What are ‘bait’ advertising, and/or ‘bait and switch’ advertising’ (p. 127)?

Use one or more

examples to illustrate. Why are these practices viewed as ethically controversial?  Are they
morally wrong?  Should they be legally regulated or prohibited? Why or why not?

'Bait and switch' is an act of fraud in which a company advertises goods for a very low price with
the intention of substituting inferior or more expensive options at the time of purchase. Like the
worm on the end of a fishing rod, companies lower their prices to entice customers. However,
the firm instead of sending the consumer the item initially advertised - the item that siphoned off
their attention to come to the store - attempts to switch products and sell them something
altogether different. An advertising campaign starts when companies advertise a product at a
significantly lower price than its actual market cost (Grace, Cohen, & Holmes, 2014). For
example, a new 10-inch Android tablet is advertised for $100 rather than $400.Even though most
of the discounts are not true, a considerable number of consumers are fooled by them.

The bait-and-switch scam consists of two parts. Unscrupulous advertisers get attention by
offering bait pricing, which is so low that you inquire about it. When you call, the advertiser tells
you that they are closing in on the last one. When you go, the last one already sold. In most
states, bait-and-switch tactics are illegal. There are laws against defrauding consumers in this
way. The main issue is whether or not the salesperson knew they were doing this, and whether or
not that assertion can be proven as true. If someone advertises an item they do not have, and
never intended to have, that's fraud. However, businesses employ several methods to avoid being
charged with fraud. One is that they make sure to have one of the items in stock, even though
they aren't planning to sell it. Maybe their sole instance is a display. They don't want to sell you
the display, but they're expecting more to arrive soon. In the meantime, though, or maybe the
salesperson returns from the backroom and claims that they don't have any currently in stock.
However, if anyone investigates, the store will show the one from the back room and claim the
salesperson made a mistake - they did have one; the salesperson overlooked it. Yet another way
advertisers get around the law is in the fine print. In tiny print, preceded by an asterisk, are the
words "while supplies last" or "limited quantities available." If they tell you they just sold the last
one, it's hard to prove otherwise.
In general, bait-and-switch tactics to lure buyers in are not only wrong but also unlawful.
Individuals need to be wary of deals that seem too good to be true. If an individual becomes
victim to such tactics, then he has the right to report the offender to the relevant authority.

What is the difference between direct and indirect discrimination? Use examples to
illustrate.

In direct discrimination, you complain that you have been treated differently, in a way that
disadvantages you. For example, you and someone without a disability have the same
qualifications and skills, but the employer chose the other because your disability would cause
you to miss a lot of work. The indirect form of discrimination is when you complain that the
discriminator is treating you the same as everyone else, but that it puts you at a disadvantage
because of your disability. For example, you are not eligible for the job because it requires all
workers to have a driver's license. If your disability prevents you from driving, the requirement
to acquire a driving license is unreasonable, or placing you at a disadvantage, if driving is not an
essential part of your job.

Specifically, direct discrimination occurs when someone is treated unfairly due to a protected
characteristic, such as sex or race. For example, a woman is not promoted because she is a
woman and the job goes to a man who is less qualified. When someone is unfairly treated
because of a protected characteristic shared by someone they know or someone with whom they
are affiliated, this is known as direct discrimination. The second type of direct discrimination is
discrimination by perception. This occurs when someone treats a person unfairly because they
think they have a certain protected characteristic, whether or not it is true. Indirect discrimination
occurs when there are rules or arrangements that apply to a certain group of employees or job
applicants, but in practice are less fair to someone with a particular protected characteristic. The
employee or applicant must be able to prove both of the following: It's unfair to them and to
others with the same protected characteristic, like a woman who believes there is sex
discrimination against women. It's unfair to those who do not possess the protected
characteristic, for example, it's unfair to female employees but not to male employees.