyer and penologist

➢ Born on the _____, at ____

➢ As a young professional in England, Hill had witnessed the sentencing of youthful offenders to one-
day terms, on the condition that they will be returned to a parent or guardian who would closely
supervise them.

➢ When he eventually became the Recorder of Birmingham, a judicial post, be used a similar practice
for individuals who did not seem hopelessly corrupt. If offenders demonstrated a promise for
rehabilitation, they were placed in the hands of generous guardians who willingly took charge of them.

➢ Hill had police officers pay periodic visits to these guardians in an effort to track the offender's
progress and keep a running account.

-Father of Probation in US

➢ Augustus was born in Woburn, Massachusetts in 1785.

➢ Recognized as the first true probation officer.
➢ By ___, he was a permanent resident of Boston and the owner of a successful boor-making business
➢ In ____, John Augustus attended police court to bail out a "common drunkard," the first probationer.
➢By ___, John Augustus had provided bail for 1,946 men and women Reportedly, only ten of this
number forfeited their bond

-The first juvenile court was established in ___ in 1899

-30th Governor of Massachusetts signed the first probation law that was passed by the legislature of
Massachusetts on ____. The law provided for the appointment and prescribed the duties of a salaried
probation officer for the courts of Suffolk Country.

-the first probation law occurred in ____

-an ex-chief of Police Boston named as the first probation officer.

-Director of Massachusetts Board of State Charities and Corrections, reported in an address that the
result of probation in cases of juvenile offenders proved so decisively good

-second law on probation law in the history was enacted in ____. Many features of the Massachusetts
law were incorporated with several innovations Vermont was the first to adopt the county plan.

-In ___, ____ - The third state that passed probation law. A completely state-administered system
appeared first in Rhode Island. ____ empowered the Board of State Charities and Corrections to appoint
a state probation officer and additional probation officers, "at least one of whom be a woman", to serve
all courts in the state.

-The fourth state to pass a general probation England model in 1900.

-The fifth to provide for adult probation.

-soon after his appointment as secretary of the Prison Association o York,
- began to campaign for a probation law. His interest stemmed from his work in Boston where he had
seen the effect of probation law.

-British Probation of First Offender Act of 1887 and Missouri Parole/ Probation Law of 1897 are not
considered as probation laws.

-30th U.S. President United States of America President who signed the Federal Probation Act which is
effective on ____

-US Chief Justice- United States Chief Justice who used his discretion in modifying the prescribed
penalties and gradually developed more humane methods of dealing with violators of law.

-Probation was first introduced in the Philippines during the American colonial period (____) with the
enactment of ____ of the Philippine Legislature on ____. This law created a Probation Office under the
____.

-after barely two years of existence, the Supreme Court of the Philippines declared the Probation Law
unconstitutional

-In ___, House Bill No. ___ was filed in Congress by Congressman _____ (considered as the father of
Probation in the Philippines) of Bulacan, which would establish a probation system in the Philippines.

- In__, after 18 technical hearings over a period of six months, the draft decree was presented to a
selected group of ___ jurists,

-On ____, Presidential Decree No. ___, also known as ___, was signed into Law by the late President ___

-The probation system started to operate on