Magnetic Coupled Circuits - GATE Study

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Earlier we learnt all about Transient Analysis. The next chapter in Network Theory is
Magnetic Coupling Circuits. These free GATE Study Notes will deal with the chapter of
Analysis of Magnetic Coupled Circuits.
These GATE Study Material are designed to help you ace your GATE EE, GATE EC, IES,
BARC, BSNL, DRDO and other PSU and Placement exams. You can get Magnetic Coupled
Circuits downloaded in PDF for that your GATE Preparation is made easy.
Before you start reading AC Transients though, you need to understand the basics on
which this topic is built, using the articles listed below.
Recommended Reading –
Laplace Transforms
Types of Matrices
Properties of Matrices
Rank of a Matrix
Basic Network Theory Concepts
Kirchhoff’s Laws, Node & Mesh Analysis

i. These are the circuits in the presence of mutual inductance. This mutual
inductance is due to the mutual flux between the coils.
ii. The mutual flux may aid (or) oppose the self-flux based on the dot convention
iii. If the current enters (or) leaves the dots in both the coils simultaneously, then
mutual flux will be added to self-flux otherwise it will oppose the self-flux.
iv. Mutual flux in one coil is due to the current flowing through the other coil.

Coupled Inductors in Series Connection

Case i: Series Aiding

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∴ Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M

M = K√L1 L2

0≤K≤1
Where K = coefficient of coupling

Note:
Useful flux
i) K = Total flux

ii) For ideal circuits K = 1 (Maximum Coupling)

iii) For isolated circuit K = 0
iv) For practical circuit it is always greater than 1

Example 1:
Find the equivalent inductance of the given circuit and also find coefficient of coupling

Solution:
Here in the both the coils current is entered simultaneously. Hence mutual flux is added
to self-flux
∴ Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M
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 M = K√L1 L2

2 = K√2 × 8
2
∴ K = 4 = 0.5

∴ Leq = 2 + 8 + 2 (2) = 14 H

Case ii: Series Opposing

∴ Leq = L1 + L2 − 2M

M = K√L1 L2

0 ≤ K ≤ 1
K = coefficient of coupling

Note:
Total flux 1
i) Leakage Factor = Useful flux = K

Example 2:
Find the equivalent inductance of the given circuit. Also find coefficient of coupling and
leakage factor.

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Solution:
Here in the first coil current is entering and in the second coil current is leaving. So here
mutual flux is opposing the self-flux.

∴ Leq = L1 + L2 – 2M

= 4 + 9 – 2(3) = 13 – 6 = 7H

M = K√L1 L2

3 = K√4 × 9 = 6K
∴ K = 0.5
1 1
∴ Leakage factor = = 0.5 = 2
K

Case iii: Parallel Aiding

L L −M2 L L
∴ Leq = L 1+L2 −2M > L 1+L2 (M = 0)
1 2 1 2

Case iv: Parallel Opposing

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 L L −M2 L L
∴ Leq = L 1+L2 +2M < L 1+L2 (M = 0)
1 2 1 2

Example 3:
Find the equivalent inductance of the given circuit assume k = 0.5

Solution:
In this case mutual flux is opposing the self-flux
L L −M2
∴ Leq = L 1+L2 +2M
1 2

M = K√L1 L2 = 0.5√16 × 4 = 0.5 × 8 = 4H

16×4−16 64−16 48
∴ Leq = = = = 1.71 H
16+4+2(4) 20+8 28

Transformer Coupling
Transformer coupling is used when load is small

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Apply KVL at input then we get
di1 (t) di2 (t)
−V1 (t) + i1 (t)R1 + L1 + M. =0
dt dt

di1 (t) di2 (t)

∴ V1 (t) = i1 (t). R1 + L1 . + M.
dt dt

Apply KVL at output, then we get

di2 (t) di1 (t)
L2 . + i2 (t). R 2 + M. =0
dt dt

A transformer is replaced by its T – equivalent i.e.

Case i: For Magnetic Aiding

Case ii: For Magnetic Opposing

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Example 4:
Determine the steady state currents i1 and i2 in the given circuit

Solution:
Here i1 is entering into the dot whereas i2 is leaving the dot hence mutual flux is
opposing the self – flux.
Represent the given network in phasor domain then we get

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5∠0° = I1 + j8I1 − j4I2 ____________ (1)
0 = I2 + j4I2 − j4 I1
j4I1 = (1 + j4)I2
1
I1 = (j4 + 1) I2 ___________(2)

From (1) and (2) we get

1
5∠0° = (1 + j8) (j4 + 1) I2 − j4I2

1
5∠0° = (j4 + 1 + 2 + j8 − j4) I2

20∠90° = (12j − 16)I2

20∠90° = 20∠143.13I2
∴ I2 = 1∠ − 53.13°
From (2) we get

I1 = (1 – j 0.25)I2

∴ I1 = 1.03 ∠ − 67.16°

Example 5:
Consider the following circuit

The value of equivalent inductance between the terminals a and b is 4H with the
terminals c and d open and it is 3 H with the shorted terminals c and d. Then determine
the value of Coefficient of Coupling K.

Solution:
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The equivalent circuit for the given circuit is given as

Given that,
(L1 + M) + (−M) = 4
(L2 +M)(−M)
and (L1 + M) + =3
L2 +M−M

(2+M)(−M)
∴ (4 + M) + =3
2

8 + 2M – 2M – M2 = 3
M2 = 5

But we know M = K√L1 L2

∴ 5 = K 2 (L1 L2 ) = K 2 (4 × 2)

5
∴ K = √8 = 0.79 ≃ 0.8

Did you enjoy reading this article on Magnetic Couple Circuits? Let us know in the
comments. You may also like some more articles in our series to help you ace your exam
and have concepts made easy. Best of luck for GATE 2017‼

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Special Cases in Routh Stability Criteria

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