REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELATED LITERATURE:

The following are relevant papers and forms of literature that the researchers discovered that
directly pertain to the current study:

Every farmer or gardener wants consistently bigger, better plants that produce higher yields.
Scientists test, theorize, and hybridize plants in search of these features in an effort to get the best
growth. One of these hypotheses relates magnetism to the growth of plants. It is believed that
magnetic fields, like the ones produced by our planet, help plants develop more quickly.

Foreign Literature:

For plants on Earth, a magnetic field (MF) is an unavoidable environmental component. All
living things encountered the Earth's MF (geomagnetic, GMF) during the evolution process as a
natural part of their surroundings. GMF is continuously affecting living things and is recognized
to have an impact on a variety of biological functions. The strength and direction of the earth's
magnetic (geomagnetic) field vary significantly locally. The vertical component at the earth's
surface reaches its maximum near the magnetic pole, where it is equal to around 67 T, and zero
at the magnetic equator. The horizontal component is zero at the magnetic poles and around 33 T
maximum in the magnetic equator (Kobayashi et al., 2004).

The strength of the magnetic field (MF) at the Earth's surface varies from less than 30 T in a
region that includes most of South America and South Africa (the so-called south Atlantic
anomaly) to almost 70 T in northern Canada, south of Australia, and in a portion of Siberia
around the magnetic poles (Occhipinti et al., 2014). The majority of the MF detected at the
surface of the Earth originates within. The planet's fluid metallic outer core generates it primarily
through the dynamo activity of turbulent flows, with only a small amount of help from external
magnetic fields (MFs) in the ionosphere and magnetosphere (Qamili et al., 2013). The GMF's
presence shields the Earth and its biosphere from the solar wind by diverting the majority of its
charged particles through the magnetosphere (Occhipinti et al., 2014).

There are many contradicting claims, few successful independent replication studies, and few
tenable biophysical interaction mechanisms in the literature detailing the impact of weak MFs on
living systems. The majority of these studies have been illogical, devoid of testable theoretical
hypotheses, and ultimately unsatisfactory (Harris et al., 2009). In recent years, the development
and state of the studies on the impact of MF on plant life have been examined (Phirke et al.,
1996; Abe et al., 1997; Volpe, 2003; Belyavskaya, 2004; Bittl and Weber, 2005; Galland and
Pazur, 2005; Minorsky, 2007; Vanderstraeten and Burda, 2012; Occhipinti et al., 2014).

One of the first studies on the effects of MF on plants was conducted by Krylov and Tarakonova
in 1960. By referring to this action as magnetotropism, they suggested that the MF had an
auxin-like influence on seeds that were germinating. It was also proposed that the auxin-like
impact of MF explains how tomato fruits mature (Boe and Salunkhe, 1963). There was proof that
the root-growth response was either geo-magneto tropic or magneto tropic and not directly
heliotropic. Other plants' roots were examined, and it was concluded that some innate
characteristic of a species, or possibly a group of species, may have been necessary before the
tropism manifested (Pittman, 1962). Rarely is the magnetic environment documented as a
controlled factor for scientific experimentation due to the incomplete understanding of the
biological activity of MFs and its mechanism. However, as a result of these groundbreaking
investigations, we can now take into account two experimental strategies designed to measure
the physiological reactions of plants exposed to either weak or powerful MFs.
References:

Kobayashi, M., Soda, N., Miyo, T., and Ueda, Y. (2004). Effects of combined DC and AC magnetic
fields on germination of hornwort seeds. Bioelectromagnetics 25, 552–559. doi: 10.1002/bem.20032

Occhipinti, A., De Santis, A., and Maffei, M. E. (2014). Magnetoreception: an unavoidable step for
plant evolution? Trends Plant Sci. 19, 1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.10.007

Qamili, E., De Santis, A., Isac, A., Mandea, M., Duka, B., and Simonyan, A. (2013). Geomagnetic
jerks as chaotic fluctuations of the Earth's magnetic field. Geochem.Geophys.Geosys. 14, 839–850.
doi: 10.1029/2012GC004398

Harris, S. R., Henbest, K. B., Maeda, K., Pannell, J. R., Timmel, C. R., Hore, P. J., et al. (2009). Effect
of magnetic fields on cryptochrome-dependent responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. R. Soc.
Interface 6, 1193–1205. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0519

Phirke, P. S., Kubde, A. B., and Umbarkar, S. P. (1996). The influence of magnetic field on plant
growth. Seed Sci. Technol. 24, 375–392.

Pittman, U. J. (1962). Growth reaction and magnetotropism in roots of winter wheat (Kharkov 22
M.C.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 42, 430. doi: 10.4141/cjps62-070

Volpe, P. (2003). Interactions of zero-frequency and oscillating magnetic fields with biostructures
and biosystems. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2, 637–648. doi: 10.1039/b212636b

Belyavskaya, N. A. (2004). Biological effects due to weak magnetic field on plants. Adv. Space Res.
34, 1566–1574. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2004.01.021

Bittl, R., and Weber, S. (2005). Transient radical pairs studied by time-resolved EPR. Biochim.
Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg. 1707, 117–126. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.03.012

Galland, P., and Pazur, A. (2005). Magnetoreception in plants. J. Plant Res. 118, 371–389. doi:
10.1007/s10265-005-0246-y

Minorsky, P. V. (2007). Do geomagnetic variations affect plant function? J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest.

Phys. 69, 1770–1774. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.12.004

Vanderstraeten, J., and Burda, H. (2012). Does magnetoreception mediate biological effects of
power-frequency magnetic fields? Sci. Total. Environ. 417, 299–304. doi:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.071

Occhipinti, A., De Santis, A., and Maffei, M. E. (2014). Magnetoreception: an unavoidable step for
plant evolution? Trends Plant Sci. 19, 1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.10.007

Krylov, A., and Tarakonova, G. A. (1960). Plant physiology. Fiziol. Rost. 7, 156.
Boe, A. A., and Salunkhe, D. K. (1963). Effects of magnetic fields on tomato ripening. Nature 199,
91–92. doi: 10.1038/199091a0

Pittman, U. J. (1963). Magnetism and plant growth. I. Effect on germination and early growth of
cereal seeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 43, 513–518. doi: 10.4141/cjps63-104

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00709-015-0820-7

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2014.00445/full