Saliva

Stimulated saliva contains higher conc of bicarbonate.

Stimulated saliva, higher salivary flow rate.

Stimulated saliva, higher PH, PH is alkaline.

Higher PH, more ca+ is free, non ionized.

Higher PH, higher conc of phosphate pO4.

Lower PH, lower conc of phosphate pO4, higher conc of phosphorice acid.

TOTAL phosphate con depend inversely on saliva flow rate.

Unstimulated saliva have a lower critical pH than stimulated saliva owing to a higher total phosphate
concentration in unstimulated saliva.

As tooth demineralization can occur when the actual pH drops below the critical pH.

As the saliva total phosphate concentration decreases with increasing flow rate, the contribution
from phosphate to the overall buffer capacity decreases.

The lower the pH, the lower the concentration of phosphate and the higher the concentration of
phosphoric acid, and vice versa.

In contrast to calcium, the concentration of total phosphate decreases dramatically with increasing
saliva flow rates.

the total phosphate concentration is determined by the saliva flow rate.

the saliva phosphate (PO4 3–) concentration is determined by the saliva pH because it will be
reduced to very low values by a low saliva pH.

At stimulated saliva, PH is higher, higher flow rate and conc of phosphate ion is high, PO4 will buffer.

At unstimulated saliva, low PH, low flow rate, TOTAL phosphate conc will buffer, higher conc of
phosphoric acids,

Buffer bicarbonate:

When CO2 is lost from saliva the PCO2 will drop and the pH increase, the latter because hydrogen
ions are removed.
In a closed system the bicarbonate buffer hydrogen ions equal to around half its concentration at the
pK value for carbonic acid.

a phosphate buffer system will buffer hydrogen ions equal to half its total concentration around pk
value.

The higher the final pH value the better the buffering capacity and vice versa.

Above pH 5.5 the buffering capacity is high owing to the buffering ability of the phosphate (1) and
bicarbonate buffer system.

At low PH, indicating a lower buffer capacity mainly from salivary proteins.

The reason for this drop is that plaque may form a diffusion barrier that prevents diffusion of salivary
buffer systems into the plaque.

Phosphate and bicarbonate will buffer when PH is around their PK value.

In parotid and submandibular saliva:

1. Intercalated – striated – excretory duct

2. Serous glycoprotein.
3. Statherin
4. Histatin
Serous GLYCOprotein: proline rich glycoprotein
Acidic proline rich protein: ca binding protein