Coordinates: 54°42′01″N 20°27′11″E

Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad (/kəˈlɪnɪnɡræd/ kə-LIN-in-grad; Russian:
Калининград, IPA: [kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat]), until 1946 known as Königsberg Kaliningrad
(German pronunciation: [ˈkøːnɪçsbɛʁk]; Russian: Кёнигсберг, tr. Калининград
Kyonigsberg, IPA:  [ˈkʲɵnʲɪɡzbɛrk]), is the largest city and
administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian semi-exclave City[1]
between Lithuania and Poland. The city sits about 412 miles,
(663km) west from mainland Russia. The city is situated on the
Pregolya River, at the head of the Vistula Lagoon on the Baltic Sea,
and is the only ice-free port of Russia and the Baltic states on the
Baltic Sea. Its population in 2020 was 489,359,[12] with up to
800,000 residents in the urban agglomeration.[13][14] Kaliningrad is
the second-largest city in the Northwestern Federal District, after
Saint Petersburg, the third-largest city in the Baltic region, and the
seventh-largest city on the Baltic Sea.

The settlement of modern-day Kaliningrad was founded in 1255 on

the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement Twangste by the
Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named
Königsberg in honor of King Ottokar II of Bohemia. A Baltic port
city, it successively became the capital of the State of the Teutonic
Order, the Duchy of Prussia (1525–1701) and East Prussia.
Königsberg remained the coronation city of the Prussian monarchy,
though the capital was moved to Berlin in 1701. From 1454 to 1455
the city under the name of Królewiec belonged to the Kingdom of
Poland, and from 1466 to 1657 it was a Polish fief. Königsberg was Church of the Holy Family; Königsberg
the easternmost large city in Germany until World War II. The city Cathedral; "Fishermen's village" in pseudo-
was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in 1944 and during the historic style; Brandenburg Gate; King's
Gate; Pregolya River
Battle of Königsberg in 1945; it was then captured by the Soviet
Union on 9 April 1945. The Potsdam Agreement of 1945 placed it
under Soviet administration. The city was renamed Kaliningrad in
1946 in honor of Soviet revolutionary Mikhail Kalinin. Since the
dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has been governed as the
administrative centre of Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast, the Coat of arms
Flag
westernmost oblast of Russia.[15]
Anthem: none[2]
As a major transport hub, with sea and river ports, the city is home to Location of Kaliningrad
the headquarters of the Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy, and is one
of the largest industrial centres in Russia.[16] It was deemed the best
city in Russia in 2012, 2013, and 2014 in Kommersant's magazine
The Firm's Secret,[17] the best city in Russia for business in 2013
according to Forbes,[18] and was ranked fifth in the Urban
Environment Quality Index published by Minstroy in 2019.[19]
Kaliningrad has been a major internal migration attraction in Russia
over the past two decades,[20] and was one of the host cities of the
2018 FIFA World Cup.
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

Contents
History
Twangste
Königsberg Kaliningrad

World War II
Soviet Union
 Russian Federation Location of Kaliningrad within
Kaliningrad Oblast
Geography Show map of Kaliningrad Oblast
Climate Show map of Russia
Show map of Europe
Demographics Show all
Cityscape Coordinates: 54°42′01″N 20°27′11″E
Architecture
Country Russia
Monuments
Federal subject Kaliningrad Oblast[1]
Parks
Founded 1 September 1255[3]
Ponds
Bridges Government
Kaliningrad Stadium  • Body City Council of
Deputies[4]
Culture  • Head[4] Elena Ivanovna
Museums in Kaliningrad Dyatlova[5]
Theaters and concert halls Area[3]
Libraries  • Total 223.03 km2
Music (86.11 sq mi)
Cuisine Elevation 5 m (16 ft)
Sports Population (2010 Census)[6]
Administrative and municipal status  • Total 431,402
 • Estimate (2018)[7] 475,056 (+10.1%)
City districts
 • Rank 40th in 2010
Authorities  • Density 1,900/km2
Local government (5,000/sq mi)
Regional government Administrative status
Federal government  • Subordinated to city of oblast
significance of
Economy
Kaliningrad[1]
Education  • Capital of Kaliningrad Oblast[8],
Transport city of oblast
significance of
Roads
Kaliningrad[1]
Water
Municipal status
Air
 • Urban okrug Kaliningrad Urban
Railway Okrug[9]
Inter-city and international bus service  • Capital of Kaliningrad Urban
Urban public transport Okrug[9]
Railbus Time zone UTC+2 (MSK–1 
[10])
Bridges
Media Postal code(s)[11] 236001 - 236999
Television Dialing code(s) +7 4012
Radio OKTMO ID 27701000001

Notable people City Day 4 July; observed on

the first Saturday of
International relations July
Diplomatic missions
Website www.klgd.ru (http://w
Small border traffic law ww.klgd.ru)
Twin towns – sister cities
Former twin towns
Partner cities
See also
References
Notes
Sources
Further reading
External links
History
The history of the city may be divided into four periods: the Old Prussian settlement known as Twangste before
1255; the Polish city of Królewiec from 1454 to 1455 and then fief of Poland from 1456–1657; the German city of
Königsberg from 1657 to 1945; and the Russian city of Kaliningrad from 1945 to present.

Twangste

Königsberg was preceded by a Sambian (Old Prussian tribe) fort called

Twangste (also spelt Tuwangste or Tvankste), meaning 'Oak Forest'.[21]
During the conquest of the Sambians by the Teutonic Knights in 1255,
Twangste was destroyed and replaced by a new fortress named Königsberg in
the honor of Bohemian king Ottokar II. The declining Old Prussian culture
finally became extinct around the early 18th century with the Great
Plague,[22] and the surviving Old Prussians were integrated through
assimilation.
Old Prussian clans in the 13th
century (Sambia - orange)
Königsberg

The settlement on the site of present-day Kaliningrad was founded as a military fortress in 1255 after the
Prussian Crusade by the Teutonic Knights against Baltic Prussians. The new settlement was named in honor of
the Bohemian (Czech) King Ottokar II. The crusade was followed by a settlement of Germans and the
surrounding area became predominantly German, with Polish, Lithuanian and Latvian minorities.

In 1454, the city integrated within borders of Poland for a year thanks to King
Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and became a fiefdom under the Polish king from
1466. As a symbol of its dependence, the black Prussian eagle had a crown
gracefully around its neck bearing the letter "S" from the Latinized name of
the king, "Sigismundus." After the secularization of the Teutonic Order in
1525, Königsberg became the capital of the Duchy of Prussia. In 1618 the
Duchy of Prussia fell under the control of the Electors of Brandenburg and in
1657 it became controlled in personal union with Brandenburg (sometimes
referred to as Brandenberg-Prussia). From 1701, Brandenberg-Prussia
Anointment of Frederick I after his
became a Kingdom and the entire area was referred to as the Kingdom of
coronation as King in Prussia in
Prussia. While the Brandenberg portion was a part of the Holy Roman Königsberg, 1701
Empire and later the German Confederation, Prussia (later called East
Prussia) was not included within those territorial boundaries.

In the context of the Seven Year War, all of East Prussia was conquered and annexed by the Russian Empire
(1758–1762).[23] Immanuel Kant is famous for having sworn allegiance to Empress Elizabeth of Russia.[23]

In the ensuing two centuries the city, first as part of the Kingdom of Prussia, then from 1866 as part of the North
German Confederation, and then from 1871 as part of the German Empire, continued to flourish and many iconic
landmarks of Königsberg were built. The city had around 370,000 inhabitants and was a cultural and
administrative center of Prussia and the German Empire. Immanuel Kant and E. T. A. Hoffmann, notable sons of
the city, were born during this time.

World War II

In World War II the city of Königsberg was heavily damaged by a British bombing attack[22] in 1944 and the
massive Soviet siege in spring 1945. At the end of World War II in 1945, the city became part of the Soviet Union
(as part of the Russian SFSR).

Soviet Union

At the Potsdam Conference in 1945 the Allies and the Soviet Government agreed on the settlement:
 The Conference has agreed in principle to the proposal of the Soviet Government concerning the
ultimate transfer to the Soviet Union of the City of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it as
described above subject to expert examination of the actual frontier.[24]

The U.S. President Harry Truman and the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee declared that they would
support the proposal of the Conference at the forthcoming peace settlement.[25]

On 4 July 1946 the Soviet authorities renamed Königsberg to

Kaliningrad[26] following the death on 3 June 1946 of the Historical affiliations
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (titular head Old Prussians (until 1255)

of state) of the USSR, Mikhail Kalinin, one of the original Teutonic Order 1255–1466

Bolsheviks. The remaining German population of Königsberg Kingdom of Poland 1454–1455

was forcibly moved to Germany in 1946–1949, and the city was Kingdom of Poland / Teutonic
repopulated with Soviet citizens (as a part of the agreement Order (fief of Poland) 1466–1525

between the Allies and the Soviet Government). The city's Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth /
language of administration was changed from German to Duchy of Prussia (fief of Poland) 1525–
Russian. 1656

Sweden 1656–1657

The city was rebuilt, and as the westernmost territory of the Duchy of Prussia 1657–1701

USSR, the Kaliningrad Oblast became a strategically important Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1758

area during the Cold War. The Soviet Baltic Fleet was Russian Empire 1758–1764

headquartered in the city in the 1950s. Because of its strategic Kingdom of Prussia 1764–1918

importance, Kaliningrad Oblast was closed to foreign visitors. German Empire 1871–1918

In 1957 an agreement was signed and later came into force Weimar Germany 1918–1933

which delimited the border between Poland and the Soviet  Nazi Germany 1933–1945

Union.[27][28] Soviet Union 1945–1991

Russian Federation 1991–present

Russian Federation

The town of Baltiysk, just outside Kaliningrad, is the only Russian Baltic Sea port said to be "ice-free" all year
round, and the region hence plays an important role in maintenance of the Baltic Fleet.

Kaliningrad Oblast was an exclave of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and with the collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991 it became separated from the rest of Russia by independent countries. This isolation from
the rest of Russia became even more pronounced politically when Poland and Lithuania became members of
NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004. All military and civilian land links between the region and
the rest of Russia have to pass through members of NATO and the EU. Special travel arrangements for the
territory's inhabitants have been made through the Facilitated Transit Document (FTD) and Facilitated Rail
Transit Document (FRTD).[29]

While in the 1990s many Soviet-era city names commemorating Communist leaders were changed (e.g.,
Leningrad reverting to Saint Petersburg and Kalinin, also named after Mikhail Kalinin, reverting to Tver),
Kaliningrad remains named as it was, though the city is sometimes colloquially referred to as König or Kyonig
(Russian: Кёниг).[30] The question of the name of the city has been raised multiple times; in 2009, the head of
the city administration, Felix Lapin, said he personally supported the return of the historical name of the city,[31]
and in 2011, the governor of Kaliningrad Oblast, Nikolay Tsukanov, suggested a referendum could be held to
resolve the issue, but stated that he was against renaming.[32][33]

Since the early 1990s, the Kaliningrad oblast has been a Free Economic Zone (FEZ Yantar). In 2005 the city
celebrated its 750th anniversary.[34] In July 2007 Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov declared
that if US-controlled missile defence systems were deployed in Poland, then nuclear weapons might be deployed
in Kaliningrad. On 5 November 2008 Russian president Dmitry Medvedev said that installing missiles in
Kaliningrad was almost a certainty.[35] These plans were suspended, however, in January 2009.[36]

During late 2011, a long range Voronezh radar was commissioned to monitor missile launches within about
6,000 kilometres (3,728 miles). It is situated in the settlement of Pionersky (formerly German Neukuhren) in
Kaliningrad Oblast.[37]

Kaliningrad was one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Russia.[38]
Geography
Kaliningrad is at the mouth of the navigable Pregolya River, which empties into the Vistula Lagoon, an inlet of
the Baltic Sea.

Sea vessels can access Gdańsk Bay/Bay of Danzig and the Baltic Sea by way of the Vistula Lagoon and the Strait
of Baltiysk.

Until around 1900, ships drawing more than 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) of water could not pass the bar and use the city's
docks; larger vessels had to anchor at Pillau (now Baltiysk), where cargo was transferred to smaller vessels. In
1901, a ship canal between Königsberg and Pillau, completed at a cost of 13  million German marks, enabled
vessels of a 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in) draught to moor alongside the town (see also Ports of the Baltic Sea).

The Pregolya River The pseudo-historic 13th century

in Kaliningrad "Fishermen's Juditten Church
village"

Climate

Kaliningrad has an oceanic climate (Cfb, depending on the isotherm chosen for class C climates) or a humid
continental climate (Dfb, depending on the isotherm chosen for class D climates), with cold, cloudy, (though
moderate compared to most of Russia) winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms.
Average temperatures range from −1.5 to +18.1  °C (29.3 to 64.6  °F) and rainfall varies from 36.0 millimeters
(1.42 in)/month to 97.0 millimeters (3.82 in)/month. In general, it has maritime influences and therefore damp,
variable and mild, with vast temperature differences between July and January.

The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming
pleasantly warm and often very sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times
(with temperature reaching as high as +30–+35  °C (86–95  °F) at least once per year) with plenty of sunshine
interspersed with heavy showers. The average annual hours of sunshine for Kaliningrad is 1,700, similar to other
northern cities. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp and
foggy in November. Winter includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the
temperature sometimes dropping as low as −15 °C (5 °F).
 Climate data for Kaliningrad (1991–2020, extremes 1848–present)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 12.7

16.9
23.0
28.5
30.6
34.0
36.3
36.5
33.8
26.4
19.4
13.3
36.5

°C (°F) (54.9) (62.4) (73.4) (83.3) (87.1) (93.2) (97.3) (97.7) (92.8) (79.5) (66.9) (55.9) (97.7)

Average 1.1
2.1
6.1
13.1
18.2
21.3
23.5
23.3
18.4
12.2
6.2
2.6
12.3

high °C (°F) (34.0) (35.8) (43.0) (55.6) (64.8) (70.3) (74.3) (73.9) (65.1) (54.0) (43.2) (36.7) (54.1)

Daily mean −1.2

−0.6
2.4
7.9
12.7
16.1
18.5
18.1
13.5
8.4
3.9
0.4
8.3

°C (°F) (29.8) (30.9) (36.3) (46.2) (54.9) (61.0) (65.3) (64.6) (56.3) (47.1) (39.0) (32.7) (46.9)

Average low −3.5

−3.0
−0.8
3.4
7.5
11.3
13.9
13.3
9.4
5.2
1.7
−1.8
4.7

°C (°F) (25.7) (26.6) (30.6) (38.1) (45.5) (52.3) (57.0) (55.9) (48.9) (41.4) (35.1) (28.8) (40.5)

Record low −32.5

−33.3
−21.7
−5.8
−3.1
0.7
4.5
1.6
−2.0
−11.2
−18.7
−25.6
−33.3

°C (°F) (−26.5) (−27.9) (−7.1) (21.6) (26.4) (33.3) (40.1) (34.9) (28.4) (11.8) (−1.7) (−14.1) (−27.9)

Average
68
54
49
38
52
69
91
91
73
86
76
69
816

precipitation
(2.7) (2.1) (1.9) (1.5) (2.0) (2.7) (3.6) (3.6) (2.9) (3.4) (3.0) (2.7) (32.1)
mm (inches)

Average
extreme 7
7
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
7

snow depth (2.8) (2.8) (1.2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.8) (2.0) (2.8)
cm (inches)

Average
14 13 14 14 14 16 15 16 17 18 18 16 185
rainy days

Average
15 15 10 3 0.1 0 0 0 0 1 7 13 64
snowy days

Average
relative 85 83 78 72 71 74 75 77 81 83 86 87 79
humidity (%)

Mean
monthly
35 61 120 171 253 264 257 228 158 96 38 26 1,707
sunshine
hours

Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[39]

Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[40]

Demographics
The original German population fled or was expelled after the end of World War II, when the territory was
annexed by the Soviet Union, and in the following few years. In October 1945, only about 5,000 Soviet civilians
lived in the territory.[41] Between October 1947 and October 1948 approximately 100,000 Germans were forcibly
moved to Germany,[42] and by 1948 about 400,000 Soviet civilians had arrived in the Oblast.[41]

Today the overwhelming majority of Kaliningrad's residents are Russians

settled after 1945, and their descendants. A minority of the population are
from other Slavic ethnic groups, including Belarusians and Ukrainians.
Kaliningrad today is also home to small communities of Tatars, Germans,
Armenians, Poles, and Lithuanians.

Ethnic composition, Russian 2010 census:

Ethnicity total population % of the population

Local residents in Kaliningrad at
Russians 351,186 87.4 % "Immortal regiment", carrying
Ukrainians 16,053 4.0 % portraits of their ancestors who
Belarusians 15,077 3.7 % fought in World War II
Armenians 3,062 0.8 %
Tatars 2,075 0.5 %
Lithuanians 1,789 0.4 %
Germans 1,676 0.4 %
Polish 1,114 0.3 %
Other ethnicities 10,041 2.5 %
All 401,649 100.0 %

Cityscape

Architecture
The blessing of the Easter baskets
The pre-war city center (Altstadt and Kneiphof) consists of parks, broad in Kaliningrad
avenues, a square on the site of the former Königsberg Castle, and two
buildings: the House of Soviets ("Dom Sovyetov"), roughly on the site of the
former castle, and the restored Königsberg Cathedral on the Kneiphof island
(now "Kant island"). Immanuel Kant's grave is situated next to the cathedral.
Many German-era buildings in the historic city centre have been preserved
and even rebuilt, including the reconstruction of the Königsberg Synagogue.
The new city centre is concentrated around Victory Square. The Cathedral of
Christ the Savior, consecrated in 2005, is located on that square.

The oldest building in Kaliningrad is the Juditten Church (built before 1288).
Also worth seeing are the former Stock Exchange, the surviving churches, and
the remaining city gates. In counter-clockwise order these gates are: the
Sackheim Gate, King's Gate, Rossgarten Gate, Attack Gate (German:
Ausfallstor, or Sally Port), Railway Gate (Eisenbahntor), Brandenburg Gate,
and Friedland Gate (Friedländer Tor (Kaliningrad)). Apart from the Dohna King's Gate
Tower, which houses the Amber Museum, the Wrangel Tower also remains as
a reminder of the former Königsberg city walls. Only the gate of the former
Fort Friedrichsburg remains.

Monuments

Notable monuments include the statue of Immanuel Kant in front of the

Immanuel Kant State University of Russia. The statue was made by notable
sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch and unveiled in 1864. The statue was
destroyed in 1945, but was remoulded in 1992 on the initiative of Marion
Dönhoff, a native East Prussian who became prominent in the West. Also
Friedrichsburg Gate
worth seeing is the Cosmonaut monument, which honours the Kaliningrad
cosmonauts Alexey Leonov, Yuri Romanenko and Aleksandr Viktorenko.
Other statues and monuments include the statue for Duke Albert, the statue
for Friedrich Schiller, the statue for Tsar Peter the Great, Vladimir Vysotsky, the "Mother Russia" monument,
and the Monument for the 1200 Guardsmen, remembering the Battle of Königsberg.

Parks

Kaliningrad is a "green" city with many parks[43] and areas with many trees and lawns. Parks range from tiny city
squares to massive parks.

The Youth Recreation Park is one of the most popular parks in the city. The park was established in the 1920s–
1930s in the English style. It reopened its doors post-war and was popular among citizens in the 1980s–1990s
with its boat house and tennis courts, as well as merry-go-rounds.[44] The park had a massive reconstruction in
2004 adding a cafe, carting, and various modern entertainments. It is located in the quiet area of the city, in
Leningradsky area, and is connected to the Lower Pond. Youth Recreation Park provides entertainment for all
age groups. There is also Interpersonal Communications Development Central located in the park.

The Kaliningrad Zoo was opened as the Königsberg Zoo in 1896. The collection, which extends over 16.5 ha (40
acres), comprises 315 species with a total of 2,264 individual animals (as of 2005). The Kaliningrad Zoo is also an
arboretum.

Ponds
Centrally located in the city is Lower Pond, an artificial lake. Lower Pond is surrounded by a promenade and is an
area for recreation especially in summer. North of the Lower Pond is the larger Upper Pond in northern
Kaliningrad.

Bridges

Leonhard Euler's 1736 paper on the puzzle of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg was a seminal work in the fields of
graph theory and topology. Only two of the structures from his era survive.

Kaliningrad Stadium

In 2018, the Kaliningrad Stadium, located on Oktyabrsky Island, near the embankment of the Staraya Pregolya
River, was opened. The stadium has a seating capacity of 35,000.

Culture

Museums in Kaliningrad

There are many museums in Kaliningrad.

Museum of the World Ocean

Kaliningrad Regional History and Art Museum
Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum
Kaliningrad State Art Gallery
Friedland Gate Museum Museum ship "Vityaz" from the
collection of the Museum of the
The Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts is the oldest museum World Ocean
in Kaliningrad, founded in 1946. In addition to the main building, the
museum has four branches in Kaliningrad (including "Blindage" and "Fort
No. 5") and two in the region.

In 1979, the Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum was opened in the building
of the former defense tower "Don". Initially, it was a branch of the Historical
and Art Museum, since 2004 it has been an independent museum.

The Kaliningrad State Art Gallery, which opened on November 24, 1988, is
one of the youngest and fastest growing museums in Russia, known both in
Russia and abroad. Up to 40 exhibitions of domestic and foreign art are held
annually in eight exhibition halls with a total exposition area of more than 3
thousand square meters (¾ acre).

At the beginning of the 21st century, Museum of the World Ocean, which was Kaliningrad Regional Amber
unique for Russia at the time, was gradually created, which has interesting Museum
exhibitions and six museum vessels:

Research ship-museum "Vityaz"

Submarine B-413
Space communication vessel "Cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev"
Fishing boat-museum "SRT-129"
Floating lighthouse "Irbensky"
Icebreaker "Krassin" - moored in St. Petersburg.

The branches of the museum are the King's Gate and the preserved gate of Fort Friedrichsburg.

A museum of ancient found objects has been created. It is located at the Friedland Gate, which itself is a
monument of antiquity.
In 2009, the Museum of E. T. A. Hoffmann, a famous writer born in this city,
was created. The museum is located in the building of the former cinema
"Leningrad", now this building houses the regional music school named after
Hoffman.

On 5 June 2016 the Einstein Museum of Entertaining Sciences was opened on

the first floor of the Mega-Market shopping center, the exposition of which
consists of interactive exhibits that clearly illustrate various fields of science
and demonstrate the manifestation of their laws.[45] Königsberg Cathedral on Kneiphof
island
Kaliningrad's museums were visited by roughly 920 thousand people in
2013.[46] And in terms of museum attendance, Kaliningrad region ranks
seventh among the regions of Russia.[47]

Theaters and concert halls

There are several theaters in the city:

Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theater Brandenburg Gate

Kaliningrad Regional Musical Theater
Kaliningrad Regional Puppet Theater
The organ hall of the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic is located in the
historic building of the former Catholic Church of the Holy Family.
A large concert hall with two organs located in the Königsberg Cathedral.
The Variety Theater, located in the House of Arts.

The musical life of the city is rich and diverse. Annual music festivals of
various styles and trends are held throughout the year. Under the patronage
of the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic Society, international festivals and
competitions of classical, jazz, organ music (dedicated to Johann Sebastian
Kaliningrad Regional Drama
Bach and Mikael Tariverdiev) are held. Since 2006, the Don Cento Jazz
Theater
International Jazz Festival has been held in the summer. The city also hosts
two major rock festivals: the Night Wolves bike show (July) and Kaliningrad
In Rock (August). The Baltic Seasons art festival is held annually.

In 2013, Kaliningrad's theaters were visited by almost 345,000 people.[46]

Libraries
Kaliningrad Regional Scientific Library
Central City Library. A.P. Chekhov
Kaliningrad Regional Youth Library. V. Mayakovsky
Kaliningrad Regional Children's Library. A.P. Gaidar
Kaliningrad Regional Specialized Library for the Blind

Also, there are 20 municipal city libraries in the city. As of 2015, more than
100 thousand residents of Kaliningrad regularly visit the city's libraries.[48]
Kaliningrad Regional Scientific
Library
Music

The modern city of Kaliningrad is home to the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic and Symphony Orchestra, the
Lik male chamber choir and the Garmonika Russian music ensemble,[49] as well as the Kaliningrad Chamber
Orchestra.[50]

Cuisine
Kaliningrad has its own vodka and beer brands, Stari Königsberg and
Ostmark respectively. Since the early 1990s many new restaurants have
opened in the city. These restaurants offer culinary specialities of former East
Prussia, like Königsberger Klopse, and also fish and salad dishes, pizza and
sushi. Königsberger Fleck, a bovine tripe soup and yet another culinary
specialty from former Königsberg, no longer belongs to the culinary culture of
Kaliningrad.

The people of Kaliningrad generally imported their respective culinary

traditions to the region when they settled in the area after 1945. Borscht and
okroshka may be served as in the rest of Russia. Many Italian and Asian
restaurants (or fusions of both traditions) are in operation all over the city. Königsberger Klopse are a Prussian
Pizza and sushi are among the most popular dishes today. Fast food is widely specialty of meatballs in a white
available from various chains, including those of foreign origin. Shawarma is sauce with capers that can be found
also gaining considerable prominence. in many restaurants in Kaliningrad.

Sports
The Russian football club FC Baltika Kaliningrad is based in Kaliningrad and
plays in the Russian Football National League. The home stadium is the
Kaliningrad Stadium, built for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

During 2006 to 2013, the Dynamo-Yantar men's volleyball club played in the
Russian men's volleyball Championship. They played their home games at the
Yantarny Sports Palace, which can accommodate over 7,000 spectators. From
The Kaliningrad Stadium hosted the
2010, Yantarny had regularly hosted matches of the Russian men's national 2018 FIFA World Cup games
volleyball team in the FIVB Volleyball World League and the FIVB Volleyball
World Grand Prix.

In the past, the city was also represented by the football clubs of West, Baltika-2 and FC Baltika-Tarko
Kaliningrad, as well as the rugby club West Zvezda (winner of the 1994 Russian Cup, prize winner of the 1994
and 1995 Russian championships). The football club Volna Kaliningrad took part in the third tier of the 2000
Lithuanian championship, LF II Lyga, and won in the western zone (22 games: 20 wins, 2 draws, goal difference
101–9).[51][52]

Since November 2013, the city has had an American football team called Amber Hawks. In 2015, the Amber
Hawks reached the semifinals of the Polish League 8x8.[53] In 2016, Amber Hawks took the silver medal of the
prestigious Eastern League of American Football (VLAF).[54]

In June 2014 the Kaliningrad Regional Hockey League (KRHL) was created. League competition is the official
championship of the Kaliningrad region of hockey.

In 2018 Kaliningrad hosted some games of the World Cup.

On 9 April 2018 the creation of a women's volleyball team, the "Lokomotiv Kaliningrad Region" was announced.
At the end of the 2018–2019 season the club took the second place in the Russian Championship, losing one
point to the leader team, the WVC Dynamo Moscow.

Administrative and municipal status

Kaliningrad is the administrative centre of the oblast.[8] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is
incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad — an administrative unit with status equal to
that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad is incorporated as
Kaliningrad Urban Okrug.[9]

City districts

As of 2014, the city was divided into three administrative districts:

 Inhabitants

City district
Russian name Notes
2010 Census[6]

Moskovsky Московский 152,165 Named after the Russian capital, Moscow

Leningradsky Ленинградский 159,771 Named after Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg
Tsentralny Центральный 119,966 Lit. central, as it lies to the northwest of the historical city center

Two administrative districts were abolished in June 2009:

Inhabitants

City district
Russian name Notes
2002 Census[55]

Baltiysky Балтийский 68,664 Named after the Baltic Sea

Oktyabrsky Октябрьский 43,252 Named after the October Revolution

Authorities

Local government

Local self-government in the city is carried out on the basis of the Charter,
which was adopted by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad on July 12,
2007.

Bodies and officials of local self-government in the city (formally – in the city
district) Kaliningrad are:

Council of Deputies (representative body of a municipal formation)

Kaliningrad City Hall in the Victory
Head (chief executive)
Square
Administration (executive and administrative body of the municipality)
Chamber of Control and Accounts

The City Council of Deputies consists of 28 deputies elected by city residents

in municipal elections according to a mixed mandate distribution system for a
period of 5 years. The chairman of the Council is elected by deputies from
among its members. The current 6th convocation was elected on September
18, 2016. The Chairman of the Council is Andrey Kropotkin from United
Russia.

The head of the city heads the administration of the city district. Elected by Flags of Russia (center), Kaliningrad
the City Council of Deputies from among the candidates presented by the Oblast (left), and Kaliningrad (right),
Competition Commission based on the results of the competition, for the over the City Hall
term of office of the City Council of Deputies. Since April 2018, the head of
the city is Alexey Silanov.[56]

The Kaliningrad administration and the Council of Deputies are located in the building of the mayor's office at
the Victory Square.[57]

From 1996 to 2007, the Charter of the City of Kaliningrad dated September 25, 1996 was in force in Kaliningrad,
according to which the local self-government bodies were:

The head of the city (mayor) – the highest official of the city;
City hall (executive and administrative body);
City Council of Deputies (representative body).

In 2007, due to the reform of local self-government, the functions of local self-government bodies were changed,
and a new position was introduced – the head of the administration.

In 2008–2012, the local government body, carrying out executive and administrative functions, was the city
district administration, headed by the head of the administration (city manager). The head of the administration
was appointed to the post by the decision of the District Council of Deputies following a competition. On May 14,
2008, Felix Lapin was appointed to this position for a period of 2 years. On June 15, 2011, deputies of the
Kaliningrad District Council approved Svetlana Mukhomor as head of the city administration (she is the first
deputy head of the city administration).[58]

In November 2016, the Kaliningrad Regional Duma adopted a law abolishing direct elections for the mayor of
Kaliningrad.[59] The elections were replaced by the selection procedure of candidates by a competition
commission from which the city Council of Deputies selects one by secret ballot. In 2018, out of ten people who
submitted documents for participation in the competition, only three were admitted to the competition.[60]

Regional government

All legislative, executive and judicial authorities of Kaliningrad Oblast are

located in Kaliningrad. The Government of Kaliningrad Oblast and the
Governor's Administration are located in the same building on Dmitry
Donskoy Street, the Kaliningrad Regional Duma on Kirov Street, the
Kaliningrad Regional Court on Sergeeva Street, and the Arbitration Court of
Kaliningrad Oblast on Rokossovsky Street.
Building of the Government and
Administration of the Governor of
Federal government Kaliningrad Oblast

In Kaliningrad, there are representative offices of federal authorities in the

region:

Prosecutor's Office of Kaliningrad Oblast

Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee of Russia
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kaliningrad Oblast
Ministry of Emergency Situations
Military Commissariat
Kaliningrad Regional Customs of the North-West Customs Department of the Federal Customs Service of
Russia
Branch of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation
Management of the federal postal service - branch of FSUE "Russian Post"
Branch of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation

Economy
In 1996, Kaliningrad was designated a Special Economic Zone, referred to as FEZ Yantar. Manufacturers based
there get tax and customs duty breaks on the goods they send to other parts of Russia. Although corruption was
an early deterrent, that policy means the region is now a manufacturing hub. One in three televisions in Russia
are made in Kaliningrad (including Ericsson brand by Telebalt Ltd. and Polar by an eponymous firm located in
the city of Chernyakhovsk) and it is home to Cadillac and BMW related car plants (produced by Avtotor).
Kaliningrad's major industries are manufacturing, shipping, fishing and amber products. In 2006, Moscow
declared it would turn the region into "the Russian Hong Kong".[61]

Education
Today, there are 21 higher educational institutions in Kaliningrad (together with
branches of universities in other cities), of which state-owned are:

The Kaliningrad branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of

Internal Affairs of Russia, previously the Kaliningrad Law Institute of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (KYUI), even earlier – the Kaliningrad
Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation,
which was formed on the basis of the Kaliningrad Special Secondary School of
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal
Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
University
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Until 2011 – Russian State University.
I. Kant. The name of Kant was given on the eve of the city's 750th anniversary
 in 2005. Previously – Kaliningrad State University (KSU). Occupies the building
of the former German University of Königsberg.
Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet (BFFSA). Until 1991 – Kaliningrad Higher
Marine Engineering School (KVIMU).
Kaliningrad State Technical University (KSTU). Previously – Kaliningrad
Technical Institute of the Fishing Industry and Economy (KTIRPiH).
Kaliningrad Border Institute of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Kaliningrad State Technical
Federation. Previously – Kaliningrad Higher Engineering School of Engineering University
Troops named after A.A.Zhdanov (KVIUIV).
The FF Ushakov Baltic Naval Institute, now a branch of the military educational
and scientific center of the Russian Navy "Naval Academy named after Admiral
of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N. G. Kuznetsov." Previously – Kaliningrad
Higher Naval School (KVVMU).

Also in Kaliningrad there is a branch of the North-West Academy of Public

Administration and National Economy, from secondary educational institutions –
three gymnasiums, six lyceums and forty-seven secondary schools. There are
Baltic Naval Institute
educational institutions of secondary vocational education: Kaliningrad Regional
College of Music. S. V. Rachmaninova, Kaliningrad State College of Urban
Development, Kaliningrad Marine Fisheries College and others; to the IKBFU I.
Kant included the Kaliningrad Technical College, the Communal Construction College. In addition, there is one
cadet corps – KSH "Andrew the First-Called Cadet Naval Corps" (APKMK).

In August 2019, construction began on a branch of the Nakhimov Naval School. The opening is scheduled for
September 1, 2020, the number of students will be over 560 people.[62]

Transport

Roads

Kaliningrad is a major transport hub. The most important roads of the city are:

Kaliningrad – Chernyakhovsk–Nesterov to the Lithuania–Russia border (on to Vilnius, Minsk, route M1

"Belarus") It is a part of the branches of the trans-European transport corridors No. 1-A "Riga–Kaliningrad–
Gdansk" and No. 9-D "Kiev–Minsk–Vilnius–Kaliningrad", and
Kaliningrad – Gvardeisk – Neman to the Lithuania–Russia border (on to Siauliai, Jelgava, Riga). The
route from the village – Talpaki, through Bolshakovo to Sovetsk. It is a part of the branch of the trans-
European transport corridor No. 1-A "Riga–Kaliningrad–Gdansk".
Kaliningrad – Mamonovo. Through Ladushkin to the Poland-Russia border (to Elbląg, Gdańsk). and

Kaliningrad – Polessk. It follows through the village. Bolshakovo (further to Sovetsk)

Kaliningrad – Zelenogradsk. (further along the Curonian Spit to Nida and Klaipeda)
Kaliningrad – Baltiysk. The road runs through Primorsk.
Kaliningrad – Bagrationovsk. Leads to the Polish border (further to Olsztyn).

In December 2007, construction began on the Primorskoye Koltso highway, which connects Kaliningrad with
Svetlogorsk, Pionersky, Zelenogradsk and Khrabrovo Airport. It is planned to continue construction at Baltiysk,
Svetly.

Around the city (from the village of A. Kosmodemyansky to the traffic intersection with Moskovsky Prospekt)
passes the route of the northern and southern bypasses of Kaliningrad. Until now, on the western side of the city
of Kaliningrad, the "ring" of the road has not been closed due to the absence of a 7-kilometer (5 mile) crossing
through the Vistula Lagoon.

Water
Kaliningrad is home to the westernmost and the only non-freezing port of Russia and the Baltic states on the
Baltic Sea. Freight and passenger ferry crossings connect the Port of Kaliningrad, and its outport, the Port of
Baltiysk with Saint Petersburg, and the ports of Germany and Sweden.

As of April 2019, only a freight ferry operates on the Baltiysk–Ust-Luga route, and the passenger ferry has been
cancelled.[63][64]

Air

The Kaliningrad Devau Airport, which opened in 1919, was one of the first
civilian airports in the world, and the first in Germany. In 1922, the first
planes of the Moscow-Riga-Königsberg, the first international airline of the
Soviet Union, arrived in here for the first time. After World War II, the airport
was used for local flights until the 1970s.

In the fifties, a new airport, the Khrabrovo Airport, was built on the base of a Khrabrovo Airport
military airfield 24 kilometres (15 miles) from the city. Now it has
international status. The Kaliningrad airline KD Aviation was based on
Khrabrovo, which ceased operations in September 2009. The reconstruction of the airport has been completed in
2018.

Railway

Kaliningrad is the most important hub of the railway network of the

Kaliningrad Oblast. It is the site of the Kaliningrad Railway.

The main passenger railway station of the city is the Kaliningrad South
railway station, which includes the main railway station of the city and the
Oblast–Yuzhny station, it serves both commuter and long-distance trains
following from Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad South railway station

No. 30 Moscow "Yantar"

No. 80 St. Petersburg
No. 148 Moscow (summer)
No. 360 Adler
No. 426 Chelyabinsk (summer)

The Berlin-Kaliningrad direct train (via Poland) operated from 1993 to 2000,
Railway network in Kaliningrad
then was replaced by a non-stop carriage, which was part of the Kaliningrad- Oblast
Gdynia train from December 2003 to December 2009 and in 2010–2013 (in
the summer), with a re-trailer in the Polish city of Tczew. A platform with a
European Standard Gauge track was specially equipped to receive these trains, allowing trains to run on this
message without the interruption of a bogie exchange at some point on the journey.

Kaliningrad North railway station serves trains connecting Kaliningrad with

the seaside resorts of the city, Svetlogorsk and Pionersky, as well as the city of
Sovetsk. It is a major transport hub in the public transport system of
Kaliningrad.

Other railway stations located in the city:

Kutuzovo-Novoye (Alexander Nevsky Street District)

Chkalovsk-Western (Mck. Chkalovsk)
West New (Wagon Street District) Kaliningrad North railway station
Forest-Novoya (Mcn. named after Alexander Kosmodemyansky)
Dzerzhinskaya-Novaya (Dzerzhinsky Street district, there is a European
(standard gauge) track)
Aivazovsky stop (in the area of Aivazovsky and Yamskaya streets)
Kiev stop (Kievskaya Street district, near the Baltic market)
Selma stop (General Chelnokov Street and Selma Market)
 Stop point 4 kilometer (Muromskaya Street District, Southern)
Brusnichny Stop (Brusny street district)

Inter-city and international bus service

Regular bus routes connect Kaliningrad with Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, the Czech
Republic and Germany.

There are two bus stations in the city. The "old" bus station is located on Kalinin Square, next to the Kaliningrad-
Passazhirskiy railway station and is used primarily for intra-regional transportation.

Due to the conflict with the station directorate, the Königavto road carrier stopped using this bus station and set
up its own international bus station at the end of Moskovsky Prospekt. More than 90% of regular international
bus services depart from it.

Urban public transport

Public transport in Kaliningrad is represented by a bus, a trolleybus, a tram, a taxi, and the city's railway lines.
On 21 March 2010 a new public transport scheme came into effect.[65]

The tram network in Kaliningrad has been in existence since 1895 and is the oldest tram system in Russia. It has
a track width of 1000 mm (3'3"). Until 2000, at least ten city tram routes operated in Kaliningrad, however, over
the past twenty years, the route network has been significantly reduced.[66] By the beginning of 2013, only two
routes were operating in the city. In 2015, after changing the traffic pattern at the Kaliningrad South railway
station, the last tram route No. 5 remained. In accordance with the newly adopted General Plan of Kaliningrad
until 2035, the construction of a tram line with a separate traffic section in the Moskovsky District is envisaged.

The first trolleybuses appeared in Königsberg in 1943, but after the war they decided not to restore the trolleybus
system. The modern trolleybus system of the city has been operating since 5 November 1975.[67] During this
time, the route network in Kaliningrad has repeatedly changed. After the repair of the overpass on Pobedy
Avenue, carried out in the summer of 2018, route No. 6 was discontinued. As a result, three operating trolleybus
lines remained in the city, although the new route scheme for public transport, adopted on 1 August 2016,
provided for six routes.[68] The general plan of the city until 2035 also provides for the development of the
trolleybus network in Kaliningrad.

Railbus

On 26 March 2014 the first line of the city rail bus was launched in
Kaliningrad, serving the route from the Kievskaya platform in the Moskovsky
district to the Kaliningrad North railway station. At the same time, a bus line
was organised connecting Oleg Koshevoy Street with the Kievskaya platform.
The opening of several more lines of the city railway has been announced,
which should connect the center of Kaliningrad with the peripheral districts
of the city.[69][70]

In December 2016, the mayor of Kaliningrad, Alexander Yaroshuk,

A Tatra T4 Tram passing through
announced that from 1 January 2017 the city rail bus would be canceled due
the Brandenburg Gate
to its unprofitability.[71] After that, Governor Anton Alikhanov made an
operational decision to subsidize the rail bus from the regional budget.[72]

In early January 2017, the press service of the Kaliningrad Railway announced that it was planned to extend the
rail bus line to Chkalovsk.[73]

On 9 January 2017 city trains were launched on the Kaliningrad-Guryevsk route, and on the Kaliningrad-Lesnoye
Novoe route from 3 September 2018.

As of the end of 2018, rail buses serve four intra-city lines connecting peripheral sleeping areas and the satellite
city of Guryevsk with the center of Kaliningrad. Kaliningrad North railway station is a major transport and
interchange hub, where many public transport routes converge. Passengers are transported by rail buses of the
RA1 and RA2 models, manufactured by Metrovagonmash. City trains run on weekdays during the morning and
evening rush hours.

Bridges

The branches of the Pregolya River divide the city into four parts. Majority of the
city (Tsentralny Administrative District and Leningradsky Administrive District) is
located north of the river, Moskovsky Administrative District is south of the river.
Kant Island (Kneiphof) and Oktyabrsky Administrative District (Lomse) are located
between the branches of the river.

There are eight active bridges across the Pregolya and one dismantled in The Two-tiered Bridge
Kaliningrad.

The Two-tiered bridge is a drawbridge that connects General Butkov (northern

bank) and Zheleznodorozhnaya (southern bank) streets. Divorced by raising
the middle span. The upper tier of the bridge is occupied by a railway, the lower
- by the carriageway and pedestrian sidewalks. The double-deck bridge is the
only existing railway bridge across the Pregolya in Kaliningrad.
Trestle bridge - thrown over both branches of the Pregolya and passes over
Kneiphof, is part of the Leninsky Prospekt, built in 1972,[74] to replace two of
the seven Königsberg bridges - Lavochny and Zeleny. There is a pedestrian The Wooden Bridge
descent from the bridge to the island, an automobile exit to Moskovsky
Prospekt . There is no road exit to the island. The bridge is crossed by routes of
all types of public transport.
The Wooden Bridge is a drawbridge, one of the seven bridges in Königsberg.
Connects Moskovsky Prospekt with Oktyabrsky Island (Oktyabrskaya st.).
There are two tram routes across the bridge
The Honey Bridge is a drawbridge, one of the seven bridges of Königsberg.
Connects Oktyabrsky Island and Kneiphof. Since the Kneiphof is a pedestrian
Second Overpass Bridge
zone, the de facto bridge is also exclusively pedestrian. From time to time, the
bridge is used by official vehicles (delivery of materials for the restoration of the
Königsberg Cathedral, as well as for the passage of wedding corteges).
Jubilee Bridge - drawbridge, pedestrian, connects Oktyabrsky Island (Rybnaya village area) with St.
Epronovskaya. Built in 2005 on the pillars of the old Imperial Bridge, destroyed during World War II.
The High Bridge is one of the seven bridges in Königsberg. Connects st. Oktyabrskaya (Oktyabrsky Island)
from st. Dzerzhinsky. A tram line runs across the bridge.
Berlin (Palmburg) Bridge is part of the Kaliningrad ring road, it is thrown across both channels of the
Pregolya. Farthest from the city center. After the war, it was only partially restored (one strip). A three-lane
bridge was built in its place, reconstructed in 2014.
The old railway bridge is a drawbridge, located in the area of the Museum of the World Ocean. Divorced by
raising the middle span. The middle span is dismantled, the bridge is not used in any way. An abandoned
railway line crosses the bridge.
The Second Overpass Bridge was commissioned in December 2011. The bridge crosses both channels of
the Pregolya and passes over Oktyabrsky Island, connecting April 9 Street in the right-bank part of the city
with Dzerzhinsky Street in the left-bank part. The total length is 1883 metres (2060 yards). The bridge has
three lanes in each direction. The design speed of vehicles is not less than 80 km/h (50 mph).

Seven bridges existed in Königsberg in the 16th-20th centuries. The relative position of the bridges led to the
mathematical problem of Seven Bridges of Königsberg, and prompted the mathematician Leonard Euler to
speculate, which led to the emergence of graph theory.

Media

Television

The Kaliningrad television studio has existed since 1958 with its own frequency channel and daily 6–7-hour
broadcasting, then it was called the Yantar TV and Radio Company. It has lost its channel and most of its airtime;
it is a branch of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company.
Kaliningrad television networks:

Channel One STS Domashny

Russia 24 NTV TV-3
5TV TV Center Friday!
Russia 1 Match TV Muz-TV
Zvezda Public Television of Russia Spas
TNT Carousel
Russia-K Mir
Yu REN TV

Radio

Kaliningrad radio stations:

"Europa Plus" "Studio 21"

"Radio Chanson" "Radio Rossii"
"Radio 7 On Seven Hills" "Road Radio"
"Humor FM" "Radio Maximum"
"Vesti FM" "Radio Komsomolskaya Pravda"
"RMF FM" (Poland)
"Retro FM"
"Russkoye Radio"
"Silver Rain Radio"
"NRJ Russia"
"Radio Zvezda"
"AvtoRadio"
"Radio Edge"
"Radio Monte Carlo"
"Nashe Radio"
"Business FM"
"Radio Mayak"

Notable people
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), philosopher
E. T. A. Hoffmann (1776–1822) author, playwright, composer
Sergey Snegov (1910–1994), science fiction writer
Viktor Patsayev (1933–1971)
Alexei Leonov (1934–2019), first person to walk in space
Yury Romanenko (born 1944)
Alexander Viktorenko (born 1947)
Oleg Gazmanov (born 1951), singer
Sergei Beloglazov (born 1956), Olympic wrestler
Lyudmila Putina (born 1958), ex-wife of Vladimir Putin, First Lady of Russia
Alexander Volkov (born 1967), tennis player
Andrei Voronkov (born 1967), volleyball player and coach
Dmitry Lapikov (born 1982), Olympic weightlifter
Tvangeste, symphonic black metal band
Maksim Zuyev, journalist and activist
Anastasia Nazarenko (born 1993), rhythmic gymnast
 Costa Ronin (born 1979), actor
Irina Zahharenkova (born 1976), concert pianist

International relations

Diplomatic missions

In 2004 Germany opened a consulate general in Kaliningrad.[75] This consulate allows Kaliningrad residents to
get Schengen visas without having to travel to Moscow. An agreement between Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor of
Germany, and President of Russia Vladimir Putin established the consulate in light of Lithuania and Poland,
which surround Kaliningrad, joining the EU. Russian concerns with Germany wanting the former Königsberg
back had stifled earlier plans for a German consulate.[76][77][78]

Small border traffic law

Poland and the Russian Federation have an agreement whereby residents of Kaliningrad and the Polish cities of
Olsztyn, Elbląg and Gdańsk may obtain special cards permitting repeated travel between the two countries,
crossing the Polish–Russian border. As of July 2013, Poland had issued 100,000 of the cards. That year, the
influx of Russians visiting Poland to shop at the Biedronka and Lidl supermarkets was novel enough to be
featured in songs by musical group Parovoz.[79]

Twin towns – sister cities

Kaliningrad is twinned with:[80]

Baranavichy, Belarus Forlì, Italy Kętrzyn County, Poland

Bremerhaven, Germany Gomel, Belarus Kiel, Germany
Brest, Belarus Groningen, Netherlands Klaipėda, Lithuania
Cagliari, Italy Kalmar, Sweden Šiauliai, Lithuania
Catania, Italy Kaunas, Lithuania Zeitz, Germany

Former twin towns

Białystok, Poland Łódź, Poland Racibórz, Poland
Elbląg, Poland Olsztyn, Poland Toruń, Poland
Gdańsk, Poland Norfolk, United States Zwolle, The Netherlands
Gdynia, Poland Panevėžys, Lithuania

In February and March 2022, Norfolk, Virginia, suspended while Lithuanian, Polish and Dutch cities of
Panevėžys, Białystok, Elbląg, Łódź, Gdańsk, Gdynia, Olsztyn, Racibórz, Toruń and Zwolle terminated their
cooperation with Kaliningrad as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90]

Partner cities

Kaliningrad is also partnered with:

Yerevan, Armenia (2009)[91]

See also
Battle of Königsberg
Heart of the City (Kaliningrad)
Kaliningrad (Königsberg) dispute
Radio Königsberg
Seven Bridges of Königsberg
 Suwałki Gap

References

Notes
1. Resolution #640
2. Article 6 of the Charter of Kaliningrad states that the city may have an anthem, providing one is officially
adopted. As of 2015, an anthem is not listed among the symbols of the city shown on the official website of
Kaliningrad (http://www.klgd.ru/city/characters/).
3. Official website of Kaliningrad. Passport of Kaliningrad Urban Okrug (http://www.klgd.ru/useful/passport.zip).
(in Russian)
4. Charter of Kaliningrad, Article 25
5. Official website of Kaliningrad. Head of the City (http://www.klgd.ru/administration/mayor/bio/), Alexander
Georgiyevich Yaroshuk. (in Russian)
6. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 (htt
p://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm) [2010 All-Russian Population
Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in
Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
7. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям
на 1 января 2018 года" (http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar). Federal State
Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
8. Law #463
9. Law #397
10. "Об исчислении времени" (http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd
=102148085). Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011.
Retrieved January 19, 2019.
11. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов
почтовой связи (http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department) (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
12. "RUSSIA: Severo-Zapadnyj Federal'nyj Okrug: Northwestern Federal District" (https://www.citypopulation.de/
en/russia/cities/northwestern/). City Population.de. August 8, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
13. "Система расселения России: тенденции к переменам" (http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2012/0517/ana
lit01.php). Демоскоп Weekly. August 1–19, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
14. "Биполярная модель межрегионального сотрудничества"Трехградье (Польша) — Калининград
(Россия)" " (http://www.intelros.ru/pdf/cosmopolis_02_2008/14.pdf) [Bipolar model of interregional
cooperation "Tricity (Poland) - Kaliningrad (Russia)"] (PDF).
15. В.И. Кулаков, Д.А. Пуляева. "Кaliningrad" (https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/2035791). Большая
российская энциклопедия. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
16. Alexander Akishin (December 16, 2013). "250 крупнейших промышленных центров России" (http://urbani
ca.spb.ru/en/research/ratings/250-krupnejshih-promyshlennyh-tsentrov-ros-2/). Urbanica. Retrieved July 30,
2020.
17. "100 лучших городов России" (https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2158894?fgb=31). Kommersant Secret
Firmy. April 2, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
18. "30 лучших городов для бизнеса 2013" (https://www.forbes.ru/rating/30-luchshih-gorodov-dlya-biznesa-201
3/2013). Forbes. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
19. Кирилл Алексеев (November 5, 2019). "Рейтинг комфортности городов России: Пионерский на
первом месте, Калининград - на пятом" (https://www.kaliningrad.kp.ru/daily/27051/4117286/).
Komsomolskaya Pravda. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
20. "Калининград включили в список крупнейших центров миграционного притяжения" (http://klops.ru/ne
ws/obschestvo/92516-kaliningrad-vklyuchili-v-spisok-krupneyshih-tsentrov-migratsionnogo-prityazheniya).
Klops. June 27, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
21. The Monthly Review (https://books.google.com/books?id=QI0eAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA609), p. 609, at Google
Books
22. Roqueplo O: La Russie & son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, HAL, 2018
23. Roqueplo O. La Russie et son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, HAL, 2018
24. "Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam
Conference), 1945, Volume II - Office of the Historian" (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945
Berlinv02/d1383). history.state.gov.
25. "The Potsdam Declaration" (http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/450802a.html). ibiblio.org. Retrieved
December 29, 2014.
26. Decree of July 4, 1946
27. "Russia (USSR) / Poland Treaty (with annexed maps) concerning the Demarcation of the Existing Soviet-
Polish State Frontier in the Sector Adjoining the Baltic Sea March 5, 1957" (https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEG
ISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/RUS-POL1957SF.PDF) (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved
December 29, 2014.
28. For other issues of the frontier delimitation see "Maritime boundary delimitation agreements and other
material" (https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/STATEFILES/POL.htm). United
Nations. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
29. "Facilitated transit document (FTD) and facilitated rail transit document (FRTD)" (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/leg
al-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Al14557). EUR-lex. January 7, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
30. "Kaliningraders want old name Koenigsberg back" (https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/6667/). The
Baltic Times. July 18, 2002.
31. "Калининград или Кенигсберг?" (https://www.interfax.ru/russia/79673). Interfax. May 14, 2009.
32. "Вопрос о переименовании Калининграда может быть решен на референдуме" (https://www.rosbalt.ru/r
ussia/2011/09/21/892249.html). Rosbalt. September 21, 2011.
33. "Цуканов заявил, что он против переименования Калининграда" (https://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/p
olitics/k1357853.html). newkaliningrad.ru. September 21, 2011.
34. "Kaliningrad's 750th anniversary" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/world/europe/03iht-web.0703kalin.ht
ml). New York Times. July 3, 2005. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
35. Gutterman, Steve; Isachenkov, Vladimir (November 6, 2008). "Medvedev Says Russia to Deploy Missiles
Near Poland" (https://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Nov06/0,4670,EURussiaMedvedev,00.html). Associated
Press – via Fox News.
36. Harding, Luke (January 28, 2009). "Russia scraps plans to deploy nuclear-capable missiles in Kaliningrad" (h
ttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/28/russia-missiles-kaliningrad-obama). The Guardian. Retrieved
December 21, 2013.
37. Sudakov, Dmitry (November 28, 2011). "Russia's new radar to monitor all Europe including Britain" (http://eng
lish.pravda.ru/russia/politics/28-11-2011/119757-russia_radar_europe-0/). Pravda.ru. Retrieved
December 21, 2013.
38. "World Cup 2018: Kaliningrad - the venue next door to the West" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-
44438504). BBC News. June 12, 2018.
39. "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Kaliningrad" (http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/26702.htm) (in
Russian). Погода и климат. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
40. "Kaliningrad Climate Normals 1961–1990" (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TA
BLES/REG_VI/RE/26702.TXT). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 3,
2021.
41. Malinkin, Mary Elizabeth (February 8, 2016). "Building a Soviet City: the Transformation of Königsberg" (http
s://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/building-soviet-city-the-transformation-konigsberg). Wilson Center. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170707061350/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/building-soviet-city-the-tra
nsformation-konigsberg) from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
42. Berger, Stefan (May 13, 2010). "How to be Russian with a Difference? Kaliningrad and its German Past".
Geopolitics. 15 (2): 345–366. doi:10.1080/14650040903486967 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1465004090348
6967). S2CID 143378878 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143378878).
43. "Russia Kaliningrad region: unique Russian exclave in the heart of Europe" (https://www.thetribune.com/kalini
ngrad-region-unique-russian-exclave-in-the-heart-of-europe/). The Tribune. June 16, 2022.
44. "Новости! Анонсы! Акции! | Парк "Юность", г.Калининград" (http://www.park-unost.ru/park-news).
www.park-unost.ru. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
45. "Музей занимательных наук Эйнштейна" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121602/http://kdgid.ru/mu
zej-zanimatelnyh-nauk-einsteina/). KDGid.ru. June 11, 2016. Archived from the original (http://kdgid.ru/muzej-
zanimatelnyh-nauk-einsteina/) on January 19, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
46. Екатерина Апанова (May 29, 2015). " "Машины, врачи и преступность": польская служба статистики
сравнила Калининград и Гданьск" (https://kgd.ru/news/society/item/44146-mashiny-vrachi-i-prestupnost-p
olskaya-sluzhba-statistiki-sravnila-kaliningrad-i-gdansk). KGD.ru. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
47. "Концепция создания музея перемещённых ценностей на территории Калининградской области" (htt
p://www.csr-nw.ru/files/csr/file_category_1205.pdf) (PDF).
48. Денис Костоглодов (March 3, 2015). "Апполонова: Каждый четвёртый житель Калининграда
посещает городские библиотеки" (https://kgd.ru/news/society/item/41957-apollonova-kazhdyj-chetvjortyj-z
hitel-kaliningrada-poseshhaet-gorodskie-biblioteki). KGD.ru. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
49. "Russia's Daily Online" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090831131022/http://www.kommersant.com/tree.asp?
rubric=5&node=386&doc_id=-43). Kommersant. Archived from the original (http://www.kommersant.com/tree.
asp?rubric=5&node=386&doc_id=-43) on August 31, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
50. "Shostakovich & Schnittke Concertos" (https://www.classicstoday.com/review.asp?ReviewNum=1983).
Classicstoday.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
51. "Свой среди чужих. Футбольные клубы, играющие в чемпионате другой страны" (http://blog.isport.ua/a
ndrew/football/71751.html). iSport.uа. October 18, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
52. "Where's My Country?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044629/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/cr
ossborder.html#4rusl). rsssf.com. Archived from the original (http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/crossborde
r.html) on March 6, 2019.
53. Radosław Gołąb (October 15, 2015). "Ósemkowa kulminacja - PLFA" (http://plfa.pl/news/2050/). PLFA.pl.
Retrieved September 1, 2020.
54. Евгений Шуваев (September 11, 2016). "ВЛАФ. "Рыси" обыграли "Янтарных Ястребов" и взяли титул"
(http://firstandgoal.ru/2016/09/vlaf-lynxes-won-league/). first & goal.ru. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
55. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов
Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских
населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и
более человек (http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls) [Population of Russia, Its Federal
Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural
Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia
Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
56. "Алексей Силанов стал новым мэром Калининграда" (https://ria.ru/politics/20180418/1518888369.html).
RIA Novosti. April 18, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
57. "Раздел личного приёма граждан на официальном сайте Администрации Калининграда" (https://www.
klgd.ru/administration/mayor/reception/). KLGD.ru. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
58. "Светлана Мухомор стала главой администрации Калининграда" (https://www.klgd.ru/press/news/detail.
php?ID=99368). KLGD.ru. June 15, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
59. "В Калининграде отменили прямые выборы мэра" (https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3151767).
Kommersant. November 24, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
60. "К конкурсу на должность главы Калининграда были допущены три кандидата" (https://www.interfax.r
u/russia/608717). Interfax. April 16, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
61. Sheeter, Laura (October 16, 2006). " 'Kaliningrad erases stains of past' 16 October 2006" (http://news.bbc.co.
uk/1/hi/world/europe/6048708.stm). BBC News. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
62. "Министр обороны РФ принял участие в церемонии закладки камня под строительство филиала
Нахимовского военно-морского училища в Калининграде" (https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/mor
e.htm?id=12247188@egNews). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. August 13, 2019. Retrieved
August 7, 2020.
63. "Паром Калининград – Санкт-Петербург. Паромная линия Балтийск – Усть-Луга - ТБК - Калининград"
(https://www.transbc.ru/ferry-line/). transbc.ru. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
64. "Паром Санкт-Петербург - Калининград. Паромная линия Усть-Луга - Балтийск" (https://transexim.ru/fe
rry-line/). Trans-Exim. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
65. Константин Киврин (March 15, 2010). "Транспортный тупик: новая маршрутная сеть Калининграда" (h
ttps://kgd.ru/news/analytics/item/3142-transportnyj-tupik). KGB.ru. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
66. "В Калининграде отменяют два маршрута трамвая и троллейбуса" (https://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/
community/k1007880.html). newkaliningrad.ru. January 10, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
67. Юрий Грозмани (December 9, 2004). "Из истории "рогатых": "Советский троллейбус в Кёнигсберге" "
(http://data9.gallery.ru/albums/gallery/199215-f2327-22085722-.jpg). data9.gallery.ru. Retrieved August 4,
2020.
68. Юлия Лунская (July 14, 2016). "Новая маршрутная сеть в Калининграде начнёт действовать с
августа" (https://tr.ru/news/1496-novaya-marshrutnaya-set-v-kaliningrade-nachnyot-deystvovat-s-avgusta).
TR.ru. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
69. "В Калининграде открылась первая ветка наземного метро" (http://klops.ru/news/avto/88362-v-kaliningr
ade-otkrylas-pervaya-vetka-nazemnogo-metro). Klops.ru. March 26, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
70. "С 26 марта в Калининграде начнёт ходить рельсобус с ул. Киевской до Северного вокзала" (http://kg
d.ru/news/item/34233-s-26-marta-v-kaliningrade-nachnjot-hodit-relsobus-s-ul-kievskoj-do-severnogo-
vokzala). KGD.ru. March 24, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
71. Денис Костоглодов (December 20, 2016). "Власти Калининграда решили отменить рельсобус с
Северного вокзала на улицу Киевскую" (http://kgd.ru/news/society/item/59712-vlasti-kaliningrada-reshili-o
tmenit-relsobus-s-severnogo-vokzala-na-ulicu-kievskuyu). KGD.ru. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
72. Елена Калугина (December 23, 2016). "Областное правительство решило забрать у Калининграда
маршрут рельсобуса" (http://kgd.ru/news/transport/item/59821-oblastnoe-pravitelstvo-reshilo-zabrat-u-kalini
ngrada-marshrut-relsobusa). KGD.ru. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
73. "Маршрут рельсобуса от улицы Киевской продлят до посёлка Чкаловск" (http://kgd.ru/news/transport/it
em/60132-marshrut-relsobusa-ot-ulicy-kievskoj-prodlyat-do-chkalovska). KGD.ru. January 8, 2017. Retrieved
August 4, 2020.
74. Исторический календарь Калининграда // Журнал «Запад России», № 1 (18) 1997 год, стр 40.
75. "Consulate General of Germany in Kaliningrad, Russia (https://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy1
090/)." Embassypages.com. Retrieved on Feb 5, 2019.
76. "Fischer Establishes German Outpost in Kaliningrad (http://www.dw.com/en/fischer-establishes-german-outp
ost-in-kaliningrad/a-1112879)." Deutsche Welle. 12 February 2004. Retrieved on 16 May 2016.
77. Kovalev, Vladimir. "No Building for German Consulate (http://old.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/tmt/22870
4.html)." The Moscow Times. August 30, 2004. Retrieved on Feb 5, 2019.
78. DW Staff (dsl). "Fischer Establishes German Outpost in Kaliningrad (https://www.dw.com/en/fischer-establish
es-german-outpost-in-kaliningrad/a-1112879)." Deutsche Welle. February 12, 2004. Retrieved on Feb 5,
2019.
79. A.C. (October 8, 2013). "Poland and Kaliningrad: Small Border Traffic" (https://web.archive.org/web/2013100
8133053/https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/10/poland-and-kaliningrad). Economist
blog. Archived from the original (https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/10/poland-and-k
aliningrad) on October 8, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
80. "Города-партнеры" (https://www.klgd.ru/city/twins/). klgd.ru (in Russian). Kaliningrad. Retrieved February 1,
2020.
81. "Norfolk City Council votes to suspend ties with Russian sister city" (https://www.wavy.com/news/local-news/n
orfolk/norfolk-city-council-votes-to-suspend-ties-with-russian-sister-city/). March 9, 2022. Retrieved March 10,
2022.
82. "Panevėžys nutraukė bendradarbiavimą su Rusijos ir Baltarusijos miestais partneriais" (https://www.panevezy
s.lt/lt/naujienos/panevezys-nutrauke-bendradarbiavima-ec5x.html). Retrieved March 3, 2022.
83. "Trójmiasto zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami" (https://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Koniec-wspolprac
y-Trojmiasta-z-Rosja-n164797.html). Retrieved March 3, 2022.
84. "Miasto Elbląg zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami partnerskimi" (http://elblag24.pl/miasto-elblag-zrywa-
wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-partnerskimi/) (in Polish). Retrieved March 5, 2022.
85. "Białystok zrywa współpracę z miastami partnerskimi w Rosji" (https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/polityka-i-s
poleczenstwo/bialystok-zrywa-wspolprace-z-miastami-partnerskimi-w-rosji,356165.html) (in Polish).
Retrieved March 6, 2022.
86. "GDYNIA DO PRZEGLĄDU: Umowy partnerskie do kasacji - raz, dwa...? Felieton Zygmunta Zmudy
Trzebiatowskiego" (https://dziennikbaltycki.pl/gdynia-do-przegladu-umowy-partnerskie-do-kasacji-raz-dwa-feli
eton-zygmunta-zmudy-trzebiatowskiego/ar/c1-16078685) (in Polish). March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 6,
2022.
87. " "Precz z bandytą Putinem!". Łódź zrywa umowy partnerskie z rosyjskimi miastami" (https://www.rmf24.pl/reg
iony/lodz/news-precz-z-bandyta-putinem-lodz-zrywa-umowy-partnerskie-z-rosyj,nId,5860690#crp_state=1)
(in Polish). Retrieved March 6, 2022.
88. "Olsztyn zrywa współpracę z Kaliningradem. Radni przemówili jednym głosem" (https://www.se.pl/olsztyn/ols
ztyn-zrywa-wspolprace-z-kaliningradem-radni-przemowili-jednym-glosem-aa-jkJ5-JZwA-ziLT.html) (in Polish).
Retrieved March 6, 2022.
89. "Radni Torunia zerwali współpracę z rosyjskim miastem, choć prezydent był przeciwny" (https://www.portalsa
morzadowy.pl/polityka-i-spoleczenstwo/radni-torunia-zerwali-wspolprace-z-rosyjskim-miastem-choc-prezyden
t-byl-przeciwny,357795.html) (in Polish). Retrieved March 6, 2022.
90. "Racibórz zrywa umowę o współpracy z Kaliningradem. Radni przegłosowali uchwałę, choć prezydent
twierdził, że współpracy nie ma" (https://dziennikzachodni.pl/raciborz-zrywa-umowe-o-wspolpracy-z-kaliningr
adem-radni-przeglosowali-uchwale-choc-prezydent-twierdzil-ze-wspolpracy-nie-ma/ar/c1-16082639) (in
Polish). March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
91. "Yerevan - Partner Cities" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220142/http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.h
tml). Yerevan Municipality Official Website. ©2005–2013 www.yerevan.am. Archived from the original (http://
www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html) on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.

Sources
Городской Совет депутатов Калининграда. Решение №257 от 12 июля 2007 г. «О принятии Устава
городского округа "Город Калининград"», в ред. Решения №20 от 17 февраля 2017 г. «О внесении
изменений и дополнений в Устав городского округа "Город Калининград", утверждённый Решением
городского Совета депутатов Калининграда от 12 июля 2007 г. №257». Вступил в силу 22 июля 2007
г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Гражданин" (специальный выпуск), №12,
21 июля 2007 г. (City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad. Decision #257 of July 12, 2007 On Adopting the
Charter of the Urban Okrug of the "City of Kaliningrad", as amended by the Decision #20 of February 17,
2017 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the "City of Kaliningrad", Adopted
by Decision #257 by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad Decision on July 12, 2007. Effective as
of July 22, 2007 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
Калининградская областная Дума. Закон №463 от 27 мая 2010 г. «Об административно-
территориальном устройстве Калининградской области», в ред. Закона №450 от 3 июля 2015 г. «О
внесении изменений в Закон Калининградской области "Об административно-территориальном
устройстве Калининградской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования.
Опубликован: "Калининградская правда" (вкладыш "Ведомости Правительства Калининградской
области"), №112, 26 июня 2010 г. (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #463 of May 27, 2010 On the
Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast, as amended by the Law #450 of July 3, 2015 On
Amending the Law of Kaliningrad Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast".
Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Правительство Калининградской области. Постановление №640 от 30 августа 2011 г. «Об
утверждении реестра объектов административно-территориального деления Калининградской
области», в ред. Постановления №877 от 21 ноября 2011 г «О внесении изменения в Постановление
Правительства Калининградской области от 30 августа 2011 г. №640». Вступил в силу со дня
официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Калининградская правда" (вкладыш "Официально"),
№170, 15 сентября 2011 г. (Government of Kaliningrad Oblast. Resolution #640 of August 30, 2011 On the
Adoption of the Registry of the Objects of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast, as
amended by the Resolution #877 of November 21, 2011 On Amending the Resolution of the Government of
Kaliningrad Oblast #640 of August 30, 2011. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Калининградская областная Дума. Закон №397 от 15 мая 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального
образования "Город Калининград" статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №370 от 1 июля 2009
г «О составе территорий муниципальных образований Калининградской области». Вступил в силу со
дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета" ("Запад России"), №115, 3
июня 2004 г. (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #397 of May 15, 2004 On Granting the Urban Okrug Status to
the Municipal Formation of the "City of Kaliningrad", as amended by the Law #370 of July 1, 2009 On the
Composition of the Territories of the Municipal Formations of Kaliningrad Oblast. Effective as of the day of the
official publication.).
Vesilind, Priit J. "Kaliningrad: Coping with a German Past and a Russian Future", National Geographic, March
1997.
Berger, Stefan "A City and Its Past. Popular Histories in Kaliningrad between Regionalization and
Nationalization", in: Popularizing National Past. 1800 to Present, Edited by Stefan Berger, Chris Lorenz, and
Billie Melman, Routledge 2012, pp. 288–307.
Kaliningrad Region, General Information (https://web.archive.org/web/20090831131022/http://www.kommers
ant.com/tree.asp?rubric=5&node=386&doc_id=-43) Kommersant, Russia's daily On-line
Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 4 июля 1946 г. «О переименовании города
Кёнигсберга в город Калининград и Кёнигсбергской области в Калининградскую область».
(Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of July 4, 1946 On Changing the Name of the City of
Kyonigsberg to the City of Kaliningrad and the Name of Kyonigsberg Oblast to Kaliningrad Oblast. ).

Further reading
Barros, George. "Belarus Warning Update: Moscow and Minsk Hold Simultaneous Combat Readiness
Exercises in Kaliningrad, Mainland Russia, and Belarus." Institute for the Study of War (2021) online (https://
www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Belarus%20Warning%20Update%201-28-21.pdf).
Diener, Alexander, and Joshua Hagen. "Geopolitics of the Kaliningrad exclave and enclave: Russian and EU
perspectives." Eurasian Geography and Economics 52.4 (2011): 567-592. online (https://mds.marshall.edu/c
gi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=geography_faculty)
 Krickus, Richard J. The Kaliningrad Question (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).
Lachowski, Zdzislaw. "Kaliningrad as a security issue: an expert view from Poland." in Kaliningrad: the
European amber region (Routledge, 2018) pp. 130–148.
Mordovets, Vitaly, et al. "Socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad region." E3S Web of Conferences.
Vol. 291. EDP Sciences, 2021. online (https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2021/67/e3sconf
_sdgg2021_01006.pdf)
Oldberg, Ingmar. "The Kaliningrad Region: an Exclave with Internal and External Problems." in The
Kaliningrad Region (Brill Schöningh, 2021) pp. 241–261.
Oldberg, Ingmar. "The emergence of a regional identity in the Kaliningrad oblast." Cooperation and Conflict
35.3 (2000): 269-288.
Sebentsov, Alexander B., and Maria V. Zotova. "The Kaliningrad Region: Challenges of the Exclave Position
and the Ways to Offset Them." Baltic Region 10.1 (2018): 89-106. online (https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstre
am/handle/document/57136/ssoar-balticreg-2018-1-sebentsov_et_al-The_Kaliningrad_Region_Challenges_o
f.pdf?sequence=1)
Veebel, Viljar. "Why it would be strategically rational for Russia to escalate in Kaliningrad and the Suwalki
corridor." Comparative Strategy 38.3 (2019): 182-197. online (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Viljar-Veeb
el/publication/333830669_Why_it_would_be_strategically_rational_for_Russia_to_escalate_in_Kaliningrad_a
nd_the_Suwalki_corridor/links/5d0a216b299bf1f539cf1989/Why-it-would-be-strategically-rational-for-Russia-t
o-escalate-in-Kaliningrad-and-the-Suwalki-corridor.pdf)
Liuhto, Kari (editor). "Its future competitiveness and role in the Baltic Sea economic region (https://www.utu.fi/
fi/yksikot/tse/yksikot/PEI/raportit-ja-tietopaketit/Documents/Liuhto_72005.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20161023014510/https://www.utu.fi/fi/yksikot/tse/yksikot/PEI/raportit-ja-tietopaketit/Documents/Liuhto_
72005.pdf) October 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." University of Turku.
Rogoża, Jadwiga, Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga, and Iwona Wiśniewska. "A captive island. Kaliningrad
between Moscow and the EU (https://web.archive.org/web/20141025174538/http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/def
ault/files/prace_41_en.pdf)." OSW Studies, No. 41, July 2012.
Roqueplo, Olivier, Home - TEL - Thèses en ligne (https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr) › tel-02080112. La Russie et
son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, Sorbonne, HAL, 2018.

External links
Official website of Kaliningrad (https://www.klgd.ru/) (in Russian)
Kaliningrad Business Directory (https://kaliningrad.jsprav.ru/) (in Russian)
Kaliningrad travel guide (http://www.konigsberg.ru/eng)
All roads lead to Kaliningrad (https://www.kallipolis.co.uk/all-roads-lead-to-kaliningrad)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&oldid=1121750495"

This page was last edited on 13 November 2022, at 23:17 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0;

additional terms may apply. By using this site, you
agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.