RESEARCH INSTRUMENT,

DATA COLLECTION AND

ANALYSIS

English Subject Matter

Chemistry Education Of ICP
GRUP 5
Ajmir Dwi Nugraha
Chalifatul Ashilah
Diva Almira Cahyarani
Novita Sari
Nurazizah Muslimin
Purnama Sari
Putri Elisa
 01

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
What is a Research Instrument?

A Research Instument is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to
your research interests. These tools are most commonly used in health sciences,
social sciences, and education to assess patients, clients, students, teachers, staff,
etc. A research instrument can include interviews, tests, surveys, or checklists.

The Research Instrument is usually determined by researcher and is tied to the study
methodology.

This document offers some examples of research instruments and study methods.
Choosing a Research Instrument
The following list is an example of the steps to complete a research project. Choosing a
Research Instrument is done after conceptualization and the units of analysis have been
chosen, and before operationalizing concepts construct instruments:
01 Select a topic
02 Formulate a thesis statement
03 Choose the types of analyses
04 Research and write a literature review
05 Formulate the research questions
06 Conceptualize a topic, refine thesis
07 Choose research method and research instrument
Choosing a Research Instrument
08 Operationalize concepts construct instruments
09 Formulate the data collection strategy
10 Perform a pilot study
11 Collect data
12 Prepare the data for processing & analysis
13 Process & analyze data
14 Interpret & make inferences about data
15 Write the research paper
16 Publish data
Characteristics of a Good Research
Instrument

Valid and reliable

Based on a conceptual framework, or the researcher's
understanding of how the particular variables in the study connect
with each other
Must gather data suitable for and relevant to the research topic
Able to test hypothesis and/or answer proposed research questions
under investigation
Free of bias and appropriate for the context, culture, and diversity of
the study site
Contains clear and definite instructions to use the instrument
02 DATA
COLLECTION

Types of Research
Instruments:
Types of Research Instruments: Interviews

Interviews or the interaction where verbal questions are posed by an interviewer

to elicit verbal responses from an interviewee.
o Structured Interview: A formal set of o Focus Interview: An emphasis on the
questions posed to each interviewee and interviewees subjective and personal
recorded using a standardized procedure. responses where the interviewer engages to
elicit more information.
o Unstructured Interview: A less formal set of
questions; the interviewer modifies the o Focus Group Interview: A group of selected
sequence and wording of questions. participants are asked about their opinion or
perceptions concerning a particular topic.
o Non-Directive Interview: An unguided
interview, including open-ended questions
and use of spontaneous engagement.
Types of Research Instruments: Observations
Observstion (watching what people do) is a type of correlational (non-experimental)
method where researchers observe ongoing behavior.

Structured Observations Research conducted at a specific place, time, where participants

are observed in a standardised procedure. Rather than writing a detailed description of all
behaviors observed, researchers code observed behaviors according to a previously agreed
upon scale.

Naturalistic Observation Naturalistic Observation: The study the spontaneous behavior of

participants in natural surroundings. The researcher simply records what they see in
whatever way they see it.

Participant Observation A variation on natural observations where the researcher joins in

and becomes part of the group they are studying to get a deeper insight into their lives.
Types of Research Instruments: Survey
Survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking
questions of respondents. The types of surveys can vary on the span of time used
to conduct the study. They can be comprised of cross-sectional surveys and/or
longitudinal surveys. Types of questions asked in surveys include:

Free-Answer: Also referred to as open-ended questions, these include

unrestricted, essay, or unguided questions.
Guided Response Type: Recall-type questions asking the participant to recall a
set of categories. Multiple-choice or multiple response questions
ANALYSIS
DATA 03
Analyzing Quantitative Data
Data Preparation
The first stage of analyzing data is data preparation, where the aim is to convert raw data into
something meaningful and readable. It includes four steps:
Step 1: Data Validation
The purpose of data validation is to find out, as far as possible, whether the data collection was
done as per the pre-set standards and without any bias.
Step 2: Data Editing
Typically, large data sets include errors. For example, respondents may fill fields incorrectly or skip
them accidentally. To make sure that there are no such errors, the researcher should conduct
basic data checks, check for outliers, and edit the raw research data to identify and clear out any
data points that may hamper the accuracy of the results.
Step 3: Data Coding
This is one of the most important steps in data preparation. It refers to grouping and assigning
values to responses from the survey.
Analyzing Quantitative Data
Quantitative Data Analysis Methods
After these steps, the data is ready for analysis. The two most commonly used quantitative data
analysis methods are descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
Data ValidatDescriptive Statistics
Typically descriptive statistics (also known as descriptive analysis) is the first level of analysis. It
helps researchers summarize the data and find patterns. A few commonly used descriptive
statistics are:
Mean: numerical average of a set of values.
Median: midpoint of a set of numerical values.
Mode: most common value among a set of values.
Percentage: used to express how a value or group of respondents within the data relates to a
larger group of respondents.
Frequency: the number of times a value is found.
Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values.
Analyzing Qualitative Data

Qualitative data analysis works a little differently from quantitative data,

primarily because qualitative data is made up of words, observations,
images, and even symbols. Deriving absolute meaning from such data is
nearly impossible; hence, it is mostly used for exploratory research. While
in quantitative research there is a clear distinction between the data
preparation and data analysis stage, analysis for qualitative research
often begins as soon as the data is available.
Analyzing Qualitative Data
Data Preparation and Basic Data Analysis
Analysis and preparation happen in parallel and include the following steps:
1. Getting familiar with the data: Since most qualitative data is just words, the researcher
should start by reading the data several times to get familiar with it and start looking for basic
observations or patterns. This also includes transcribing the data.
2. Revisiting research objectives: Here, the researcher revisits the research objective and
identifies the questions that can be answered through the collected data.
3. Developing a framework: Also known as coding or indexing, here the researcher identifies
broad ideas, concepts, behaviors, or phrases and assigns codes to them. For example, coding
age, gender, socio-economic status, and even concepts such as the positive or negative
response to a question. Coding is helpful in structuring and labeling the data.
4. Identifying patterns and connections: Once the data is coded, the research can start
identifying themes, looking for the most common responses to questions, identifying data or
patterns that can answer research questions, and finding areas that can be explored further.
Analyzing Qualitative Data
Qualitative Data Analysis Methods
1. everal methods are available to analyze qualitative data. The most commonly used data analysis methods
are:
2. Content analysis: This is one of the most common methods to analyze qualitative data. It is used to
analyze documented information in the form of texts, media, or even physical items. When to use this
method depends on the research questions. Content analysis is usually used to analyze responses from
interviewees.
3. Narrative analysis: This method is used to analyze content from various sources, such as interviews of
respondents, observations from the field, or surveys. It focuses on using the stories and experiences shared
by people to answer the research questions.
4. Discourse analysis: Like narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to analyze interactions with people.
However, it focuses on analyzing the social context in which the communication between the researcher
and the respondent occurred. Discourse analysis also looks at the respondent’s day-to-day environment and
uses that information during analysis.
5. Grounded theory: This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a certain phenomenon happened. It
does this by studying a variety of similar cases in different settings and using the data to derive causal
explanations. Researchers may alter the explanations or create new ones as they study more cases until
they arrive at an explanation that fits all cases.
THANKS!

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