Name : Nur Laili Widyasari

Student Number : 216121067

Class : 4C

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

A. Definition
A Research Instrument is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to
your research interests.
B. Choosing Research Instruments
1. Determining the topic, purpose of data collection, and the subject
The topic referred to here is the variable to be studied. Data collection aims to
describe the subject according to the variables studied. In addition, researchers
also need to determine the subject or respondent, namely who, where and how
many
2. Examining relevant theories and determining their aspects
Researchers need to study and explore relevant theories because without a clear
and relevant theory to the topic, the instruments that have been prepared will not
be in accordance with what will be measured (collected)
3. Arranging aspects into various indicators
After finding the aspects to be measured from the variables to be measured, the
researcher then developed each of these aspects into several indicators
4. Develop an array of indicators into draft statements/questions
Based on the grid that has been made, the researcher then develops each indicator
into a question item or statement
5. Conduct Validity and Reliability Tests or Draft Content Test Instrument
The validity test emphasizes testing each item, whether it is appropriate to
measure the variable to be measured. While the reliability test emphasizes
whether the instrument test results will remain the same if tested by other people
at different places and time
6. Data collection
 The instruments that were filled out by the respondents were collected again and
then the data was inputted and recapitulated through a manual statistical analysis
program, and analyzed according to the research objectives.
C. Characteristic of Good Research Instruments
1. Validity
Validity is the accuracy of the instrument measuring what is to be measured:
a. Content Validity
b. Construct Validity
c. Comparison Validity
d. Predictive Validity
2. Reliability
Reliability refers to the constancy of scores obtained by students on different
occasions with the same test, or similar tests whose items are equivalent
(comparable)
3. Usability
The usefulness of a test means its practicality, which means the extent to which a
research instrument can be used satisfactorily by teachers, researchers,
supervisors and etc
D. The Function
Research instruments have a very important function in the research process:
1. Used as a tool in collecting data needed in a study
2. With the existence of research instruments, it will be known the data sources to be
studied and the type of data.
3. With the existence of research instruments, data collection techniques and data
collection instruments will be known.
4. With the existence of research instruments, it will be known the steps for preparing
research instruments
5. With the existence of research instruments, validity, reliability, level of difficulty of
discrimination and deception of data in research will be known.

E. Types of Research Instruments

1. Interviews
Interviews can range from formal to informal to completely informal.
There are four main types of interviews:
a. Structured interview
b. Unstructured interview
c. Non-directive interview
d. Focus interview
2. Observation
Observation is one of the very important methods for obtaining comprehensive
data in qualitative research especially when a composite of both oral and visual
data become vital to the research.
The researcher may become:
a. Participant Observer
b. Non-Participant Observer
3. Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a systematically prepared form or document with a set of
questions deliberately designed to elicit responses from respondents or research
informants for the purpose of collecting data or information.
Types of questionnaire:
a. Structured questionnaires
b. Unstructured questionnaires
4. Survey
Survey research study includes all measurement methods that ask respondents
questions
The types of questions asked in the survey are:
a. Open-ended
b. Guided response type