1.

Students will be able to

define estimation
2.Students will be able to
compare and contrast the
two types of estimation
3.Students will be able to
interpret data using
estimation
4.Students will be able to
identify what estimation
will be used according to
the study design
✓Definition of Estimation
✓Types of Estimation
o Point Estimation
▪ Effect Size
▪ Odds Ratio
▪ Mean Change/ Difference
▪ Correlation Coefficient
o Interval Estimation
▪ Confidence Interval
✓How to interpret data using
estimation
✓Types of estimation used
depending on the study design
the process of making inferences
from a sample about an unknown
population parameter.
The use of intervention x
in decreasing the pain
HOW MUCH would the pain differ before the
intervention and after the intervention.
POINT
ESTIMATES
uses a single
value

INTERVAL
ESTIMATES
uses a range
 Effect size
Odd’s Ratio
Correlation Coefficient
Mean Change/ Difference

Confidence Interval
magnitude of effect of an intervention
magnitude of effect of an intervention

E.g.
The use of intervention x in
decreasing the pain
magnitude of effect of an intervention

To compute for the effect

size

•Cohen’s D (d/g)
•Correlation coefficient
(r)
•Ratio / odd’s ratio

higher effect size = more effective

Tells about the strength and
the direction of relationship
between the variables
POSITIVE CORRELATION
There is a direct
relationship

NEGATIVE CORRELATION
There is an inverse
relationship
 POSITIVE CORRELATION
There is a direct
relationship

NEGATIVE CORRELATION
There is an inverse
relationship

E.g. Moisture and the plant growth

( r ) = -0.62
There is a/an ______________ relationship
between moisture and plant growth
 POSITIVE CORRELATION
There is a direct
relationship

NEGATIVE CORRELATION
There is an inverse
relationship

E.g. Moisture and the plant growth

( r ) = -0.62
There is a moderate inverse relationship
between moisture and plant growth
talks about the odds of an event
happening to a certain group
Odds Ratio = 1: There is no association between
condition and event occurrence.

Odds Ratio > 1: The event’s odds are higher for the
group/condition in the numerator. This is often a risk
factor.

Odds Ratio < 1: The probability of the outcome occurring

is lower for the group/condition in the numerator. This
can be a protective factor.
 E.g. Smoking Cigarettes and Development of Lung
Cancer

OR = 2.6
The odds of developing lung cancer is ______ when
you are a cigarette smoker. Cigarette smoking is
a ________ factor for the development of lung
cancer.
 E.g. Smoking Cigarettes and Development of Lung
Cancer

OR = 2.6
The odds of developing lung cancer is higher when
you are a cigarette smoker. Cigarette smoking is
a risk factor for the development of lung cancer.
E.g. Frequent Physical Exercise and Development
of Heart Disease

OR = 1.60 OR = 0.16
The odds of developing heart disease is lower
when you do frequent physical exercise. Frequent
physical exercise is a protective factor for the
development of heart disease.
E.g. Frequent Physical Exercise and Development
of Heart Disease

OR = 1.60 OR = 0.16
The odds of developing heart disease is lower
when you do frequent physical exercise. Frequent
physical exercise is a protective factor for the
development of heart disease.
Difference between the • The higher the value
means that infers the is, the more effective
magnitude of change the treatment is

E.g. Which intervention is more effective in decreasing

pain?

Mean Change
Intervention A 78.55
Intervention B 76.23
Range of values that you are confident the value
inferred would fall into.

% of confidence depends on the alpha set.

α = 0.01; CI would be 99%

α = 0.05; CI would be 95%
α = 0.10; CI would be 90%
Experiment regarding the effectiveness of
liniment A in reducing pain

α = 0.05; CI would be 95%

Interval Estimate = 0.70 - 0.90

95% confident that the data will fall within the

interval 0.70-0.90
•

Point E. Interval E. Remarks

Experimental •Effect size No value of 0 Range is not
to wide, LL
•Mean Change/ and UL have
Difference the same signs

•Odd’s Ratio
Observational •Odd’s Ratio No value of 1 Range is not
for odds to wide, LL
•Correlation ratio, and UL have
Coefficient the same signs
or no value of
0 for
correlation
coefficient
•

Which intervention will you use?

Mean Change 95% CI

Intervention A 78.55 -62.09 - 80.56

Intervention B 76.23 67.53 - 81.62

1.Students will be able to
define estimation
2.Students will be able to
compare and contrast the
two types of estimation
3.Students will be able to
interpret data using
estimation
4.Students will be able to
identify what estimation
will be used according to
the study design
If you have questions or clarifications,
you may send me an email:
anasophia.cartano.crs@ust.edu.ph