WELCOME TO

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH II
USING STATISTICAL
TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE
DATA

TEACHER: YLLYSSA C. FORDAN

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE

1. PERCENTAGE
2. MEAN
3. STANDARD DEVIATION
4. CORRELATION ANALYSIS
5. REGRESSION ANALYSIS
6. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. PERCENTAGE -any proportion from the whole
-is the middle most value of your list of
values, and this can be obtained by adding
2. MEAN OR AVERAGE all the values and divide the obtained sum
of the number of values.

3. STANDARD DEVIATION -shows the spread of data

around the mean
4. CORRELATION ANALYSIS

Do heavier people burn more energy?

Does social rejection hurt?

Do heavier people burn more energy?

Metabolic rate, the rate at which the body consumes energy, is

important in studies of weight gain, dieting, and exercise. We have
data on the lean body mass and resting metabolic rate for 13
randomly chosen individuals who are subjects in a study of dieting.
Lean body mass, given in kilogram, is a person’s weight leaving out
all fat. Metabolic rate is measured in calories burned per 24 hours,
the same calories used to describe the energy content of foods. The
researchers believe that lean body mass is an important influence on
metabolic rate.
Correlation analysis is used to
measure strength and direction of the
relationship between two variables.
In examining
relationships,
scatter plot
is a useful
tool
Scatter Plot Examples

Linear Relationships
Scatter Plot Examples

Curvilinear Relationships
Scatter Plot Examples
Strong relationships Weak relationships
Scatter Plot Examples

No relationships
Correlation Coefficient

The population correlation coefficient, 𝜌 (rho),

measures the strength of the association between
the variables
Its corresponding statistic, an estimate of 𝜌 using
the sample observation, is the sample correlation
coefficient, 𝑟 (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r).
The correlation 𝑟 between x and y is given by

1 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑦
𝑟= ෍
𝑛−1 𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑦

 Range between -1 and 1

 The closer to -1, the stronger the negative linear relationship
 The closer to 1, the stronger the positive linear relationship
 The closer to 0, the weaker the linear relationship
Examples of Approximate 𝑟 Values
Examples of Approximate 𝑟 Values
The results shows
that the value of
r=0.87645 which
indicates a strong
linear relationship
between lean body
mass and metabolic
rate
 Does What
correlation evidence do
really exist? you have?
 Significance Test for Correlation

Hypotheses:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜌 = 𝑜 (There is no significant relationship, no correlation)
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜌 ≠ 𝑜 (There is significant relationship, correlation exists)

Decision Rule:
Reject 𝐻𝑜 if 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 <∝= 0.05; otherwise, fail to reject 𝐻𝑜 .
 Significance Test for Correlation

Computation: 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≈ 0.000 < 0.05)

Decision: Reject 𝐻𝑜
Conclusion: At the 5% level of significance, we provided
enough evidence to say that there is evidence of a linear
relationship between lean body mass and metabolic rate.
Do heavier people burn more energy?

We have evidence at the 5% level of significance that

correlation exists between lean body mass, measured in
kg, and metabolic rate, measure in calories burned per
24 hours (𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≈0.000<0.05). Specifically, a very
strong positive correlation 𝑟 = 0.87645 between the
two variables was found. Thus, our data suggests that
heavier people do burn more energy
Does social rejection hurt?
Does social rejection cause
activity in areas of the brain
that are known to be activated
by physical pain?
DOES SOCIAL REJECTION HURT?
GET ¼ CW: