GENERAL

BIOLOGY 2
 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the session, the learners are expected to be able to:

• describe modifications to Mendel’s classic ratios;

• determine the results of crossing genes if it is incomplete

dominance or codominance; and

• appreciate the importance of incomplete dominance and

codominance in interaction of organisms through a reflection.
ASSIGNMENT
• List at least 2 sex-linked disorders and read in advance
about their:

1. causes; and
2. treatments.
review
Suppose you cross a pure-
P breeding, black-furred dog with
curly fur to a pure-breeding,
Black, curly fur Yellow, straight fur yellow-furred dog with straight
fur. In the F1 generation, all the
F1 Black, puppies have straight, black fur.
straight fur Next, you interbreed the F1 dogs
with one another to get an F2
generation. What fraction of the
F2 F2 puppies would have yellow,
straight fur?
Let:
B-black S-straight
b-yellow s-curly

Therefore the genotype of offspring in F1 is BbSs

Since we are only looking for the fraction of yellow-straight fur

offspring, we may use the product rule.

BbSs X BbSs
 BbSs X BbSs

B b S s
B BB Bb S SS Ss
b Bb bb s Ss ss

Get the probabilities of getting a yellow fur and straight fur.

Then multiply the products.

¼ yellow X ¾ straight
Snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus)

x =
 OTHER
DOMINANCE
OTHER DOMINANCE
• Refers to any pattern of inheritance which
does not follow the dominance seen in
Mendelian Principles.
• Alleles aren’t always fully dominant nor
recessive to one another.
OTHER DOMINANCE
• Incomplete Dominance
• Codominance
• Multiple Alleles
INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
Incomplete dominance
• A cross between two organisms with
different phenotypes produces offspring
with a third phenotype that is a
blending of the parental traits.
 x Cr Cw Self-
fertilization

Cr Cw
CRCR CwCw
Cr
CrCr CrCw

Cw
CrCw CrCw CwCw
1 red: 2 pink: 1 white
coDOMINANCE
codominance
• A cross between two organisms with
different phenotypes produces offspring
with a third phenotype in which both of
the parental traits appear together.
 CW CW

Cr Cw Cr Cw
Cr

Cr Cw Cr Cw
Cr
Multiple
alleles
Multiple alleles
• Many alleles exist for the same gene
• Makes for many possible dominance
relationships
 Multiple alleles +
codominance
= ABO BLOOD TYPes
Abo blood types
• Important in determining whose
blood a person can receive in a
transfusion
• ABO blood type is determined by the
I gene, which has three possible
alleles: IA, IB, and i.
Abo blood types
• The IA allele encodes an enzyme that inserts “A”
antigen onto the surfaces of red blood cells.
• The IB allele encodes an enzyme that inserts “B”
antigen onto the surfaces of red blood cells.
• Allele i is recessive, so a person with genotype ii
produces neither antigen A nor antigen B and
therefore has type O blood.
• IA and IB alleles are codominant because both are
equally expressed when both are present.
GENOtype: IAIA IBIB IAIB ii
IAi IBi

PHEnOtype: A B AB O
exercises
Check your understanding

1. What is the difference between INCOMPLETE

DOMINANCE AND CODOMINANCE?
Check your understanding
2. In some chickens, feather color is controlled by codominance. When a black
chicken mates with a white chicken, all of the offspring are covered in both black
and white feathers.

A farmer mates a black chicken (CBCB) with a black-and-white chicken (CBCW).

What are the predicted phenotypes of their offspring?

a. 50% of the offspring will be black, and 50% of the offspring will be
black-and white.
b. All of the offspring will have black feathers.
c. 75% of the offspring will be black, and 25% of the offspring will be white.
d. All of the offspring will have black-and-white feathers.
Check your understanding
3. In snapdragon plants, the gene for red petals, PR, is incompletely
dominant to the gene for white petals, PW. Individuals that are
heterozygous, PRPW, have pink petals.

A plant with pink petals is crossed with a plant with white petals. What
is the chance that the offspring will have red petals?

a. 100%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 25%
e. 0%
Check your understanding
4. Coat color in rabbits depends on three alleles.
Coat color Allele Inheritance Pattern
Dark gray C Dominant to other
alleles
Chinchilla cch Dominant to white
White c recessive

A rabbit breeder crosses a chinchilla rabbit (cchc) with a dark gray rabbit
(Ccch). What are the predicted phenotypes of their offspring?
Check your understanding
5. A cross between a blue and a white blahblah bird produces
offspring that are silver. The color of blahblah birds is determined
by just two alleles.

5A. What are the genotypes of the parent birds in the

original cross?
5B. What is/are the genotype/s of the silver offspring?
5C. What would be the phenotypic ratios of offspring
produced by two silver birds? Use the Punnett square to
justify the ratios.
REFERENCES:

Exploring Life Through Science Series: Earth and Life Science by

Olivar, Jose II and Morales-Ramos, Anna Cherylle

General Biology Book I and II by Marielle Hoefnagels. McGraw Hill

Education.

General Biology 2 by Rea, Maria Angelica D. and Dagamac, Nikki

Heherson A.