Chapter 3

Validity
and
Reliability
Validity
- The quality of the
instrument of being
functional within its
specific purpose.
- An instrument is valid if
it measures what it is
supposed to measure.
 Types of Validity
1. Face Validity
- Also known as logical
validity
- Involves an analysis of
whether the instrument
is using a valid scale
 Types of Validity
1. Face Validity
- By looking at the
instrument the researcher
decides if it has face
validity, it includes the
font size, spacing, the size
of the paper used and
other necessary details.
 Types of Validity
2. Content Validity
- Determined by studying
the question to see
whether they are able
to elicit the necessary
information.
 Types of Validity
2. Content Validity
- A group of expert assess
the items of the
questionnaire and
determine if the items
measure the variables
being studied.
 Types of Validity
3. Construct Validity
- Refers to whether the
test corresponds with
its theoretical
construct.
 Types of Validity
4. Criterion related
Validity or equivalent
test
- It is an expression of
how scores from the
test are correlated with
an external criterion.
reliability
- Refers to the
consistency of the
results of an
instrument in
repeated trials.
“while a valid
instrument is always
reliable, a reliable
instrument is not
always necessary
valid.”
 Methods in
Establishing Reliability
1. Test-retest or stability
- Same test is given to the
same respondent twice.
- If there are high correlation
index, it means that there is
also a high reliability of the
test.
 Methods in
Establishing Reliability
2. Internal consistency
- If the test question is design
to measure single basic
concept, it is reasonable to
assume that a respondent
who gets one item right is
likely to be right in another
similar item.
 Other criteria for assessing
validity and reliability
1. Sensitivity
- The instrument should be
able to identify a case
correctly.
2. Specificity
- It should be able to identify
non-case correctly.
 Other criteria for assessing
validity and reliability
3. Comprehensibility
- Should be able to comprehend
the behavior required for
accurate and valid
measurements.
4. Speed
- It should not rush the measuring
process so that he or she can
obtain reliable measurements.
 Other criteria for assessing
validity and reliability
5. Precision
- It should discriminate among
people who exhibit varying degrees
of an attribute as precisely as
possible.
6. Range
- It should be capable of detecting
the smallest expected value of the
variable to the largest, in order to
obtain meaningful measurements.
 Other criteria for assessing
validity and reliability
7. Linearity
- Researcher normally strives to
construct measures that are
equally accurate and sensitive
over the entire range of values.
8. Reactivity
- It should avoid affecting the
attribute being measured.