Valencia, Christine Anne G.

BS CRIM3 - 12

Definition Of Terms
in
Non – Institutional Correction

1. Criminal Justice System - It is the sum total of instrumentation which a society uses in the
prevention and control of crimes.
2. Law Enforcement- This is considered as the prime mover of the CJS. In this pillar, arrestor
apprehension of the criminals is made.
3. Prosecution- In this pillar, evaluation and filing the case is made.
4. Court- This is considered as the body vested with the power to try, hear and decide cases
brought before it.
5. Correction – In this pillar, after being found guilty of a crime, will suffer a penalty based on
an institutional correction or noninstitutional corrections. It is also considered as the weakest
among all pillars of the criminal justice system.
6. Community- This is considered as the informal pillar.
7. Institutional correction – it is a system that refers to containing, housing, or incapacitating
people who have been found guilty of a crime in a secured correctional facility that suffers a
penalty of serving sentences.
8. Prison - refer to the penal establishment under the control of the Bureau of Corrections and
shall include the New Bilibid Prisons and other correctional Institutions.
9. Benefit of Clergy - The earliest device for softening brutal severity of punishment seems to
have been the “benefit of clergy”.
10. Judicial Reprieve - another device for modifying the severity of the law, was a temporary
withholding of sentence, much used by the early English judges.
11. Recognizance - An even older method of suspending or deferring judgment, the direct
ancestors of probation, was recognizance or “binding over for good behavior”. This was
based on an ancient practice developed in England in the14thcentury.
12. Transportation - Any description of the treatment of crime in England must include the
system of transportation to their colonies which grew from the ancient practice of banishment
and flourished for more than two hundred years as a principal method of disposing of
offenders.
13. John Augustus - was a Boston boot maker who is called the Father of Probation in the
United States because of his pioneering efforts to campaign for more lenient sentences for
convicted criminals based on their backgrounds.
14. Matthew Davenport Hill - was an English lawyer and penologist. The Father of Probation
in England.
15. Edward Savage – First paid and official probation officer.
16. Massachusetts- developed the first statewide probation system in 1880.
17. Rhode Island - 1stcompletely state-administered probation system appeared.
18. New Jersey - 4thstatetoadopt general probation law after the New England model in 1900.
19. New York - 5th to provide adult probation
20. California - 6th to enact adult probation law
21. Act No.4221 - This law created the Probation Office under the Department of Justice, led by
a Chief Probation Officer.
22. Subsidiary Imprisonment - A penalty that takes the place of the fine for insolvent convicts.
It is neither a principal nor accessory penalty but a substitute for fine only. It is served if the
penalty imposed upon the convict includes fine but he cannot pay the same because of
insolvency.
23. Probation Officer’s Final Report - The City and Provincial Parole and Probation Office
shall submit to the Trial Court a PPA Form 9 thirty (30) days before the expiration of the
period of probation. PPA Form 9 is also called as-.
24. Probation -is a privilege granted by the court to a person convicted of a criminal offense to
remain in the community instead of actually going to prison/jail.
25. Petitioner – a convicted defendant who files an application for probation.
26. Probationer – a person who is under probation.
27. Probation Officer – public officer like the Chief Probation and Parole Officer (CPPO),
Supervising Probation and Parole Officer (SPPO)
28. Trial Court - refers to the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of the Province City Municipal Court
which has jurisdiction over the case.
29. Probation Office - refers either to the Provincial or City Probation Office directed to
conduct investigation or supervision referrals as the case may be.
30. Filling – application for probation shall be filed with the Trial Court which has jurisdiction
over the case.
31. Sir Walter Crofton - studied Maconochie’s innovations on Norfolk Island, became the
administrator of the Irish prison system in1854.
32. Alexander Maconochie - a retired British naval captain and professor of geography,
proposed to the house of commons a system whereby the duration of the sentence would be
determined not by time but by the prisoner’s industry and good conduct.
33. Irish System - a system wherein each prisoner’s classification was determined by the marks
he or she had earned for good conduct and achievement in industry and education.
34. Georg Michael Obermaier - he became governor of a prison in Munich, Germany, in 1842,
he found approximately 700 rebellious prisoners being kept in order by morethan100
soldiers.
35. Elmira Reformatory – the forerunner of modern penology.
36. Manuel Montesimos - He was appointed governor of the prison at Valencia, Spain, which
held about 1,500 convicts. He organized the institution using military-type discipline, and he
encouraged prisoner vocational training and education.
37. Mark System - a system by which “marks” or credits would be credited daily to prisoners in
accordance with their behavior and the amount of labor they performed.
38. Zebulon R. Brockway – a prison superintendent who adopted Indeterminate Sentence law in
1876 in New York.
39. Parole - the suspension of the sentence of the convict after serving the minimum term of the
intermediate penalty, without being granted a pardon, prescribing the terms upon which the
sentence shall be suspended.
40. Indeterminate sentence - is distinguished from a determinate sentence when the sentence
provides for a minimum period and a maximum period, which characterizes an indeterminate
sentence, while determinate has only one period in the sentence of the court.
41. Probation Officer – refers to the Provincial or City Probation Office directed to conduct
investigation/supervision referrals as the case may be.
42. Probation Order – order of the trial court granting probation. The appearance of the above-
mentioned parole and probation administration officials, upon written invitation or order of
the Trial Court.
43. Subsidiary Imprisonment – a penalty that takes the place of the fine for involvement
convicts.
44. Institutional Corrections – The concept of housing criminals for public safety purpose.
45. Correction - is the weakest pillar of CS because of its failure to reform convicted offenders
and return them as a law-abiding citizen in the community.
46. Incarceration - the act of putting or keeping someone in prison or in a place used as a prison.
47. Restitution - is there imbursement to the victim made by the offender, most often with
money through occasionally with services.
48. Proclamation - is an official announcement that publicly recognizes an initiative or
observance.
49. Bail – monetary amount for or condition of pre-trial release from custody of law. Or a money
payment in return for which a defendant is given freedom pending trial or appeal.
50. Bail Bond – it is a multi-party contract involving the state, the accused will appear in
subsequent proceedings.
51. Impeachment - is a constitutional remedy addressed to serious offenses against the system
of government.
52. Youth Offender - is defined as a child, minor or youth who is over nine years but under
eighteen years of age at the time of the commission of the offense.
53. Sentence - in law, is the penalty imposed by the court in a criminal case against a person,
known as the “accused”, who is found guilty of committing the crime charged.
54. Bureau of Correction - where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the offender shall
serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of the BuCor.
55. Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation or undergoing trial,
or serving short-term sentences.
56. Prison - refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managed and supervised by the
Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the Department of Justice.
57. Liability - the state of being responsible for something, especially by law.
58. Civil liability - is a legal obligation that requires a party to pay for damages it to follow other
court enforcements in a lawsuit.
59. Parole And Probation Administration (PPA) - is an attached agency of the Department of
Justice which provides a less costly alternative to imprisonment of offenders who are likely
to respond to individualized community-based treatment programs.
60. Restorative Justice (RJ) - is a philosophy and a process whereby stakeholders in a specific
offense resolve collectively how to deal with the aftermath of the offense and its implications
for the future.
61. Volunteer Probation Assistant (VPA) Program - is a strategy by which the Parole and
Probation Administration may be able to generate maximum citizen participation or
community involvement.
62. Therapeutic Community (TC) - is a self-help social learning treatment model used in the
rehabilitation of drug offenders and other clients with behavioral problems.
63. Board of Pardons and Paroles - releases prisoners on parole and recommends the grant of
presidential pardons.
64. Regional PPO – Head of regional parole and probation office.]
65. Secretary of Justice – the recommending authority for the head of the regional parole and
probation office.
66. Technical Service – It refers to the service arm of the BPP.
67. PPA – responsible for giving a least costly alternative to imprisonment.
68. President – the appointing authority for the head of PPA and assistant of the head.
69. Parole Supervision – refers to the supervision/surveillance by a Probation and Parole
Officer of a parolee/pardonee.
70. Administrator – refers to the Administrator of the Parole and Probation Administration.
71. Release Document - refers to the Conditional Pardon/Absolute Pardon issued by the
President of the Philippines to a prisoner or to the “Discharge on Parole” issued by the
Board.
72. Executive Clemency -the power of a President in state convictions, to pardon a person
convicted of crime, commute the sentence, or reduce it from death to another lesser sentence.
73. Section 1 of Article VII of the 18 Philippine Constitution - authorizes the President of the
Republic of the Philippines to grant not only pardon but also reprieve, commutation of
sentence, remission of fine sand forfeitures, and amnesty.
74. Pardon - an act of executive clemency by a head of state for the purpose of exempting an
individual from the punishment imposed upon him by a court of law.
75. Absolute Pardon - Itis an absolute pardon when it is granted by the Chief Executive without
any conditions attached.
76. Conditional Pardon - It is conditional when it is granted by the Chief Executive subject to
the conditions imposed on the recipient and accepted by him.
77. Commutation of Sentence - It is a change of the decision of the court made by the Chief
Executive by reducing the degree of the penalty inflicted upon the convict, or by decreasing
the length of the imprisonment of the original sentence.
78. Reprieve - is a temporary stay of the execution of a sentence. As in pardon, reprieve can
only be exercised by the President when the sentence has become final.
79. Clemency – simply means leniency or mercy. Itis based on the policy of fairness, justice and
forgiveness. It is not a right but rather a privilege, and one who is granted clemency does not
have the crime forgotten but it is for given and treated more leniently for the criminal acts.
80. Remission of fines and forfeitures - entails non-collection of money or property lawfully
adjudged but it does not have the effect of returning property already in the legal possession
of the government or a third person.
81. Impeachment – The process by which a legislative body levels charges against a
government official.
82. Amnesty - a general pardon extended to a group of persons generally exercised by the Chief
Executive with the concurrence of congress.
83. Express Amnesty- is one granted in direct terms such as Presidential proclamation or a law
enacted by the legislature granting amnesty.
84. Implied Amnesty - takes place in international law when a treaty of peace is made between
contending parties in domestic or municipal law, it results from the inhibition of the state
from prosecuting or punishing persons.
85. General Amnesty - is granted to a whole class of persons within the territorial domain or
under the effective jurisdiction of the sovereign issuing the decree.
86. Selected or Limited Amnesty - covers a segment of a particular class only or the portion of
the sovereign’s territorial jurisdiction, or specific acts committed within a limited or specified
timeframe.
87. Conditional Amnesty - when the grant of amnesty is subject to the fulfillment of certain
requisites, such as the filling of an application, the laying down of arms, and the takin gof an
oath of allegiance.
88. Unconditional Amnesty- expressed in broad terms and does not lay down specific
requirements and procedures.
89. US President Roosevelt - issued the first amnesty proclamation on July 4, 1902 in our
country and took effect in the 20th century.
90. Proclamation No. 8 President Manuel Roxas - granted amnesty to guerilla and resistance
fighters on Sept. 1.
91. Proclamation No. 51- Pres. Manuel Roxas - granted amnesty to those who collaborated
with the enemy during World War II on Jan 28, 1948.
92. Proclamation No.5 - declares amnesty to persons penalized because of their political or
religious belief issued on Jan. 11, 1973.
93. Proclamation Decree No. 497 - grants amnesty to all Filipino Muslims penalized for their
resistance to authorities issued on June 28, 1974.
94. Proclamation Decree No. 1727A - Prohibits the grants of permits for holding public rallies,
etc. to persons found guilty of rebellion, etc., issued on Oct.08, 1980.
95. Memorandum Circular 105 - Issued on Sept.2 18 as clarificatory guidelines for processing
of amnesty manifestation forms of rebel returnees.
96. Proclamation No.21 - Issued on Sept. 23 18 amending proclamations no. 347(s. 1994) re:
grant of amnesty to rebels, insurgents, etc.
97. Proclamation No.390 - Issued on Sept 2 2000, granting amnesty to MILF members who
committed crimes in furtherance of their political beliefs.
98. Proclamation No. 405 - granting amnesty to rebels who committed crimes in furtherance of
their political beliefs issued on October 6, 2007.
99. Proclamation No.1377 - Grant of amnesty to members of the CPP-NPA-NDF and other
communist rebel groups issued on Sept. 6, 2007.
100. Oblivion – It means an act of forgetfulness.
101. President Corazon Aquino – who issued the Proclamation No. 80.
102. Department of National Defense (DND) – Receive and process the amnesty
applications and determine whether the applicants are covered.
103. US President Roosevelt - He issued the first amnesty proclamation on July 4, 1902 in
our country and took effect in the 20th century.
104. Criminal liability - refers to responsibility for a crime and the penalty society imposes
for the crime.
105. Total extinction of criminal liability - means that the entire penalty is extinguished, and
there is no more criminal liability.
106. By prescription of the penalty - is the loss or forfeiture of the right of the Government
to execute the final sentence after the lapse of a certain time.
107. Civil Liability - is a legal obligation that requires a party to pay for damages or to follow
other court enforcements in a lawsuit.
108. Person Deprived of Liberty (PDL) - refers to a detainee inmate or prisoner or other
person under confinement or custody in any other manner.
109. Good conduct time allowance (CTA) – may be granted to an inmate who displays good
behavior and who has no record of breach of discipline or violation of prison rules and
regulations.
110. CTA of Detainee life termer – a detainee shall only be granted CGTA if he voluntarily
offers in writing to perform such labor as maybe assigned to him.
111. Revocation/Restoration of CTA - GCTA once granted shall not be revoked without just
cause. The GCTA, which an inmate is deprived of because of misconduct, may be restored at
the discretion of the Director upon the recommendation of the Superintendent.
112. Preventive imprisonment - is imposed upon a person before he/she is convicted, if he/
she cannot afford bail, or if his/her criminal case is non-bailable.
113. Recognizance in the Philippines - A mode of securing the release of any person in
custody or detention for the commission of an offense who is unable to post bail due to abject
poverty.
114. Person Deprived of Liberty - a person who has been arrested, held. In lawful custody,
detained, or imprisoned in execution of a lawful sentence;
115. Offender - a person convicted of committing a crime or offense.
116. Petition - a formal written request, typically one signed by many people, appealing to
authority with respect to a particular cause.
117. Accountability - refers to the processes, norms, and structures that hold the population
and public officials legally responsible for their actions and that impose sanctions if they
violate the law.
118. Community sanctions - are sentences implemented in a community setting rather than in
a prison.
119. Community service - is unpaid work performed by a person or group of people for the
benefit and betterment of their community without any form of compensation.
120. Punishment - is the infliction of some kind of pain or loss upon a person for a misdeed.
121. Rehabilitation - is the process of re-educating and retraining those who commit crime.
122. Reintegration programs - are designed to provide assistance to formerly incarcerated
persons in getting job training and finding a job.
123. Restorative Justice - is a process through which remorseful offenders accept
responsibility for their misconduct, particularly to their victims and to the community.
124. Detainees- are those who are confined in correctional facilities awaiting judicial verdict
on their cases.
125. Teodulo Natividad – is also known as the Father of Philippine Probation.
126. Status Offense – Non-criminal behavior, such as truancy and running away from home
that is in violation of law applicable to juveniles.
127. Technical Violation – A term used when a probationer violates a conditional rule of
probation. This could result in the revocation of probation but is uncommon in many
jurisdictions.
128. Absconding Petitioner - Person whose application has given due course by the court but
fails to report to the probation officer of his location cannot be located
129. Client - Refers to a parolee/pardonee who is placed under supervision of a Probation and
Parole Officer.
130. Post-Sentence Investigation/PSI - This is the vehicle used to find out the petitioner’s
legal qualifications and his suitability for probation. It is also used in establishing the
diagnosis for his favorable response to the community-based and individualized correction
program.
131. Progress Report - Refers to the report submitted by the Probation and Parole Officer on
the conduct of the parolee/pardonee while under supervision.
132. Release Document - Refers to the Conditional Pardon/Absolute Pardon issued by the
President of the Philippines to a prisoner or to the “Discharge on Parole” issued by the
Board.
133. Sanctuary - A city or region or church where state agents were forbidden to enter for
purposes of arresting the accused.
134. Summary Report - Refers to the final report submitted by the Probation and Parole
Officer on his supervision of a parolee/pardonee as basis for the latter’s final release and
discharge.
135. Banishment - a punishment originating in ancient times, that required offenders to leave
the community and live elsewhere, commonly in the wilderness.
136. Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie, whereby credits, or
marks, were awarded for good behavior, a certain number of marks being required for
release.
137. Transportation - a punishment in which offenders were transported from their home
nation to one of that nation's colony to work.
138. Amicus Curiae - is an individual or organization who is not a party to a legal case, but
who is permitted to assist a court by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a
bearing on the issues in the case.
139. Courtesy supervision - is supervision performed by department staff outside the county
of jurisdiction due to the youth's relocation.
140. Warrant of arrest - warrant authorizing and commanding the arrest of a specific thing or
person designated by name or by description.
141. Therapeutic Community (TC) is an environment that helps people get help while helping
others.
142. Defense Counsel/Counsel - lawyer of the petitioner.
143. Volunteerism - is a strategy by which the parole and probation administration may be
able to generate maximum citizen participation or community involvement in the overall
process of client rehabilitation.
144. Initial Interview - within 5 working days from receipt of the court order, the probation
officer assigned shall interview the petitioner.
145. Mandatory Supervision - is a practice whereby an inmate is released prior to the
completion of their sentence due to legal technicalities which oblige the offender justice
system to free them.
146. Penal Superintendent - refers to the Officer-In-Charge of the New Bilibid Prison, the
Correctional Institution for women and the prison and penal farms of the Bureau of
Corrections;
147. Carpeta - refers to the institutional record of an inmate which consists of his mittimus or
commitment order issued by the Court after conviction, the prosecutor's information and the
 decisions of the trial court and the appellate court, if any; certificate of non-appeal, certificate
of detention and other pertinent documents of the case.
148. Infraction Report - refers to the report submitted by the Probation and Parole Officer on
violations committed by a parolee/pardonee of the conditions of his release on parole or
conditional pardon while under supervision.
149. Arrest of Client - Upon receipt of an Infraction Report, the Board may order the arrest or
recommitment of the client.
150. Repealing Clause - All existing rules, regulations and resolutions of the Board which are
inconsistent with these Rules are hereby repealed or amended accordingly.
151. Effectivity Clause - These Rules shall take effect upon approval by the Secretary of
Justice and fifteen (l5) days after its publication in a newspaper of general circulation.
152. Conviction – is the judgment of a court based on the verdict of a judicial officer or judge,
that the accused is.
153. Retreatism – describes many violent crimes in which offenders have replaced normal
ideas of success with demonstration of individual toughness or powers.
154. As To the Number of Those Wo Can Avail- pardon includes any crime and is exercised
individually by the Chief Executive, while amnesty is a blanket pardon granted to a group of
prisoners, generally political prisoners.
155. As To the Time to Avail- pardon is exercised when the person is already convicted,
while amnesty may be given before trial or investigation is done.
156. As To the Consent of Congress- pardon is granted by the Chief Executive and such is a
private act, which must be pleaded and proved by the person pardoned because the court
takes no choice thereof. While amnesty is by proclamation with concurrence of congress, and
it is a public act, which the court should take judicial notice.
157. As To the Effect- pardon is an act of forgiveness, i.e., it relieves the offender from the
consequences of the offense, while amnesty is an act of forgetfulness. i.e., it puts into
nothingness the offense of which one is charged so that the person acts as if he had never
committed the offense.
158. As To the Crime Committed- pardon is granted for infractions of the peace of the State
while amnesty, for crimes against sovereignty of the state.
159. Medieval Europe - the power to grant pardon was held by various bodies, including the
Roman Catholic Church and certain local rulers, but by the sixteenth century it usually was
concentrated in the hands of the monarch.
160. Impeachment – The process by which a legislative body levels charges against a
government official.
161. Form of Release Document - The form of the Release Document shall be prescribed by
the Board and shall contain the latest 1” x1” photograph and right thumb print of the
prisoner.
162. Transfer of Residence - A client may not transfer from the place of residence designated
in his Release Document without the prior written approval of the Regional Director subject
to the confirmation by the Board.
163. Arrest of Client - Upon receipt of an Infraction Report, the Board may order the arrest or
recommitment of the client.
164. Effect of Recommitment of Client - The client who is recommitted to prison by the
Board shall be made to serve the remaining unexpired portion of the maximum sentence for
which he was originally committed to prison.
165. Review of Case of Recommitted Parolee - The Board may consider the case of a
recommitted parolee for the grant of a new parole after the latter shall have served one-fourth
(1/4) of the unserved portion of his maximum sentence.
166. Hearing of the Violation of Probation - Once arrested and detained, the probationer
shall immediately be brought before the Trial Court for a hearing of the violation charged.
167. Right to Counsel- In the hearing or proceeding for violation of probation conditions, the
probationer shall have the right to counsel of his own choice.
168. Release document - Answer: refers to the Conditional Pardon/Absolute Pardon issued by
the resident of the Philippines to a prisoner or to the “Discharge on Parole” issued by the
Board.
169. Determinate - has only one period in the sentence of the court.
170. Bonneville de Marsangy - public prosecutor of Versailles, published a book in 147 in
which he discussed conditional liberation, police supervision of discharged convicts, aid
upon discharge, and rehabilitation.
171. Point in Time - After actual receipt of the Termination Order finally discharging the
probationer, the probation Office shall formally close the probation case and keep the client’s
case file.
172. Mode – Immediately after such closure of the probation case, the corresponding
probation records shall be archived, but not after the proper reporting is done.
173. United States – where probation was first legally established.
174. New York – 5th to provide adult probation.
175. California – 6th to enact adult probation law.
176. Auburn Prison - Constructed in 1816, (opened 1819) it was the second
state prison in New York, the site of the first execution by electric chair in 1890. It uses the
silent or congregate system.
177. Borstal - a custodial institution for young offenders.
178. Borstal System - rehabilitation method formerly used in Great Britain for
delinquent boys aged 16 to 21. The idea originated (1895) with the
Gladstone Committee as an attempt to reform young offenders. The first
institution was established (1902) at Borstal Prison, Kent, England.
179. Branding - stigmatizing is the process in which a mark, usually a symbol
or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, with
the intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent as a punishment
or imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or otherwise oppressed person.
180. Bridewell Prison and Workhouse - was the first correctional institution
in England and was a precursor of the modern prison. Built initially as
a royal residence in 1523, Bridewell Palace was given to the city of
London to serve as the foundation for as system of Houses of Correction
known as “Bridewells.”
181. Burning at Stake - a form of ancient punishment by tying the victim
in a vertical post and burning him/her.
182. Commitment Order - is an act of sending a person to prison by means of
such a warrant or order.
183. Death Row - refers to incarcerated persons who have been sentenced to
death and are awaiting execution.
184. Deterrence - as contended by Cesare Beccaria, proponent of the
classical theory, that punishment is to prevent others from
committing crime.
185. District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthly
average population of ten or less inmates, and is located in the
vicinity of the court.
186. Dungeon - a dark cell, usually underground where prisoners are confined.
187. Elmira Reformatory - located in New York, was originally a prison opened
to contain Confederate prisoners of war during the Civil War. It became
known as a “death camp” because of the squalid conditions and high death
rate in its few years of operation. Established 1876.
188. Ergastulum - is a Roman prison used to confine slaves. They were attached
to work benches and forced to do hard labor in period of imprisonment.
189. Exemplarity - the criminal is punished to serve as an example to others
to deter further commission of crime.
190. First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873. Based on the reformatory
model.
191. Flogging - (Flog) beat (someone) with a whip or stick as a punishment.
192. Halfway House - a center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners,
psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society.
193. Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the
satisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of human life.
194. Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation
or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences.
195. Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive
justice, vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by the
criminal.
196. Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie, whereby
credits, or marks, were awarded for good behavior, a certain number of
marks being required for release.
197. PD No. 603 - was promulgated to provide for the care and treatment of
youth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the termination
of the case.
198. Penology - a branch of Criminology that deals with prison management
and reformation of criminals.
199. Stocks - an instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy timber frame with holes in
which the feet and sometimes the hands of an offender can be locked.
200. Operational capacity - the number of inmates that can be accommodated
based on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services.