Other Operations on a Matrix

1. The transpose of a Matrix → The transpose is an (n x m) matrix formed from the

original (m x n) matrix by taking the ith column. The diagonal is unchanged in this
operation. The transpose of a matrix is indicated asAt.

1 6 9
Ex: Determine the transpose of A= 2 3 4
7 1 5

1 2 7
Sol: At = 6 3 1
9 4 5
Other Operations on a Matrix
2. The Determinant of a Matrix → ThedeterminantD,is ascalar calculated from a square
matrix. The determinant of a matrix is indicated by enclosing the matrix by vertical lines.

Properties of Determinant

A. If a matrix has a row or column of zeros, the determinant is zero.

1 4 0 2 1 5
4 5 0 =0 0 0 0 =0
1 7 0 4 1 9
Other Operations on a Matrix
B. If a matrix has two identical rows or columns, the determinant is zero.

1 2 5 3 3 6
4 6 1 = 0 3 3 1 =0
1 2 5 6 6 2

C. If a matrix is triangular, the determinant is equal to the product of the diagonal entries.

2 0 0
0 3 0 = (2)(3)(5) = 30
0 0 5
Other Operations on a Matrix
D. The value of the determinant is not changed if corresponding rows and columns
are interchanged.

1 4 6 1 2 1
2 5 2=4 5 7
1 7 9 6 2 9

E. If two columns or rows of a determinant are interchanged the, sign is changed.

2 1 6 2 6 1
5 4 7 = − 5 7 4
1 3 9 1 9 3
Order of the Determinants
Use of Sign

𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 Even (+)

𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 Odd(-)
Order of the Determinants

2nd Order

x= 4 5
23
Order of the Determinants

3rd Order

1 −3 2
x= 2 1 −4
3 −2 1
Order of the Determinants
4th Order

2 0 1 −1
1 2 −2 3
x=
3 −2 3 −2
4 −4 −2 −3
Order of the Determinants
4th Order

2 0 1 −1
1 2 −2 3
x=
3 −2 3 −2
4 −4 −2 −3
Order of the Determinants
4th Order

2 0 1 −1
1 2 −2 3
x=
3 −2 3 −2
4 −4 −2 −3
Order of the Determinants
4th Order

2 0 1 −1
1 2 −2 3
x=
3 −2 3 −2
4 −4 −2 −3
Cofactor of Matrix
The Cofactor of an Entry in a Matrix → The cofactor of an entry in a matrix is the determinant of the matrix
formed by omitting the entry’s row and column in the original matrix.

Find the cofactor of -2:

2 7 3
−2 5 6
3 4 7
Inverse Matrix
The Inverse Matrix → The inverseA-1, of a matrix Ais a matrix such that (a)(a-1) = I, where I is a square
matrix with ones along the left-to-right diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

Determine the inverse of

45
A =
23
Inverse Matrix
The Inverse Matrix → The inverseA-1, of a matrix Ais a matrix such that (a)(a-1) = I, where I is a square
matrix with ones along the left-to-right diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

Determine the inverse of

45
A =
23
Solution to Systems of Linear Equation
Using Determinants (Cramer’s Rule)
For a systemof linear equations:

𝑁𝑥 𝑁𝑦
x= ;𝑦= ; ...
𝐷 𝐷

where:

D= determinant of the coefficient of the variables

Nx = determinant taken form D replacing the coefficients of x by their
corresponding constant terms leaving all other terms unchanged.
Ny = determinant taken form D replacing the coefficients of y by their
corresponding constant terms leaving all other terms unchanged.
Cramer’s Rule
Example

Solve for x, y, and win the following equations:

3x - 2y + w= 11,
x + 5y - 2w = -9,
2x + y - 3w= -6.

3 −2 1
D= 1 5 −2
2 1 −3
Cramer’s Rule
Example

Solve for x, y, and win the following equations:

3x - 2y + w= 11,
x + 5y - 2w = -9, D= −46
2x + y - 3w= -6.

−2 1
Nx = 5 −2
1 −3
Cramer’s Rule
Example

Solve for x, y, and win the following equations:

3x - 2y + w= 11,
x + 5y - 2w = -9, D= −46
2x + y - 3w= -6.

3 1
Ny = 1 −2
2 −3
Cramer’s Rule
Example

Solve for x, y, and win the following equations:

3x - 2y + w= 11,
x + 5y - 2w = -9, D= −46
2x + y - 3w= -6.

3 −2
Nw= 1 5
2 1
Any Clarifications?

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