WELCOME TO

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH II
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT,
VALIDITY, & RELIABILITY

TEACHER: YLLYSSA C. FORDAN

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RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
-basic tools that
the researchers Performance Tests
Quantitative
used to gather
data for specific Questionnaires
research problems
Interviews
Qualitative
(can still be used in Quantitative after
the data is translated into numerical
Observation Checklist
data)
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Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument

Concise Valid & Reliable
A good research instrument is pass the test of validity
concise in length but can elicit and reliability to get more
the needed data appropriate and accurate
information.
Sequential
Easily Tabulated
Questions and items must be
arranged well. Make sure that the
variable and research
Simplest -> Complex questions are established.
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Ways in Developing a Research Instrument

Adopting an Instrument

Modifying an Existing Instrument

Researcher-made Instrument
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Common Scales used in Quantitative Research

1. Likert Scale
2. Semantic Differential
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Common Scales used in Quantitative Research

1. Likert Scale
-most common scale used
-respondents were ask to rate or rank statements
according to the scale provided
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Common Scales used in Quantitative Research

1. Likert Scale
Example: A Likert scale that measures the attitudes of students
towards distance learning.
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Common Scales used in Quantitative Research

2. Semantic Differential
-a series of bipolar adjectives will be rated by the
respondents.
-flexible and easier to construct
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Common Scales used in Quantitative Research

2. Semantic Differential
Example: description of an active students in school activities
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Validity of Instruments

A research instrument is considered

valid if it measures what is supposed
to measure
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Types of Validity of Instruments

1. Face Validity
2. Content Validity
3. Construct Validity
4. Concurrent Validity
5. Predictive Validity
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Types of Validity of Instruments

1. Face Validity
-Also known as logical validity
It calls for an initiative judgement of the
instrument as it “appear”. Just by looking at
the instrument, the researcher decides if it is
valid
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Types of Validity of Instruments

2. Content Validity
-An instrument that is judged with content validity
meets the objective of the study.
-It is done by checking the statements or
questions if this elicits the needed information
-Experts in the specific field can also provide
specific elements that should be measure by the
instrument.
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Types of Validity of Instruments

3. Construct Validity
-refers to the validity of instruments as it
corresponds to the theoretical construct of the
study
-Its concerns is if a specific measures relates to the
other measure
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Types of Validity of Instruments

4. Concurrent Validity
-when the instrument can predict results like those
similar tests already validated, it has concurrent
validity.
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Reliability of Instrument
Reliability
-refers to the consistency of the measures or
results of the instrument
•Test-retest Reliability
•Equivalent Forms Reliability
•Internal Consistency Reliability
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Types of Validity of Instruments

5. Predictive Validity
When the instrument can produce results similar
to those similar tests that will be employed in the
future, it has predictive validity. This is particularly
useful for the aptitude test.