xe Chemit t ~ - % Chemical Bonding % © le RR attroclive force thot holds tao ov move constiluemt atoms oR OPP, Charged tons logetthrey te al. chemical Specfes, is called chemteat Bona ° # IN & chem*cal Bord Colt attraclie | x and Fepulsive forces ‘exist m ‘equillibyium | % Alems ore less Slate ang more energelic hence “thes form molecutes by losing sorne Energy by pastich paling in chemical @ond | *& It tS union. of lo oF mose abains Involving sedisltibulion of cation formatior of alom ancereases | * Size of *Elec\¥on ahimiy (f yt anion alom formation ‘increaseseleciyonS (IA To we EP atoms looses A GIN? sms qans eleclvons (VA To VA % distance blw EuN ait ee two Clements Bilw Two relarerst olams ie im periddcic taole #& tonic comp'ds does not conlain molecutets formula bout only emperica! -formula. TR Oo ex; Nacl -¥ Omperical formula % ionic Bond IS @ non-direclional Bona . Because attraclion powty Blu (Wo opp. tong (mM OMI arvections Some. y # ionic Bond Tonizo\ion| ~ of formalion > Energy & Cotton . ~ NOY Mg Ai « cation ~(ormatic as Kar Oe cca «a Gin aon Tendenesyr mM * | Elect¥on ia of affinity | a omon5 rs motion’ yonic Bond eae formation metal Ccation) 4% Bond association lomc Bond ron od Energy onan formation # toitice Energy 2) + The minimum amount of Energy See " ApS ane conversion of 1 mole of Solid Substance mlo rox9ed eS 4WO Opp. Gaseous ‘ons 1S called Lattice Energy (OR) : = The amount of energy released when lio opp Charged Gaseous tons combined together And form 4 mok of Solid Substance 1s called Lattice Energy . 4% MORE attractions More MORE = te tence in attraction forces, molure * Lattice Crergy “6° catculalid by @orn-Hewer Cycle. amet dos! ov ix 5ng Lattfee Enea Ws 4 factors affect\ a de x magnitude of charge 7 Oe Le charge on force of ce tons attractions Nor Mgf, AtFy wer 4 mg? 4 ait? = chorge.t Co t me Sree force of ne of tons cre | é ] Meroe =! oo she os = : yet NOt oH ’ UF > Nor ve KE OY REY Cer + colion Sage T LE YL Sige of onidn Constont . * Loltice Ener y nigra) OF, TR Si a \G G- MODES Youre, Guns Yolent 9} bah n Urt-Un? N“Univolent ionse KEY KCN Mey ye x peor! me UNE Se of Z anton y Nor Y KE > bey CaF BE OF cation my joanof tonic compounds > = PSN % chavacte SCS ms de compounds ave exisk im Sol?a stati due a AN = = tolic force of attractions. So these to sivong elect¥0s ave) Quik fara and brittle we att tone complas do not Show SlareoiSomesfam aut t& onic bond 18.4 NON -diveclional GBond,. #% Due lo High ativoclions onic complds extbits High MeP and BP * al’ ave acts oS a imsulalodrs im Solid stalz Gut conductors “(mits aquious ar mollén slalz. % tome complds im solln show very fost ionic reactions , Ca AgNO, —» Aad + NOslO5 S og (wait) oa *MWP/Be ey TR SF - 2 # anion is cammon Ihen the Compld stich has thc ‘L Mighey atomic MCIGRE Of calion kill Show more mp Back, y Rec, 7 F ailion 1 > hoe ttgher RE arr ctf canich have High Mep yc aT COE voitcompounds show ‘'somorphism of the. tonic ere oxphism * & J Is rh too alt tome compound hove Sumilay no of eSs a fee pit and Some crystalline sltuclive are Known, as \somowpS omd tk phenomenon 1s called OS lomoxphism! conditions » Saad of nm + BolB joni¢ Complds should have Same fons x Pee a, Should tave same no of 8 oR comparable Size and bol amons Should hove Same mo of e83 oR game O Geo melsy. eR 8 AB tebe canbe Bete woly of Cary stall gation “then Should have Game Geneval formula. ee 2 + oH Mae oe ° No net tp es oe? : toe? Y ! oe! 22 eS Amgono! planar oT) OO TelFohetvet at lly + = comporoblz sire _ _—is mot \somorv ens ce follow! of the fo - g, Which aa meso, 1? @ 4 Green V! ane -y Epsum sole PAGS, mo 10 -y Washing Sede 19,604, 0 Ae Mg + unile vilrot nou, THe He all alums OTe \somorphS ‘ s qeneroal formula — msoy ES Ou), By He lO % lone substances ave Soluble tm Woliy and Oly poh Solvents wile High dieleclric constant, But insoluby in ynenspolar Solvents like Gengene, Cihewx, Coy & *2 Nact Ty HO TR Sit o \ sf se wow £0n, fais ©) ae +0 “ Nal gets assectolid > ‘ule ee CV gets assocraled ire ; “SIEM Of Ho wai ar oe yOae x, Salvalion Energy * Perens Energy ® wmlevaction blus Solvent The energy released chus lo ond Soluli iS called Solvation Energy. if wolks ic uSed as Solvenk it 1S called Wydvalion Energy. owen Se HO- pdlar Solvent a ee es = Joma: ‘ ) 4) ei eleclvic const . O tne Sa € =s0 i fon ipo attyactions cue non- polay A\ electaie Const TR Sit f= 9.3 * drelecizic constant % (¢} ; \\ The Copoaly of Solvent © meulzalise | of wonie complds We charge ea ec 'S called ai electric constant © Ho tas mox. dielecliic conetant (€ =30) cHgOu @= 25 CHCOCH, © =a\ Sig =2.3 qHcot © =24 elms © = el KO 7Tenoe Y GROH > cHcochy, ¥ CHO CHS 7 OeHe @ WSO, and He, have high a eleclvic const. but are not Good solvent due l& oxidising naldre, of tome compla FX polasily of ees chetecl¥ic e] Soluble “| constant1¢ mox. In ° @. Solubinly of 4F VO cvigo" @ o,4_o4 @ ches, +38 ezat E241 e=ai octave, OA joTE laced oe ue ooltiete +," WO 2,0 1g0 102. as So 4a y universo\ solvent Chemica Reactant TR Sit % foclors affecting Hyarolion Energy (Hee) * + He oc t— (Rodws) po Gxt See yy We OC Z.2% (charge) @ wydrolton Energy moinly depends dn \we calion SWS, jee Wi \ WSUS becojse We Voluu 1 1g negligible in comporison te 1 # : Po Lit qt ae ee Group lolk We lattice Energy ond Hydvalion e Ke ENCTQY decreases On tOnie Comp! : Sa ts tidelles = yg 6 be Soluble in Wolér ig eae | Jaa: > Hydration & omenergy > Lotlce Energyae =. 6 SS we conductivilg motilly of eee of tonic oe ons OC compound tons g. which of the following hos max. Hyctralion Enea, 38 @ ani © ve" -O 4* @nok + WE | cation Size Qe what will be Ihe decreasing order of Solubrlly Geso, > Maso, > Cosa, 7 SSO, % Coo, amon constant but He co 1 se HE o& Solubilily Tae Sis Q: Armange following compound ale conduchvily order Noack Kel Rect Csc\ \3 af Ly Nock > KOK Y Rett Y Ceer colion eat ) Gtatuckanth \ Nocl £ Kel Rect { Cech ; Sae of Hyclvolid ‘ | cationPaolaxigolion n ton ( colton) Lo chstoxt We e = iP i Nect¥ ont, The power 3 jon Canion) #3 Knousn os its ecu of (olney polarising OF * Sphev'eol Symmelyy + thigh ie @® (@).* ae Zen polarisolion calion anon C) mislorlid amion ST Reason * —» = polarisalion High Fey OF calion . Twiumal Reddy S14 a No Bond 'S 100 /. tonic . It has Some covalent characteristics | exlent of which depends upon effecek of one ion on We Oltiey | Jar’salion - #* polarisalion T covalent ehoractsy } tonic nolire |) #* Polarisalion velalis 5 calic Ib Semen TEIEtS be cation % ; ore Polarising power Ce, Charge on = | x cation al * Blak Salion Ge - SS val & elas be Anion 26 The number of ePs Shared iy pet atom fe catteq covalence and the zesullomt trond ic Catled . covalent Ronc. foforn's Rules # Smoller isthe cotton gize a eee omion . Grealey UN) be the polastgalion = (Hen Greales will be Whe covalent chovoclis. ex:® @eci : ex See aasst Corl, ¥ Snel, > Sach, Size of cation T a Q Si polarisalion | : Nt covolent molare i 5 = + ee ex® OF > WE i Gged Sige | pl : fox en | %& ighey is Ihe Anion Sige i | E si & Calton : Greolay will be the polansolion then . Grealexy will be the Covalent chowncky . tO UEL Ley br CUT ——> Size of anion T polarisation + covolent chovaclay Te 2 ; ex KE 4 KE Fi) 4J bv 9 S'S! ® . Padlion slo C Chorge) Of coli, # Uighey 19 Me oxtdalion as on | more will be Ihe de formo\ion of Ond thug emore wilt be covolent nolire » 2 chorge on cation OC Polos’ soliton ex: moct < Mach, & ANChs, wd gh cnt? enange Polonsolion T Sach, 4 Sry GAG) covolent noliive T 4 Higher is Ihe chorge on orien, move Will be Ke polansalion. of amon ond Abus more will be covalent choroctir , exe Ext AIF, & AN,O3 4 AIN Pps Pe aeree,. ee chorge ~~ TRS 3% Pseudo tnert gos’ confiquralion of ‘colion, has Mae polar salion T Covalent nolueem PelOTISINg Power slian alte Maem ae ams Ee omer » 7 Doe nest, gos | configuration, Nocl cucl eee 1 as eP Inert a ; Pseudo imert gas conPiguralion Seudo vn Go configuralion1 charge and Same Wen AS) if Ov A Sige is 2. e Polos) * o ® power 18 BP < (Bay eO 4 1a & Xext Ppt fae +2 +L 42 _* aD 4h No ,K T * A acs Syn pb Th BA cd, Ag ost Species Si 5 2 OSES Specie s % Tn a binary Compound ag, 4 Ihe Elecl¥o neqoliwi of A,and & oloms, EN Al. =1.t covalent +tomc Eo AW yteb- Tentc Bond, | TRS Eon Ae Ht Cote: Bend Hydrogen fluomde (HF) 1S covalent Exception % Excery 1@ ~% . . ‘ Siew ‘ even ousun et eemotce EA) “\at seuslors cape 1s, 2oucieNOTE ¢ Ter en => NOTE polar®sing Power of KH IN A soup colon decreases Bottom . polorising Powe’ we in co Vemtec tert 7 atts ey increases | nears polerising power of IN OD Group i) anion Bottom Increases HM 6 period Left Right Polowverng pour? \ | B s Bisse decreases * polorisalion covalent tome m.P mnolire. molire ‘ce in a lon err . > eT Coe me * —% folorisalion Pouex of aalion is usually eailed OS tome poléntic cheage densily charge on Calion Heme) Potenliot {igiconay = ayeeee eee Sige of calion _8) g CO covalent nolive. * To delermine olive of oxide ¢ Jo < aa > =a-a-3.9 Id ya.8 Basie” oxide Ampholinic ASIC oxide MO Group (gp value | asic nolize T Q: comp'd wilh max. tone chowocliy \s fore Fron (me followihg | @® wo ord ci ® cs ora e 1A ©cs ara aes @ va ond & > ite fasom's vu Jorger Galion ang Smalls anion _ gant hove oo SO, lome TR Sv Q> out of following which has 2th lt eit peal @® woct Leg at © nowy -» Least (Ionic) Spe —yP, sek ae 2 + Covalent Bond “POSES BY GaN. Lents The Bond formed by muliiat Shoring of cleclsons Slw two aléms of Eleclionegalive elements ts Conmplel f jhe SStys auescueamdy Cond. EN+E.N -% covalent Gond oR TR Site Dolwe Bond . Be H molecule Gg moleute sy Molle . Porlant * “he lonsiea pat ep 2s Bh Bavl eet cans ond ave localised lub two alos Concerned. * Shoring of eo Moy OCcuyS in no of & Shared bfus Fonts ee a0 “hwo atoms (Gree wouys ZA ' Single Bord (-) & = Doble Gord C=) 6 2 Ample Sond ty) ~ Doubk ond Trp Bonds belongs ts mullipy Bonds . iemo Of evaLNE Bonds i which an olen mvelves 19 equal te thé mo Of Unpotred elections Present oa) mit, thot meonS only unpaired ee Wvolve in Covalent Bond formalion . * pure covalent Bond OR nop- otalvecvatere formed blw two lke CsSame) olomg, and polar covalent Bond -Brmed lw “two! onhke Cartere nw) atoms. " Pure covalent % 4 cl, OL, Ny, Py Se ele polar Covalent ¢ HE, Het, Cl, HO) CO, , SOQ - Rect, ) SQ, Bag, MH , Ohy, “Trirrumnal Reddy S17 Pols , Ske etc Pave and pckar % on Ke! q 7 HS, Unpaved eo s Present Tun! tke Valence lance shell OF ava além imvolve tm covalent bonds, We election pairs present in volence | Lonepaive of €25 (6R) von-e el\ecl¥ons |+ covalencys The covatency . > Sidgwrcte’s # Ale eamolecule com EAE tly a (covalanay more thon 4), ro of e8a Shared per olom is Colley concept of max. covalency % Brdgwick , The cenl¥at alom fh a > have moze Iban & €OS tm its Volence Sheu %* mox. covaleney of on element cepends on (KE pered TR Si ROY tlehents aks No Fexted max, covalenay mox. Shared 2 n 1 sk t Q live 2495 0s te 8 No By My 26 SY + te Ro Bt q, mh Onusowd Ss rs 5 3 16 ee eS Oe ad Covalenay a ‘ ; n 4 -VaA e 9TOLp nox 2165 t Covalency 4 WIA QrCup Max covalency it if Gare 5 & NA Group Max a covalencycraaclristics of covalent Compounds « ie cpuelane complas @xiSt OS Soli Uquic OF, Gases exe) Ty 659) By OL) Cy) Qt -Toom lamp, covalent COMP'AS ExtibiE Slaves somMeTISM Locause ib 1S divveclrono! bond wAaR Sty covalent Substances have low M.-P ara BP, except Diamond carborundum (ic) | which ore 3-0 nelOorke Sivcal SQ) Solias . goven mite ene a % covalent Compounds Solubla tn Non polor Solvents tuce Bengene , meoluble im play solvents hike Ho . % covalent complds are nok, electrical conductors elfen mm ae sak @. nm Sas eg ae OS Mnay doe? Shen ees @® ions. 3 sol except? Grophile which eariGty delocal &s. 2 ee Good conductor, 2 % Hel, HRY, HE HMOZ and WERE rotor vn KS aq. Sol'n exhibits Anes fren JOOS. | -— ©. The diffevence blw ihe No of yalence e's) of abot olbermann Asololia,OR “Pree Sls) ona 4m, oF assigned to thol alom im the lLawis Sirus of es 8 = (Ni qute os aern| formal chargé Na — ne of 225 wm the volence Shell im the free olom, 2 ero oa LN = no of B-paiss we no of lone pairs ae ~y formaichorge Rules ¢ * formulae with We lowest moagnilide of formal charges are more sloble 3 * more eleclyonegalive atoms Should have negalive formal charges . TR oy “ # Adjacent aloms Should have opposite sono) Charges . 0,9 Glaus Set AY Op S-A=4 Ke =H uw Qo ak 10 Ce 6-4 = i} oO o~ On7 6-4 LKyein a two possible Leuns sWudlares | Gesloaay change eller Lewis “Sl¥uclire (OR) Resonanceistiy 4 Octet: Rule 6° S The Rule Which Slalis thot © transfer op & charting proceeda Until an! otom hoe acquired’ an ockt of es 1 8e% im volence Shet], a Umilalions ¥ T.A GY ® *# incomplale oclt of cenl¥al atom & deficient’ Ex LiCl, “Bert, , Bal,” ete Mayorcelsne: * Expomded octet .( Super oct) on Hyper valent aD @* THs See deco not Sacoarke ammolecules % ik does not, explain ag of the molecules being All energy of a) moleLy / Ge PS Mae ME: ile EB j # Valence ond Theory * Ik wos prestntid by Hettley amd tondon lo &plam how a covalent bond 1s formed ord tk wot €xlénded iy Poullng and olhers. %& poslitales * s& Overlapping occuve beliveen ho filled valence ster, orertals of (Ke lio aloms , XK Resutting bond ocqguived o pair of cer Spins 16 get Slabihly. T-R Sy * aos come, Clogey lo each oltey Prom (he drredien Im which Weve 1s mMox. overlapping GE Opposily 2 covelent Bord has dixedlional character % Exlent of overlapping OC Sleng\h of chem*cal Bord smlernuclear distance dl, — Bond lengliaMgpes. of exveslapping + 5 Sig ORG SES) a 4 ene, PLES) Song b nen abMiC orbitals Wien aalsone, en alémtc oreitals along mlismwuclear were 9 overion Yy Sidewis 25. te end be end ov 5 oR Lolere! overlapping ax? fend Wb Head OM overlap « of 65 Sioa - $-S overlap TROY O+rO07@®D QB & a S S ss A - p-P , J 4 S-P overloD + —_ 0 So ee in 6% Bond formalton + PP overlap exlent of overbopping \s' very Small, Hence OOD CDS pe P e " ”-Bond 16° Leak The extent of overlapping oma thus slengih of three sae ‘ of g-@onds 1S tm Ihe Order ——— S-SuhiSsh,) 2-2) Geefi f Some focts Reloltd to g ems Ba * ANS _ Bonds Nagle bonds ore mdependent'y «fi oe Re Bond | com rob exist MICP F vstly ao -'BBRA U6 formed and formation ay Yoke place : wen only B= Bona Hin ‘multiple bénds, 2 word 16 oO ond, vest of Wy bonds ate 7%- Gonde *- G-Bona consist only One electzon Cloud Symmes —cally about ‘inter nuclear axis | %& n- Gond consists of two /©© clouds , one obove tke plome omd olher below the plome of alamic Nucled ae : T-R Sit ; % There 13. 0 Sree vola\ion possible Ghout a T-wond but ‘t 1S mot possible im cose of A-bond becouse 2 A-Bond vyolelion dislort We. e®! cloud. x : % slrengih of tHe Ronds follows Ite order AS Spe > Og.5 % tena nN * Tiss Exceplionally slwonger wl * SMaenglb of (he Cords y=ay- %* Reactivity of mullipk Gonde 18 Always more than Single Gond -Enl&enuclecy, axts omy: ons x-axis ’ y-ats 6 | g-oxis | ole S-P over lopring 1s not possible = ets Se x -0xts | y-axts a-axis YoR 2-0 KOR Z-axis x oR y -OxIS ax over tOpping_Ly Any oly pard dd everlappt ng 1S mot possthl: | 8 lap * Ca ry : an ho ¥ An-An TRV % overlapping of oes, So in forrdlon of io eorde qTESUlesS & Goad slieng'h Asaa ce xy Hybrid orbitals % *e & Gend Stiengi® Oc — 0 IS-ap *& if Shell Gong Skenglt ap-aPp Shel) no of orbditol > 16-2p > 1S-4p Bond Slkenglh + mo (m) ig Same CO Exlent of CC Arreclional overlappmg properly > as-ap 7 BS-as Bond alzeng\* -» diyectionol property 1 2 2 of, ep-Sp, ef 8p ,. SF -SP , Sp-Sp ek" we Bong Senos In wo Bena t a @ | apx-80% FY ApK-2an > 2px } -297 | : : é on T BpK-2pn glvonges slable yery eo F ' n-Gond 7 -Bord --Bond a inter nuclear distances 1 @® o=0 exist But S=S doesnot Cust Ren —2P* | BpR- SpA ot Room lemperalave @ NEN exfck eek P=P does not Gast ot QrR-APR Room lemperaluye amen 2\ © o=c=o exietrbut). O2Sy eo does nck BON-BPA 8 ae pn- BPR (sq), See © siiuckiu” TR Sige 0 8 a Heo 2i_ none Polymestsalion & Tendency ofarr AS? EE ESS _ 2, eBinrstic gl ae a HYBRIDISATION * J Reason’ V-B:T drow Backs : kV BT explatns atout formalion of moleculy fra satfsfoctorily But it foe 6 account the Geometry and shapes of various molecules - #0 c\— Be-cl 8.9 of B.S of Ss-p p-P e-e S-P» But , Bond sléengith and distonce of Bdh tte Be-ct Bonds are Some . Ts was €xplained by Hybsfdisalion | TR NY > Hybridfsalion mlioducect by paling 6 explo equivolent molirre of covalent Bonds 1m a Molecule. HAyeridisation definitions S38 ee CEO ere oN The nlivmixing of appoximole equol energted oleic orbitols So hat oO redisleitulion of enemy occurs le form new osbitals of some energy. These new orbitals are aied Hy brta Orbitals ond \Ke phenomenon is called turidisation. NOW ci ————@e CV Pp- Sp Sp-p. new Bond. SHrengih of bol the bonds will be equ!Golent fealires of Uybridicalion * ® Pen ESS SE eaten o of Hybrid’ orbitals Ts equol 6 We numbe+ of * oO Tre ni ha olomic owbitals Wat get hybyidfeed. i & to! ° 2 The hyerta osbitals “are equivalent fa Rrevedhond ghope @ the Hybrid, ovbitols ate Symenelically awronged around Whe Nucleus Such that Mi hove: max. etobilly . TR Sto * @ Hybrid orbitals awe move effective forening Slade bonds ‘thom ie pure alomfc oxvitols, © tweridisalion was mlsaduced explofn /tha Shapes of mdeates , Bond omgles: im ime moleales , Bond lenginS m the moleasles, ) + © twese Lyericl osbitals Ore dvrected mm Space fh 5) Ae gad ' 1 2hasials it ok come preffered divection Xo have minimum vepulsions blo @© pairs Tang. \hus stable arromgement is obloined, hubridi gation andicalas We § molecuts Orcer of Repulsions lp-lp > Le-e. at 16amak Fnporléml condilions for Hybridisation 1) @ z athe orbitals. of one amd) the, Same alom only tmvdy in Hybridisation. em ao molecule cenival atom only Leo Oe, Hybridisation e©O fing 1m Hybrid orbitals’ obeys | Hunds awule » ponlt’s vuble KK The Hybrid orbitals imvolve only tn 'g' Bond formolion . They donot mvolve tH ‘x’ tond frmolion, & Promotion of & \s rot essentiol condition Prfoy te Hyerfasation. ~ Thizumal Raddy Siy * A olf oR fully filled “orertale or even Vacant orbital can parhetpale mm Hybridisation, , % The ortoitals present im ihe valence shell oe ita Std Ge “Hytriaiseds : * more divectionol bond greolky is the Bond a ‘ ‘ Slreng\t¥. oP-s® > spt_sp® ¥ Sp-sp> P-P >S-p +8-S Sige OR Energy OR \ Sl a S - chovaclet Arrectional property of oe Hybrid orteitalyy Ss se < Sp < Sp? Se lEnerQqy [arectionay ) Property Sige hepa’ chovaclixs TR Six s Delermenghor of Hybricisalion of an aléte wn mmdlecle = Slasfc qumber Rul (aillespie) ot mo ef om olom = no of bonded oloms Wil cenlial olom + no Of lonepaiss> Left On that Ce Atom Slestc “Types of Geomelzy | Sumber Hybridisation 2 Sp 27 O92) Linea Se ~ Tngonalplomar 26 2 & > Telfohedro! . 6 SPA figono! Bripgromidol oea™ odlahedval Sed. Renl&gono! Bi Pyvorfdal NOTE This Rule 1S not Applicable tS molecules] ions elo 1) One : pr a which have odd no of 2 ike clon, NO, ¢ mala loilasd 4 yaa free Radfco\G and Compounds We ynvlve 30-acO Bond.~y melhod -3 2 t[vam-c+A meliod i ue 4 3 Q@)- ne of Hybria oxbitolg imvolved wn Hybridisolion @ vo of e& wn its valence Shen. @- re of Monovolent olom Co Bord) ©- chorvge on colion @®-— Chorge on Anion Examples? 9 Ny UH 4 [5 +3-0%0) =4 Se you et lexato-o) = & Sp SO, sia [6+o+0+0] = 3 Sh Sin s+ H =} [ex0-0 x83 = & So AA ce =& (4 r0-0+8) =3 62° Pele =4[5+5 40-0] =5 sa 8% = HS Le+6 -ox0} =6 spo method "3% Eps S+i[@-v+a-c] 26 G_.No of Shared Of Bond pate of Os G@ - Group no (oR) valence & ie valency | of cenlval alo. Cc — charge of colion, , A — Choage of anion :geormpies of SP wubrisisat =e coy SMa ZA _ Wer Hach, 1eo" Bef Gecly fioxite) cack, Uneow ea Cee, Noe no pete FS TRAE ce exornples of SP vybridfsalion %. Bigg HMPS Bea eee 7 uae 1 os eS caf epe'y ele: Cie aN ) = oo re —CHy * SI 3 oS Se aa Gy af *Sn Br ae more Use (ron graph er Salae) oes os ; org. exon pes, of “op igttafeslion + 2 34+ = ig2 cn es Ss I 3 E on re ° = or ‘ Sp” gerd ong cole NR MQ Fy Peg WA. 28! ‘tue > ‘ GDS. con » Ki Cael 4 NF Pr, Sbels Nel Pcly BiCly =I Ne, SG ¥eDS | ae = cl ae"aI %G tz E \ ond te oe { ac+alp omg ss & Ahom 109.26! 4,5 OF, Sa, Angular [V-Shag, \a Diamond 5 i sig, ho Tel¥ahedron (Geecto! Sic 7 R Sv ee Kc ° vamulec ict oe ite brtdtsolion & Pls 49% ) @p (5) +Upco) or, PF, ) SPHstoy PFs Aacls [, Thigona! biPyromical Ser, she, | oie J f Ter, Fe Sbecle ier, Tec, PIs | Ser, BR, : Sety See\ ed BeC2)+LPC2) Xs Bris Byrd). ae = si » © Le Pentogonal tax @ue Poramidat @ 5 7 ee eee a ee pentagera\oe STE cg valence Shell Cleclron Paty Repulsion(VserR) th, @ - ea Proposed ®Yy Sidguick and Power Pe developed by Nyholm omd Gilfespie @ Te Ghope of a rmolecule GependsS on Ke nurnber of [Rone pass | Weepairs] elec\%on gave im the Valence she) Pairs of eleclvons im Ke valence Shell repel One » ee = a » omoimer Since Their elect¥on clouds are negolively charged. A.Q Si t @ Whe Repulsions elu eledigon’ paws on Cenl¥ol otem saiaibee So\tows We | order. . ee L.P-leP ¥ L-P-Be +B P-BP Elsa pais © A lone pares of es occupies moze Space around — Ane Cenl¥al alom thon & tond paiss . Because Lone patss aitvactid —y 4 Nucleus key Bord pairs ottvaclid 7 suclens Y L Im abo) Pairs of electtons occupies of min repulerons and@ if Galval clon is Surwounded by @ = & only @.e + Reguior Geomelry (oa=me E sexe ate. Geomel¥y (Shape) : Coaqdma) osbi lol £ Molecabay q Q Sut Geomel¥y Geomelny @ neve 4wo OR More resonance slruclives- eqn represent a molecule , The VSEPR model opplicobke t any Such Sleuclave . to 8) “the magnilide of repulsions bly BP of 28s depends om tke elect¥onegalilg dif Slw Ake Cenl¥al alarm Omnd volhes alam - ) Double bonds Cavse more repulsion (han Sing, Tripla bonds cause more repulsion ian doubk. multipk tonds meeds more Space as Compared to Sing bond. The repulsion, orkeyr is Doubk -Doulle > Doubk — Single Bonds Binge —Single Conds Bonds | HOLy oe Se oe oe Uneor Trigonal planor rigonol plonoy oe “e Oo ei Te\Fahedvon| Tehionedt¥on | (00.28) Hy, OF, Eel, Alc, Frigono’ =| 136 planar Sent @ | = SA, ANO, Oz Sch, POA aay eck, ey aaeg | B Mrigonot So. em, PR, PS | co ace Mera) erie | cee i | ° | e [Friqonot hop: | ‘Ss : : iq TrShere carn, Ors 5 [3 Q cee | 48 Pa Cie eeee Vata . | | e ‘Oo 4 I refgonat Uneer ‘er, x, 5) = 2 |ngce O*D ea bi Pyramidal xem Ie | | * 4 | & ae | B 2 > 3 eel an, rad ep octahedwal |octohedval Se Ae | al : PE | | ; ete faded) | | Pre, | | p, \ | > ode I ABE 8. e SFa* — octohechtal | Square BSNS Gane | . Ls 7 fyp ROSE EQ : mulliple Bond ®@ wits Sluclune es Me am na LP (tonepait) and »% position of y where 2 on es Se oe ser Fon —» Away! ° ils wfa 34 wyerdt sal is ok Eq fot Posilion yn ey atone On tOnie position x + wa -y sed® nybriaisol 2 eee 4 ea? wyeridisalion —* aup of equilexiolseelliog aup oxio! positions “T- Shope « eee #& Lineo® > Trigono! plomar, v-Shope , Rest ave non Squore plonor & plomay~ penlagoral plomay in Spd Uyortdtsalion (Terminal aloms ave Same ) oxfal Bord engihs > Equilerfal Bord Lenalks ) oo) fo 4S 4 3 n 8 8d" Uybridisolion HQ vm equiloeio Gord ergihs y Axtat Seas ae 0° “ “Thain Ready So~~ if Terminats ave mot Same ] will occupy A axtat positions in sp%d ond _ Spo od Spd - | CLE. SS) Coce, m | , sclra ree ore (eres as oe oy Ce tor ot ae \ con, ! { vet @ toc Ose : Pity { Tocts 3 e S nybsidialion Cenltal olom TR SW me a Bs est Clecl¥onegalive ®@ R- Bend wilh Terminal Oxygen Se Ser a ox. IDO PA-PA One PR-dx Olhex px-Ex | Se”, Sod GRa* Only Px-dx bonds . de Hybridisolion’ of SNEN—A: nN (azide ton ) wee+ Rent Rule: x most ele: occupy that posilion of dionegalve alom wos less g- charocler Hybrid orbital cahich we ess eleclvonegolive alam on lonepais LP Octupies inal position of Hybrid orbital which has. more g- charocler. é: pd Trigonal Bi Pyramidat PUsFy ace Rand 4, Iai ie G28 8) yee Equitorial axial Cl ial, more S- chavodliy less S-characléy © XK Hybridisation O sen, g-3 Tesminol alam less E-N TRS of odd e© species * ty @ ce @ NO, o-2 Lp -oO.S a a523 Terminal olom more €.N Termmal alorm more ENoe be =ess LPx165 Beek us to stermino! tom cid 2588 more 6+M Sern ‘ 72 Bond 0 pale © :nso: A ° es ayn? NOTE: TAS oo ‘aa orbitols having non-bonded unpatred 2 ang a-ovbital ahe present aot higher Cnerxgy level, Then They con parhctpale ond tybridisalion only when, Terminal, m have -high EoN.. Pg, SHy , KeHy, donot exist because a — — Sea A-crita\ can not poricpole Shes Mee ae | fe Babrecisaen aus le Een of Termin Mette INy Less Euro ©§ silenns = sa? foci teal roe tov heap, eeplaes*& Bond reae be * fe Bond length Pendelrengih e pordorg’ Gord order ae Dipole moment & Bond englh -» The aug- distance blu the mucleas Of 1G10 gloens fg Known 98 Bond Length « TE fs usuolly expressed ne 4 Tt depends mainly on eleclfonegolivilies Of Whe constituent olams Cose-T * Ae r if elecl¥onegolivily aff. 13 ge7O, Wee + ondlang|e a ay, —covolent: Racius of & % _covolent Radws of & “™ at eo uses Haante ‘er Gord long = 3% B A TEIN OF A a hemidiae HE exompla > cl=cl pola Case- = Sha Hf eledYonegalivilg af .1s not BeTO IKen, Gord le 1s gwen by Shomoker and Skivenson formula Bond eng! = y4%y—0-08 Cx4-%—)ae ive faclors offeclheg Bond Leng its + 4 Les cena] EN er BE eS a Hee fel £ W-er Cut * BL '/eorder on no of Bends [85 oc] Ae ay cH-c Cac ese. } L5eA «LB AP ioe | ¢=0 c=0 cto 1G3a” 120A" idae { { ‘| 8 oe SNe oe. —y —GoNS =Ce cen [uae 12sae nipae a Hybridisalion Based» Bel OC M6 _cpayactir Se-ck a . -R Sid eP-se~ \.50A° a s@-se &e-sp KoA” AGA? eg-sp 4k” sS-chorocty Sp -sp Stae% Se Resonance # Dur tb Resonance , Bone Ungin 1s a5, © Bengere e-e esc 15a” 1-34 A” O=0-:8 But BL IS Bw Singh omd double bond te lq at 3 + ae J @ 00,1 o=e=0 <7 9-620 4» o=c-€& a. OF CQ IS Ig A® hes Ble double Oma Triple Bong T.RASG L@ail - —_—_—_—_——— O_O BT bond angle % © Tre amg Blw omy two adjacent Bond pairs > {3 coMeds as Bord omgle _y Te 1S vepresented im degree (°) minut ¢'y Second (" ye factors affecting Bord angle + . SCS OAEROD Ors Thivumol © Hybrigisolion + se > spy oe coy 7 cy cot Sv 1 \eo 10" f 2 Sp So Sp? ! Kee y xeOy 7 ASE. ads oP Sab HY 1s 10a" a0 Linen tybridiSolion 1S Some, bonded alams are | Cenliol ol6m ond lone pots. of <9 ove aiferent Bond angle OC Lote up Ex! cu, NH, Het Sp? oe ee Hue : 100" 1o# roe -O4 - ° So aaa 4 ‘golion 1S Same, Bonded oloms LUhen Hybriat ee eA Reva are came , Lone pairs aiso Some, Sock ong CC, E-M F IS ae Ex’. Tin, PH, Acts 4 = for asOOOO & when Hyortdisation ‘Ss some, Lonepoit, of & ae ES glom 19 Gome, worded skome gy different , “when pena omg len. of Rended atoms of, <5CLo Pus > Asis > iot oe angay Compote oes a Ye en Se oe xeFy £ OF > Ssh set SPP OPaP QLD ap’ os Size Sor, { Sou, < S08, se Se? oe \tp \tp vee TRS Bond angles + NO, “% * » Y NOY NG, Sp oe % old, Y ro, ¥ IO} oP se op \up \Up \Lp. * P Mg PFy < Poy ce Se SP tip up ip H3-<.Sm < Sd, Se) 5 Spr os Sp? Aupy 4ace ap ) Se Ue)eae... * Bord EE aie @ y Released when oO bong % formotion Energy ah The Enea) w+ one {oer formed 1s known OF @ond + Good Bissostallon energy aequised te reso cole a b’oend is \rog i) The enevau bend dissociolion enemy: aged Energy 1S More ithe there fore cissoctolion os ye Calculalion of Rele dissociation energy ve calwlaGa and forma\ion Enewgy + than the Energy of bord is assumed gg) ealttee eeeers in dialémic molecules eons aissoctalion Energy = Case Gond Energy = ny TO, HL? Fy cay (Enis) Gp i 2) = cose-T for Ply alomic moleles Bond Enesgy GH Bond dissoctalion Energy (p) a ee TRE 4 Energy per Crh bond 1S — eA Theo rilically , SK Col (met vole of B.0.€ eDeE CD) of dwid : ual oo io hy cic # 103 -4 bonds me mean 2a = nes. ae Bond Enexgy Per ens =e C-n = 3B Laq.5 ea = OS a BOS Kool [meedl soe 5 ee Se ee - = a prieciaxs oHfectina: Re Gord Energy % yp ctectzoneastvily Lybrfatcolion a LP of eS @ ye Gord Order & Resonance * Alemic SIZe fF Bond polarity % a oy EN AML Bond Energy OC e-n duff HE y HCl Y UR Y WL - } a. Rend Qxder t Bond Energy 8 Bond order CaO ae VCC Pieri) e 2 AQ eco 14S Keal IAQ Kea\- iy ALEC sige % Gord energy OC 'olemic sige eezc 4 CaN 4 HEN S=s > ore c-c ¥ Si-Si Y Ge-Ge Exception % Halogen Bond Eneroy order eect ¥ Beery E-FY IT TRS . MS Reve aed of -fluorines <7 Repulsions bw Higher 29 density _ fuowine olems T — So Bord Enesgy unl be decreases y + Bond polarity 2 EN EMO Bond potanly OC Bond Enewgy | e-E >} eel Fee Pe ‘ce Sona enesQy Resonance] oy Resonance * gat Soman ene 9 Increases in Beangere eS uote REGONONCE « aS © Sy. O Bord enesgy = Hybridisation + epaeewy oa ae TR Sit j 2oro~ =c-c= pond ene794 oc {up of Ls tone Paits * Je-ek yh rT Bete g ye Bes 54 al of molecu im more thon One 58, x RESONANCE « RepregenBtion and rone of them SOs all the properhes. -the molecules ingly 1S Called Resonom 6 = oe, fT = eee 4 No oe Resonemce Hybrid (accurole )chayacler's| Resonance 19 exhbilid Only in molecules Skies glans ave tr One plone, * x The Resonance hybrid sleuclure Overages tHe Kong cravacnislics Of various Resonence SWucluve. Ss. The Canonical Slyucluses * howe no vregh ex?slince tet only help visualise (Ge Possible resonance s\wuclayves, % AML tBe cononfco’ sliuclines. must hove Wwe same no. of unpolred elect¥ong. TR Sit i ae as : a There ie 90 Equilterigm ‘bl te © cononical styuctites and \he molecules does not exfst os BE hese Sirucldres ak ony wmlérval of time _ sk Resononce GlAbiliges We oll | B5 no.of Resonance at Stobi ty oft S\euclures NRE molecde ¥ ou PResononce salt the cond Lang's become Same . &x! Ol te bond engits in benzene are idenlical, Bond sae Ordosthat 1S Ihe milrogen -OKYae a fosr conds and wt 3 canon cot alyuclaves ° Bond order = t- 3B * Polarity Of of Bonds * TR Se Non ~Polay compiles ; uihen covolent bond formed bl loo Similoy glams 16 gattect mreiZpaey Ganplas” OR Py compounds. f ex, Hy M550. fa Shi eels = 56a polar comp'ds ; : A Bend “hol corres partial ee" megolwe charges 00 oppose polar qvalent Lo a Spe And “hat comp'd are covalent compldg?” SERRE 1 ua éx, We HCl HBL 2,00 ae se The lérm’ polay comes “from Ake nalion 6 of Equdl but’ opp. chorge “At ‘eittiny end of * The magmlide © A seeetge Vgi- (&xp x Quantitolwely by 1b dipole momok Dipole Moment zt 1S equal 6 the ornount of Charge OF EWlher eng of We molecu G), multiplied ty the custance bolus Ane charges (A). MEA Xd Debye (ob) 294 Gn Ccotilomb . melix ) Timporlant points TR Sis * nals mereate ‘iS vecléy Quonhly and tt con be 4 Oe BBG vrepresenlid by Crossed Grow) a) i ~ + dipole Tisipole & for polyaldmic molecolss lienere, (re ptm ates |, we have 8 consider IKE combined effects Of all (he 2 & foondS ea ae O= sy a iw of Symmebical melecales cipclroment cull be Deron , Semen ae Br et Mig 2 10 me - oe ans isto cope dgelaad rer iane abeAe 4 ae =, yolente Sh . lone pais) mo = Ne = o avin 8 ay Z \ o Polo i \o\ OS ativan MBleeuie (2 SO “POT cenlia’ oO nos eipolemoment 90 c aca wo a aS peleS5D Male TR Sid (we cenl¥ol olom ae @ o=c=e Pee ecumciciats nies Ber snot Wa Same Inen Rok and hag dipolktmoment. cl He 3 1a : a g ie Ss Woes met dipok ‘4 Whee ie! \ c : ‘ cl a ra M=0 c-W Luss thom C-cl bond. So etal racy meee dipow! NoTE © aa ¥ 3 ‘ D> Ae NOTE = all sltucdures ahat contains Lone pars oF Ki Cenlal alam do net produce: polar molecules Exceplional cases are Ihéve , 5-9 Cose-I >» pair of bend Ai polks arranged Cose- -¥ Bonded atoms lie at —\ne Square | which can be we {near Sets of Bona ¢eae aaa | . 8 @ ® eee <= Saopisnoy ! @ \ (0 =6 20) Similar ee Troms ‘Somers f e ct ; Se ye ohm ast “fj 40 cee oH =o | i Rr a =N a oF sAQasocragyes BD K=OACD. (OPPTOX =0D)) > The net dipelemoment of cis—Trans isomers of NES are olmost equal te Beso curls tHe Presence of LP on each -nilvagen olém. % Some Special Observations GO © observalion 2: ~ zs The values of cipsle moment of o-=nilfooniline ond p- mito oniline are Exceptionally mae SS Compared to Ke expecled Values, explanolion ¢ A ee ee ee ie, oviko Fora 1E 1S on the basis of +R eHeck of niwy, and Ro efect of Na, Coupled tegeitier Tho enhonce Wa overall dipokmoment values @ Resonance elect © Resonance effectOF one aipoemoment of “Ger . aa ‘2 less (Kan Ret - © 6. we explane oi | quis 1S due WO more efteclive mesomevse wetted © Oy dese Of OF {apr -apx bonding] as Compored tS ; c\ [3p% -apx bonding | > “—@ @ observation ® Thizamol Reddy Sis / Quore motecule 16 polos explanalion % har B \vn j 0,18 pol duc lS ie Aupole moment Stain Cepas & gesuit Of which . , (Ke resultant Lp e@moment 4s not Bera: ? QO , o~ G| | “ Oo obse vvalion % Ts ee he The net dit c qa : e nel pole moments of ‘pyrrole ; tere Suran 3 le direction. explanation: meorren TN . ° a jen $0 BE QO - on Ike Gasis of Grealey —T ae of ‘© atém'os Compored WW iHok Of N olém'. The mesomeric effect of 1s almost the Same as bolKk Show Bex -BPK wonding-ation % Sereda pengeredio!) Shows net g, 8 Nae @ obsetVNOn Hydvo gu morent (or cere explacalion & 3 9 expected dipole moment ‘S 2015 - a Huts Wes | Symmetric s¥rudire , we + Bue Le of eSs | on oxygens Mt Is Bho aipclemoment’s © observation + 3 < cool coon al R Svs a ond 4 » NO on Su ow eu. 7 eet Coot; @ hove Non- lwntor explomalion. all oF go, does mot Shou g@ero dipole moment observalion % ase) o o Explanation, oll are hove Wear moment NSO. ~— : we 7 ai © ovsesvalion * : }ee aalion * ; expisso = @ & ewuclare © omd © ove hoving molecules a bad a Yen are Wnear moment, Lt © 19 not rowing Wneay moment. (pon-lineoy] 4 cogervolton * : : j @ See | *xK + Election donalin 2 3 ‘8 ee on S u Yoda, Bleclion wnlBdran onthe melo para, ing groans ecxplemalion t x ly — e2donoling © angle bl x and y AD Sith drawing ortho < melo ¢ para x0 ps @ volut OC 'I pipole moment j is a . 1 So, ortho y mele % para 7 (Q Sia NoTe?'f x ond y are Elecl¥on wilhidrawing ond | eleclton donolng Groups Dipole moment Orcky is 3 6 | para y mela ¥ Orie |% DIpok moment OC Siert Ail. blur 1wWO bonded olome| HE y HO) > HEY +b > pow croment OC noof Lp of e® om Cenl¥al glen, ME > FLO > NHS * oe molecules having aslarlad Shopes ike " angquloy Pyvamido! shows cipolrmoment . mS 2s > So, oe + tome Ease os ge aaa oa ae | = 109 | a covolent Bona collated aipolemoment | *& for too-/. tome compa fs A-& molecule | aR Ars Jeg@y = (ex oe TR Si Q= Bx, esa Gl |SAPO COC | ae eas HE > Hel > Her > HT oO feoson 7 SENT Uh f cusreh >) Mg F > Chg7 Bry cur 12S r sige focle+ AEN T Nt f nt @ 7 NE, > Belg ita nt 0 8 « Ampertanl’ feelers oS - -¥ Geomels © Da 7 (nee Jae ee 4g ne ee e ay > Divedlion of ( p40 mee F Dipok moment ! + AEN | omg | © exceplion: Nh < SO, “eran co? : % Termvacl alm 1S Less EuN Then diveclion of [Le ond Bel are in Some direclion | & Tesmine! olbm more Eon Then dizection of oe in orceatt | ° 695 ®@ vnsc ny, CHO CHF 3 ® re q i oe Pe wa HC OH. c ey 8 3 at i> Daye Lay ge 62nd onic z =, = Rn OF aCe “Eth te © gee rae oe N=0 ‘ z + o 66 + coordinole DP rose than parlial covalent tong a & De Ss sabe © ee? ieee eo 3 on, Rene Gy due Te charge Sepayolion im + Ss cH CHECHEN@ ee ® Gite oom en, “8 Ey 3 Chasge Separation aie wiege © cnc! y cH, 7 cel, - Cely =D Re wc-3d M=VeD G+ e 9 TR Si Y |= Molecular Oxbital Theory pores hee Oe pow 2. 0 ik can not explotn povormagnelic pals : ralive of eee not explain Bording of odd © ae © species can not 6xploTin formal @« ation of a ad Golk VET and MOT ove Gos > eA Upon combination of ovomic ossitals, x vere & Ale 6 VST ovbitols having unpaired e° can combs. ne i, aoe Thivumal Reddy Siy Ale © OW alémic orestals which hove almost , sam e will gach olhey. energy amd Symmelzy con Combing wilh each atker, ale 12. VBE 1 AO + VA.0 TO EA Alc lo MOT Ale ao we ABMO LAO 41 AO 7 aMO ~S amo Mb \y a =mot developed by F-Hund and R-S meitliicen lag x Poslilales 4 just a3 elections of , amy olem ove. present present fn various Srbitala, 2 of we molecule are various moleculor orbilals ae molenitoY orbilBls ave fomned by tht combinalion o¢ alomic cymlals of compayoble Energies and proper ea Rise ae An e® in alomie ovpstal is influenced by One Rucleug é 3} while in a molecules orbital 1b 1s in flueaced SY two or more nuclet depencing on no of aloms im the molecule. %* Atomic’ orbital 1@ monocentrie while a moleculay orbitel 1s poly cenlric . 2 NO of moleewlay orbitols formed iS equal 6 tHe noof combining eldmic orbitals, A anti bonding ortkatal €x% -lwo alomic = Awo ee 1 Bonding orbital oreitals orbitals % Bonding molecular oreital —» Lower Energy more slobilily, Any bonding moleatgr orbital La Mgher ere less glabillg * in an alom , © aigiribultos aroun ao nucleus Suk, ma molecule es arstrieulion around the tho oR More Group of Nudet m oa molecular orbilal ~n (994 ‘Sleug tae 2 “alae mo of lals lice me moteculov eae jued ale avfbo. pauls” ong Eee Als .axe E 1 se Rites, energy CR ® onli bonding > non bonding orbitals orbilaig 7 Ponding Orcitats * moecwor Orbilals formed toy Linear combinalig ) ‘on of atomic orbilals [ LCAG), Snalio orn 5 cineot CONDO EE of olomic orbilals ¢ F| ale = eae x eo0dteg molecular = fommed by addilion of wove oroilals of conslzuchve Fanchons TRSIb wlitfererce| of ebemc orbs Un ve oo La a as addlite yt wv elect Some prose (eMoy” eslablise blw s a“ | eo (ya t¥g) = UR +Ug +AUAVe wtirstyt | Q Nuclet % Anti Gonding moleculor =_— fi > formec\ bY sabelvaction of oybilals, woeh wove Lanclions 5 ae of olemic Oroilals vnlarference