Coordinates: 44°27′N 28°20′E

Dobruja
Dobruja or Dobrudja (US: /ˈdoʊbrʊdʒə/;[1] Bulgarian:
Добруджа, romanized:  Dobrudzha or Dobrudža; Romanian:
Dobrogea, pronounced  [ˈdobrodʒe̯a] ( listen) or [doˈbrodʒe̯a];
Turkish: Dobruca) is a historical region in the Balkans that has
been divided since the 19th century between the territories of
Bulgaria and Romania. It is situated between the lower Danube
River and the Black Sea, and includes the Danube Delta,
Romanian coast, and the northernmost part of the Bulgarian
coast. The territory of Dobruja is made up of Northern Dobruja,
which is part of Romania, and Southern Dobruja, which is part of
Bulgaria.

The territory of the Romanian region Dobrogea is organised as

the counties of Constanța and Tulcea, with a combined area of
15,588  km2 (6,019  sq  mi) and a population of slightly less than
900,000. Its main cities are Constanța, Tulcea, Medgidia and
Mangalia. Dobrogea is represented by dolphins in the coat of arms
Dobruja (dark green) within Romania and Bulgaria (light
of Romania.
green) both in Eastern Europe

The Bulgarian region Dobrudzha is divided among the

administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra; the following
villages of Razgrad Province: Konevo, Rainino, Terter and Madrevo; and the village
General Kantardzhievo (Varna). This section has a total area of 7,566 km2 (2,921 sq mi),
with a combined population of some 310,000 people, the main towns being Dobrich
and Silistra (regional seats).

Contents
Geography
Etymology
History
Prehistory
Coat of arms of the Romanian
Mikra Skythia Dobruja
Ancient history
Roman rule
Byzantine rule
First Bulgarian Empire rule
Return of Byzantine rule and late migrations
Second Bulgarian Empire and Mongol domination
Autonomous Dobruja
Wallachian rule
Ottoman rule
After 1878
Demographic history
Northern Dobruja
Southern Dobruja
Area, population and cities
See also
Notes
References
Further reading

Geography
Except for the Danube Delta, a marshy region located in its northeastern corner,
Dobruja is hilly, with an average altitude of about 200–300  metres. The highest
point is the Țuțuiatu (Greci) Peak in the Măcin Mountains, having a height of 467 m.
The Dobruja Plateau covers most of the Romanian part of Dobruja. The Ludogorie
Plateau is found in Bulgaria. Lake Razelm is one of the most important lakes in
Northern Dobruja.

Dobruja lies in the temperate continental climatic area; the local climate is
determined by the influx of oceanic air from the northwest and northeast and
continental air from the East European Plain. Dobruja's relatively level terrain and
its bare location facilitate the influx of humid, warm air in the spring, summer, and Geographical map of Dobruja
autumn from the northwest, as well as that of northern and northeastern polar air in
the winter. The Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate,
particularly within 40–60  kilometres from the coast. The average annual
temperatures range from 11 °C inland and along the Danube, to 11.8 °C on the coast
and less than 10 °C in the higher parts of the plateau. The coastal region of Southern
Dobruja is the aridest part of Bulgaria, with an annual precipitation of 450 
millimetres.

Dobruja is a windy region once known for its windmills. There is wind during about
85–90% of all days; it usually comes from the north or northeast. The average wind
speed is about twice higher than the average in Bulgaria. Due to the limited
precipitation and the proximity to the sea, rivers in Dobruja are usually short and Woods and agricultural land in the
with low discharge. The region has several shallow seaside lakes with brackish Northern Dobruja Plateau
water.[2]

Etymology
The most widespread opinion among scholars is that the origin of the term Dobruja
is to be found in the Turkish rendition of the name of a 14th‑century Bulgarian ruler,
despot Dobrotitsa.[3][4][5] It was common for the Turks to name countries after one
of their early rulers (for example, nearby Moldavia was known as Bogdan Iflak by the
Turks, named after Bogdan I). Other etymologies have been considered, but never
gained widespread acceptance.
Steppe and agricultural land in the
Abdolonyme Ubicini believed the name meant "good lands", derived from Slavic Central Dobruja Plateau
dobro ("good"), an opinion that was adopted by several 19th‑century scholars. This
derivation appears to contrast with the usual 19th‑century description of Dobruja as
a dry barren land; it has been explained as expressing the point of view of Ruthenes,
who considered the Danube delta in the northern Dobruja as a significant
improvement over the steppes to the North.[6] I. A. Nazarettean combines the Slavic
word with the Tatar budjak ("corner"), thus proposing the etymology "good corner".

A version matching contemporaneous descriptions was suggested by Kanitz, who

associated the name with the Bulgarian dobrice ("rocky and unproductive
terrain").[7] According to Gheorghe I. Brătianu, the name is a Slavic derivation from
the Turkic word Bordjan or Brudjars, which referred to the Turkic Proto-Bulgarians;
this term was also used by Arabic writers. Rocky shores characteristic for the
Southern Dobrujan coast
One of the earliest documented uses of the name can be found in the Turkish Oghuz-
name narrative, dated to the 15th century, where it appears as Dobruja-éli. The
possessive suffix el-i indicated that the land was considered as belonging to Dobrotitsa ("‫ "دوبرجه‬in the original Ottoman
Turkish).[8] The loss of the final particle is not unusual in the Turkish world, a similar evolution being observed in the
name of Aydın, originally Aydın-éli.[9] Another early use is in the 16th‑century Latin translation of Laonicus
Chalcondyles' Histories, where the term Dobroditia is used for the original Greek "Dobrotitsa's country" (Δοβροτίκεω
χώρα).[10] In the 17th century, the region was referred to in more accounts, with renditions such as Dobrucia,
Dobrutcha, Dobrus, Dobruccia, Dobroudja, Dobrudscha, and others being used by foreign authors.[11]

Initially, the name meant just the steppe of the southern region, between the forests around Babadag in the north and
the Silistra–Dobrich–Balchik line in the south.[12] Eventually, the term was extended to include the northern part and
the Danube Delta.[13] In the 19th century, some authors used the name to refer just to the territory between the
southernmost branch of the Danube (St. George) in the north and the Karasu Valley (nowadays the Danube-Black Sea
Canal) in the south.[14]

History
Prehistory

The territory of Dobruja has been inhabited by humans since Middle and Upper Palaeolithic,[15] as the remains at
Babadag, Slava Rusă and Enisala demonstrate. Paleolithic people made tools of silex and ate fruits, fish, and other
hunted animals. In this period fire was discovered, and at its end, the bow with arrows and the boat sculpted from a
trunk tree was invented. There were found tools in caves, inclusive Gura Dobrogei. In the Neolithic, the territory was
occupied by members of the Hamangia culture (named after a village on the Dobrujan coast), Boian culture, and
Karanovo V culture. At the end of the fifth millennium BC, under the influence of some Aegeo-Mediterranean tribes and
cultures, the Gumelniţa culture appeared in the region. In the Eneolithic, populations migrating from the north of the
Black Sea, of the Kurgan culture, mixed with the previous population, creating the Cernavodă I culture. Under Kurgan II
influence, the Cernavodă II culture emerged. Through the combination of the Cernavodă I and Ezero culture, the
Cernavodă III culture developed. The region had commercial contact with the Mediterranean world since the 14th
century BC, as proven by a Mycenae a sword discovered at Medgidia,[16] but under the reserve demanded by lack of hard
evidence in what concerns the provenience/manufacturer of such armours.

Mikra Skythia

Ancient history

During the early Iron Age (8th–6th centuries BC), there was increased
differentiation of the local Getic tribes from the Thracian mass. In the
second part of the 8th century BC, the first signs of commercial relations
between the indigenous population and the Greeks appeared on the shore
of the Halmyris Gulf (now the Sinoe Lake).

In 657/656 BC ancient Greek colonists from Miletus founded a colony in

the region: Histria.[17] In the 7th and 6th centuries BC, more Greek
colonies were founded on the Dobrujan coast (Callatis, Tomis,
Mesembria, Dionysopolis, Parthenopolis, Aphrodisias, Eumenia etc.). In
the 5th century BC these colonies were under the influence of the Delian Ruins of the first Greek colony in the region, Istros
League, passing in this period from oligarchy to democracy.[18] In the 6th
century BC, the first Scythian groups began to enter the region. Two Getic
tribes, the Crobyzi and Terizi, and the town of Orgame (Argamum) were mentioned on the territory of present Dobruja
by Hekataios of Miletus (540–470 BC).[19]

In 514/512  BC King Darius I of Persia subdued the Getae living in the region during his expedition against Scythians
living north of the Danube.[20] At about 430 BC, the Odrysian kingdom under Sitalkes extended its rule to the mouths of
the Danube.[21] In 429  BC, Getae from the region participated in an Odrysian campaign in Macedonia.[22] In the 4th
century BC, the Scythians brought Dobruja under their sway. In 341–339 BC, one of their kings, Atheas, fought against
Histria, which was supported by a Histrianorum rex (probably a local Getic ruler). In 339 BC, King Atheas was defeated
by the Macedonians under King Philip II, who afterwards extended his rule over Dobruja.[23]

Ancient towns and colonies in
Scythia Minor.
In 313  BC and again in 310–309  BC, the Greek colonies led by Callatis, supported by
Antigonus I Monophthalmus, revolted against Macedonian rule. The revolts were
suppressed by Lysimachus, the diadochus of Thrace, who also began a military
expedition against Dromichaetes, the ruler of the Getae north of the Danube, in 300 
BC. In the 3rd century BC, colonies on the Dobrujan coast paid tribute to the basilei
Zalmodegikos and Moskon, who probably also ruled northern Dobruja. In the same
century, Celts settled in the north of the region. In 260  BC, Byzantion lost the war
with Callatis and Histria for the control of Tomis. At the end of the 3rd century BC
and the beginning of the 2nd century BC, the Bastarnae settled in the area of the
Danube Delta. Around 200  BC, the Thracian king Zoltes invaded the province
several times, but was defeated by Rhemaxos, who became the protector of the Greek
colonies.

Early Greek scholars such as Herodotus appear to have regarded the region as the south-western extension of Scythia –
a practice also followed in a 2nd-century BC inscription, recording a decree made in Histria, which refers to the region
surrounding the Greek city as Scythia. However, the toponym Μικρά Σκυθία (Mikra Skythia), usually translated as
Scythia Minor or Lesser Scythia appears to have become the name for the specific region later known as Dobruja. The
earliest known usage of the name "Scythia Minor" (Mikra Skythia) is found in Strabo's early Geography (1st century
AD). The Greeks thus apparently distinguished it from Scythia Major, which lay north of the Danube delta.
Around 100  BC King Mithridates VI of Pontus extended his authority over the Greek cities in Dobruja. However, in 72–
71  BC, during the Third Mithridatic War, these cities were occupied by the forces of Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus,
the Roman proconsul of Macedonia. A foedus was signed between the Greek colonies and the Roman Republic, but in
62–61  BC the colonies revolted. Gaius Antonius Hybrida intervened, but was defeated by Getae and Bastarnae near
Histria. After 55  BC the Dacian Kingdom under King Burebista conquered Dobruja and all the Greek colonies on the
coast. Their rule ended in 44 BC.

Roman rule

In 28/29  BC Rholes, a Getic ruler from Southern Dobruja, supported the proconsul of Macedonia, Marcus Licinius
Crassus, in his action against the Bastarnae. Declared friend and ally of the Roman people by Octavian,[24] Rholes
helped Crassus in conquering the states of Dapyx (in central Dobruja) and Zyraxes (in the north of the region).[25]
Dobruja became part of the client kingdom of the Odrysians, while the Greek cities on the coast came under direct rule of
the governor of Macedonia. In 12  AD and 15  AD, Getic armies succeeded in conquering the cities of Aegyssus and
Troesmis for a short time, but Odrysian king Rhoemetalces I defeated them with the help of the Roman army.

In 15  AD the Roman province of Moesia was created, but Dobruja, under the name
Ripa Thraciae, remained part of the Odrysian kingdom. The Greek cities on the coast
formed a praefectura orae maritimae. In 46  AD Thracia became a Roman province
and the territories of present Dobruja were absorbed into the province of Moesia. The
Geto–Dacians invaded the region several times in the 1st century AD, especially
between 62 and 70. In the same period, the base of the Roman Danube fleet (classis
Flavia Moesica) was moved to Noviodunum. The praefectura was annexed to Moesia in
86  AD. In the same year Domitian divided Moesia, Dobruja being included in the
eastern part, Moesia Inferior.

In the winter of 101–102 the Dacian king Decebalus led a coalition of Dacians, Carpians,
Sarmatians and Burs in an attack against Moesia Inferior. The invading army was
defeated by the Roman legions under Emperor Trajan on the Yantra river. (Later
Nicopolis ad Istrum was founded there to commemorate the victory.) The invaders were
also defeated near the modern village of Adamclisi, in the southern part of Dobruja. The
latter victory was commemorated by the a monument, built in 109 at the site, and the The Tropaeum Traiani
founding of the city of Tropaeum. After 105, Legio XI Claudia and Legio V Macedonica monument in Adamclisi
commemorating Roman victory
were moved to Dobruja, at Durostorum and Troesmis, respectively.
over Dacians (Modern
In 118 Hadrian intervened in the region to calm a Sarmatian rebellion. In 170 Costoboci reconstruction)
invaded Dobruja, attacking Libida, Ulmetum and Tropaeum. The province was
generally stable and prosperous until the crisis of the Third Century, which led to the
weakening of defences and numerous barbarian invasions. In 248 a coalition of Goths, Carpians, Taifali, Bastarnae and
Hasdingi, led by Argaithus and Guntheric, devastated Dobruja.[26] During the reign of Trajan Decius the province
suffered greatly from the attack of Goths under King Cniva.[27] Barbarian attacks followed in 258, 263 and 267. In 269 a
fleet of allied Goths, Heruli, Bastarnae and Sarmatians attacked the cities on the coast, including Tomis.[28] In 272
Aurelian defeated the Carpians north of the Danube and settled a part of them near Carsium. The same emperor put an
end to the crisis in the Roman Empire, thus helping the reconstruction of the province.

During the reign of Diocletian, Dobruja was organized administratively as a separate province, called Scythia, part of the
Diocese of Thracia. Its capital city was Tomis. Diocletian transferred Legio II Herculia to Troesmis and Legio I Iovia to
Noviodunum. In 331–332 Constantine the Great defeated the Goths who attacked the province. But Dobruja was
devastated again by Ostrogoths in 384–386. Under the Roman emperors Licinius, Julian the Apostate, and Valens, the
cities of the region were repaired or rebuilt.

Byzantine rule

After the division of the Roman Empire, Dobruja was absorbed into the Eastern Roman Empire. Between 513 and 520,
the region participated in a revolt against Anastasius I. Its leader, Vitalian, native of Zaldapa in Southern Dobruja,
defeated the Byzantine general Hypatius near Kaliakra. During Justin I's rule, Antes and Slavs invaded the region, but
Germanus Justinus defeated them. In 529, the Gepid commander Mundus repelled a new invasion by Bulgars and
Antes. Kutrigurs and Avars invaded the region several times, until 561–562, when the Avars under Bayan I were settled
south of the Danube as foederati. During the rule of Mauricius Tiberius, the Slavs devastated Dobruja, destroying the
cities of Dorostolon, Zaldapa, and Tropaeum. In 591/593, Byzantine general Priscus tried to stop invasions, attacking
and defeating the Slavs under Ardagast in the north of the province. In 602 during the mutiny of the Byzantine army in
the Balkans under Phocas, a large mass of Slavs crossed the Danube, settling south of the Danube. Dobruja remained
under loose Byzantine control, and was reorganised during the reign of Constantine IV as Thema Scythia.[29]
First Bulgarian Empire rule

The results of archaeological research indicate that the Byzantine

presence on Dobruja's mainland and the banks of the Danube were
reduced at the end of the 6th century, under the pressure of the Migration
Period. In the coastal fortifications on the southern bank of the Danube,
the latest Byzantine coin found dates from the time of the emperors
Tiberius II Constantine (574–582) and Heraclius (610–641). After that
period, all inland Byzantine cities were demolished by the invaders and Monument to Asparukh, the founder of the First
abandoned.[30] Bulgarian State, in Dobrich; Dobruja was part of
Asparukh's conquest in the 7th century
Some of the earliest Slavic settlements to the south of Danube have been
discovered in Dobruja, near the villages of Popina, Garvăn and Nova
Cherna. They have been dated to the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th centuries.[31] These lands became the
main zone of compact Bulgar settlement in the end of the 7th century.[32]

According to the peace treaty of 681, signed after the Bulgarian victory over Byzantines in the Battle of Ongala, Dobruja
became part of the First Bulgarian Empire.[33] Shortly after, the Bulgar founded the city of Pliska, which became the first
Bulgarian capital, near the southern border of Dobruja.[34] They rebuilt Madara as a major Bulgar pagan religious
centre.[35] According to the Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle, from the 11th century, Bulgarian Tsar Ispor "accepted the
Bulgarian tsardom", created "great cities, Drastar on the Danube", a "great wall from Danube to the sea", "the city of
Pliska" and "populated the lands of Karvuna".[36]

According to Bulgarian historians, during the 7th–10th centuries, the region was fortified by construction of a large
network of earthen and wooden strongholds and ramparts.[37] Around the end of the 8th century, widespread building
of new stone fortresses and defensive walls began.[38] Romanian historians dispute attributing these walls to the
Bulgarians, based on their interpretation of the construction system and archaeological evidence. The Bulgarians also
reconstructed some of the ruined Byzantine fortresses (Kaliakra and Silistra in the 8th century, Madara and Varna in the
9th).[39] According to Barnea, among other historians, during the following three centuries of Bulgarian domination,
Byzantines still controlled the Black Sea coast and the mouths of Danube, and for short periods, even some cities.[40] But
Bulgarian archaeologists note that the last Byzantine coins found, which are considered a proof of Byzantine presence,
date in Kaliakra from the time of Emperor Justin II (565–578),[41] in Varna from the time of Emperor Heraclius (610–
641),[42] and in Tomis from Constantine IV's rule (668–685).[43]

At the beginning of the 8th century, Justinian II visited Dobruja to ask Bulgarian Khan Tervel for military help. Khan
Omurtag (815–831) built a "glorious home on the Danube" and erected a mound in the middle of the distance between
Pliska and his new building, according to his inscription kept in SS. Forty Martyrs Church in Veliko Tarnovo. The
location of this edifice is unclear; the main theories place it at Silistra or at Păcuiul lui Soare.[44] Many early medieval
Bulgar stone inscriptions were found in Dobruja, including historical narratives, inventories of armament or buildings,
and commemorative texts.[45] During this period Silistra became an important Bulgarian ecclesiastical centre—an
episcopate after 865 and seat of the Bulgarian Patriarch at the end of the 10th century.[46] In 895, Magyar tribes from
Budjak invaded Dobruja and northeastern Bulgaria. An old Slavic inscription, found at Mircea Vodă, mentions Zhupan
Dimitri (Дѣимитрѣ жѹпанѣ), a local feudal landlord prominent in the south of the region in 943.[47]

Return of Byzantine rule and late migrations

With financial encouragement from the Byzantine emperor, Nikephoros II Phocas, Sviatoslav I of Kiev agreed to assist
the Byzantines in their war with the Bulgarians. Sviatoslav defeated the Bulgarians (led by Boris II) and proceeded to
occupy the whole of northern Bulgaria. He occupied Dobruja in 968 and moved the capital of Kievan Rus' to
Pereyaslavets, in the north of the region. Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines, and the
parties fell out as a result. So the Byzantines under John I Tzimisces reconquered Dobruja in 971 and included it in the
theme 'Mesopotamia of the West' (Μεσοποταμια της Δυσεον).[48]

According to some historians, soon after 976[49] or in 986, the southern part of Dobruja was included in the Bulgarian
state then ruled by Samuel. The northern part remained under Byzantine rule, being reorganised in an autonomous
klimata.[50][51] Other historians are of the view that Northern Dobruja was reconquered by Bulgarians as well.[52] In
1000, a Byzantine army commanded by Theodorokanos reconquered the whole of Dobruja,[53] organizing the region as
the Strategia of Dorostolon and, after 1020, as Paristrion (Paradounavon).

To prevent mounted attacks from the north, the Byzantines constructed three ramparts from the Black Sea down to the
Danube, in the 10th–11th centuries.[54][55] According to Bulgarian archaeologists and historians, these fortifications may
have been built much earlier and were erected by the First Bulgarian Empire in response to the threat of Khazars'
raids.[56][57]
From the 10th century, Byzantines accepted small groups of Pechenegs settling in Dobruja.[58] In the spring of 1036, an
invasion of the Pecheneg devastated large parts of the region,[59] destroying the forts at Capidava and Dervent, and
burning the settlement of Dinogeţia. In 1046 the Byzantines accepted the Pecheneg under Kegen settling in Paristrion as
foederati.[60] The Pecheneg dominated the region until 1059, when Isaac I Komnenos reconquered Dobruja.

In 1064, an invasion by the Oghuz Turks affected the region. During 1072 to 1074, when Nestor (the new strategos of
Paristrion) was in Dristra, he found that the Pecheneg ruler, Tatrys, was leading a rebellion. In 1091, three autonomous,
probably Pecheneg,[61] rulers were mentioned in the Alexiad: Tatos (Τατοῦ) or Chalis (χαλῆ), in the area of Dristra
(probably the same person as Tatrys),[62] and Sesthlav (Σεσθλάβου) and Satza (Σατζά) in the area of Vicina.[63] The
Cumans moved into Dobruja in 1094 and were influential in the region until the advent of the Ottoman Empire.[64]

Second Bulgarian Empire and Mongol domination

In 1187 the Byzantines lost control of Dobruja to the restored

Bulgarian Empire. In 1241, the first Tatar groups, under Kadan,
invaded Dobruja starting a century long history of turmoil in the
region.[65] Around 1263–64, Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII
Palaeologus gave permission to Sultan Kaykaus II to settle in the
area with a group of Seljuk Turks from Anatolia.[66] A missionary
Turkish mystic, Sarı Saltuk, was the spiritual leader of this
group.[67] His tomb in Babadag (which was named after him)[68]
is still a place of pilgrimage for Muslims.[69]
Arab chronicles of the
13th century mentioned Dobrogea under the name "Şakji" and the
Vlachs inhabitants under the names "al-Awalak" and "ulaqut".[70]
In 1265, the Bulgarian Emperor Constantine Tikh Asen hired
20,000 Tatars to cross the Danube and attack Byzantine
Thrace.[71][72] On their way back, the Tatars forced most of the
Seljuk Turks, including their chief Sarı Saltuk, to resettle in
Kipchak (Cumania).[73][74] Bulgaria in the second half of the 13th century. The red
points show the range of the Ivailo Uprising.
In the second part of the 13th century, the Turco–Mongolian
Golden Horde Empire continuously raided and plundered
Dobruja.[75] The inability of the Bulgarian authorities to cope with the numerous raids became the main reason for the
uprising, led by Ivailo (1277–1280), that broke out in eastern Bulgaria.[76] Ivailo's army defeated the Tatars, who were
forced to leave the Bulgarian territory; he next outed Constantine Tikh's army, and Ivailo has crowned Emperor of
Bulgaria.

The war with the Tatars continued. In 1278, after a new Tatar invasion in Dobruja, Ivailo was forced to retreat to the
strong fortress of Silistra, where he withstood a three-month siege.[77] In 1280 the Bulgarian nobility, which feared the
growing influence of the peasant emperor, organised a coup. Ivailo had to flee to his enemy the Tatar Nogai Khan, who
later killed him.[78] In 1300 Toqta, the new Khan of the Golden Horde, ceded Bessarabia to Emperor Theodore
Svetoslav.[79]

Autonomous Dobruja

In 1325, the Ecumenical Patriarch nominated Methodius as Metropolitan of

Varna and Carvona.[80] After this date, Balik/Balica[81] is mentioned as a local
ruler in Southern Dobruja. In 1346, he supported John V Palaeologus in his
dispute for the Byzantine throne with John VI Cantacuzenus. He sent an army
corps under his son Dobrotitsa/Dobrotici and his brother, Theodore, to help the
mother of John Palaeologus, Anna of Savoy. For his bravery, Dobrotitsa received Kaliakra fortress, the seat of the
the title of strategos and married the daughter of megadux Apokaukos.[82] After autonomous Dobrujan Principality
the reconciliation of the two pretenders, a territorial dispute broke out between
the Dobrujan polity and the Byzantine Empire for the port of Midia.[83] In 1347,
at John V Palaeologus' request, Emir Bahud-din Umur, Bey of Aydin, led a naval expedition against Balik, destroying
Dobruja's seaports. Balik and Theodore died during the confrontation, and Dobrotitsa became the new ruler.[84]

Between 1352 and 1359, with the collapse of Golden Horde rule in Northern Dobruja, a new state appeared. It was
controlled by Tatar prince Demetrius, who claimed to be the protector of the river mouths of the Danube.[85]

In 1357 Dobrotitsa was mentioned as a despot ruling over a large territory, including the fortresses of Varna, Kozeakos
(near Obzor), and Emona.[86] In 1366, John V Palaeologus visited Rome and Buda, trying to gather military support for
his campaigns. On his return, he was captured at Vidin by Ivan Alexander, Tsar of Tarnovo, who believed that the new
alliances were directed against his realm. An anti-Ottoman crusade under Amadeus VI of Savoy, supported by the
 republics of Venice and Genoa, was diverted to free the Byzantine emperor.
Dobrotitsa collaborated with the crusaders, and after the allies conquered several
Bulgarian forts on the Black Sea, Ivan Alexander freed John and negotiated a peace
agreement. Dobrotitsa's role in this conflict brought him numerous political
advantages: his daughter married one of John V's sons, Michael, and his principality
extended its control over some of the forts lost by the Bulgarians (Anchialos and
Mesembria).

In 1368, after the death of prince Demetrius, Dobrotitsa was recognised as ruler by
Pangalia and other cities on the right bank of the Danube. In 1369, together with
Vladislav I of Wallachia, Dobrotitsa helped Prince Stratsimir to win back the throne
of Vidin.

Between 1370 and 1375, allied with Venice, Dobritsia challenged Genoese power in
the Black Sea. In 1376, he tried to impose his son-in-law, Michael, as Emperor of
Trebizond, but was unsuccessful. Dobrotitsa supported John V Palaeologus against
his son Andronicus IV Palaeologus. In 1379, the Dobrujan fleet participated in the
blockade of Constantinople, fighting with the Genoese fleet.

Principality of Dobrotici/Dobrotitsa
during the 1370s
In 1386, Dobrotitsa died and was succeeded by Ivanko/Ioankos. That same year he
accepted a peace agreement with Murad I and in 1387 signed a commercial treaty
with Genoa. Ivanko was killed in 1388 during the expedition of Ottoman Grand
Vizier Çandarli Ali Pasha against Tarnovo and Dristra. The expedition brought most
of the Dobrujan forts under Turkish rule.

Wallachian rule

In 1388/1389 Dobruja (Terrae Dobrodicii—as mentioned in a document from 1390) and Dristra (Dârstor) came under
the control of Mircea the Elder, ruler of Wallachia, who defeated the Ottoman Grand Vizier.

Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I conquered the southern part of the

territory in 1393, attacking Mircea one year later, but without
success. In the spring of 1395 Mircea regained the lost Dobrujan
territories, with the help of his Hungarian allies.

The Ottomans recaptured Dobruja in 1397 and ruled it to 1404,

although in 1401 Mircea strongly defeated an Ottoman army.

The defeat of Sultan Beyezid I by Tamerlane at Ankara in 1402

opened a period of anarchy in the Ottoman Empire. Mircea took
advantage of it to organise a new anti-Ottoman campaign: in 1403,
he occupied the Genoese fort of Kilia at the mouths of the Danube.
Thus in 1404, he could impose his authority on Dobruja. In 1416, Dobruja (Terra Dobrotici) as part of Wallachia under
Mircea supported the revolt against Sultan Mehmed I, led by Mircea the Elder
Sheikh Bedreddin in the area of Deliorman, in Southern
Dobruja.[87]

After Mircea died in 1418, his son Mihail I fought against the amplified Ottoman attacks, eventually being killed in a
battle in 1420. That year, Sultan Mehmed I conducted the definitive conquest of Dobruja by the Turks. Wallachia kept
only the mouths of the Danube, but not for a long duration.

In the late 14th century, German traveller Johann Schiltberger described these lands as follows:[88]

I was in three regions, and all three were called Bulgaria. ... The third Bulgaria is there, where the Danube
flows into the sea. Its capital is called Kaliakra.

Ottoman rule

Occupied by the Turks in 1420, the region remained under Ottoman control until the late 19th century. Initially, it was
organised as an udj (border province), included in the sanjak of Silistra, part of the Eyalet of Rumelia. Later, under
Murad II or Suleiman I, the sanjak of Silistra and surrounding territories were organised as a separate eyalet.[89] In
1555, a revolt led by the "false" (düzme) Mustafa, a pretender to the Turkish throne, broke out against Ottoman
administration in Rumelia and rapidly spread to Dobruja, but was repressed by the beylerbey of Nigbolu.[90][91]
In 1603 and 1612, the region suffered from the forays of Cossacks, who burnt down
Isaķči and plundered Küstendje. The Russian Empire occupied Dobruja several times
during the Russo-Turkish wars — in 1771–1774, 1790–1791, 1809–1810, 1829, and
1853. The most violent invasion was that of 1829, which resulted in the depopulation
of numerous villages and towns. The Treaty of Adrianople of 1829 ceded the Danube
Delta to the Russian Empire. However, Russia was forced to return it to the
Ottomans in 1856, after the Crimean War. In 1864 Dobruja was included in the
Vilayet of Danube.

On account of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), one of the greatest migration

Map of the Danube mouths from
events of the region occurred where an estimated 200,000 Tatars emigrated to the
1867 by Heinrich Kiepert
Dobruja region between 1770 and 1784. Whereas, a large group of Christians (likely
Greeks and Slavs) moved the other direction into the Tatar's recently-loss region of
Azov in 1778.[92]

During Ottoman rule, groups of Turk, Arab, Muslim Romani people and
Crimean Tatars settled in the region, the latter, especially between 1512
and 1514. During the reign of Peter I of Russia and Catherine the Great,
Lipovans immigrated to the region of the Danube Delta. After the
destruction of Zaporozhian Sich in 1775, Cossacks were settled in the area
north of Lake Razim by the Turkish authorities (where they founded the
Danubian Sich). They were forced to leave Dobruja in 1828.

The port of Kustendje in 1856. Drawing by In the second part of the nineteenth century, Ruthenians from the
Camille Allard Austrian Empire also settled in the Danube Delta. After the Crimean War,
a large number of Tatars were forcibly driven away from Crimea,
immigrating to then-Ottoman Dobruja and settling mainly in the Karasu
Valley in the centre of the region and around Bābā Dāgh. In 1864, Circassians fleeing from the Russian invasion and
genocide of the Caucasus were settled in the wooded region near Babadag, forming a community there. Germans from
Bessarabia also founded colonies in Dobruja between 1840 and 1892.

According to Bulgarian historian Lyubomir Miletich, most Bulgarians living in

Dobruja in 1900 were nineteenth-century settlers or their descendants.[93][94] In
1850, the scholar Ion Ionescu de la Brad, wrote in a study on Dobruja, ordered by the
Ottoman government, that Bulgarians came to the region "in the last twenty years or
so".[95] According to his study, there were 2,285 Bulgarian families (out of 8,194
Christian families) in the region,[96] 1,194 of them in Northern Dobruja.[97]
Lyubomir Miletich puts the number of Bulgarian families in Northern Dobruja in the
same year at 2,097.[98] According to the statistics of the Bulgarian Exarchate, before
1877 there were 9,324 Bulgarian families out of a total 12,364 Christian families in
the Northern Dobruja.[99] According to Russian knyaz Vladimir Cherkassky, chief of
the Provisional Russian government in Bulgaria in 1877–1878, the Bulgarian
Ethnic map of the Danube mouths
population in Dobruja was larger than the Romanian one.[99] However, count
from 1861, according to the French
Shuvalov, the Russian representative to the Congress of Berlin, stated that Romania geographer Guillaume Lejean. (See
deserved Dobruja "more than anybody else, because of its population".[100] In 1878, the legend here)
the statistics of the Russian governor of Dobruja, Bieloserkovitsch, showed a number
of 4,750 Bulgarian "family chiefs" (out of 14,612 Christian family chiefs) in the
northern half of the region.[97]

The Christian religious organisation of the region was put under the authority of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church by a
firman of the Sultan, promulgated on February 28, 1870.[101] However, the ethnic Greeks and most Romanians in
Northern Dobruja remained under the authority of the Greek Archdiocese of Tulça (founded in 1829).[102][103]

After 1878

After the 1878 war, the Treaty of San Stefano awarded Dobruja to Russia and the newly established Principality of
Bulgaria. The northern portion, held by Russia, was ceded to Romania in exchange for Russia obtaining territories in
Southern Bessarabia, thereby securing direct access to the mouths of the Danube. In Northern Dobruja, Romanians were
the plurality. The population included a Bulgarian ethnic enclave in the northeast (around Babadag), as well as an
important Muslim community (mostly Turks and Tatars) scattered around the region.

The southern portion, held by Bulgaria, was reduced the same year by the Treaty of Berlin. At the advice of the French
envoy, a strip of land extended inland from the port of Mangalia (shown orange on the map) was ceded to Romania,
since its southwestern corner contained a compact area of ethnic Romanians. The town of Silistra, located at the area's
most southwestern point, remained Bulgarian due to its large Bulgarian population. Romania subsequently tried to
 occupy the town as well, but in 1879 a new
international commission allowed Romania to
occupy only the fort Arab Tabia, which
overlooked Silistra, but not the town itself.

At the beginning of the Russo-Turkish War of

Romanian troops triumphantly cross
the Danube into Northern Dobruja,
in a colourful patriotic lithograph,
1878
displaced by the war.[105]
1877–1878, most of Dobruja's population was
composed of ethnic Tatars, Turks, Romanians,
and Bulgarians. During the war, a large part of
the Muslim population was evacuated to Bulgaria
and Turkey.[104] After 1878, the Romanian Dobruja after 1878.
government encouraged Romanians from other
regions to settle in Northern Dobruja and
accepted the return of some Muslim population

According to Bulgarian historians, after 1878 the Romanian church authorities took
control over all local churches, with the exception of two in the towns of Tulcea and
Constanţa, which managed to retain use of their Bulgarian Slavonic liturgy.[106]
Between 1879 and 1900, Bulgarians built 15 new churches in Northern Dobruja.[107]
After 1880, Italians from Friuli and Veneto settled in Greci, Cataloi and Măcin in
Northern Dobruja. Most of them worked in the granite quarries in the Măcin
Mountains, while some became farmers.[108] The Bulgarian authorities encouraged the
settling of ethnic Bulgarians in the territory of Southern Dobruja.[109]

In May 1913, the Great Powers awarded Silistra and the area in a 3  km radius around it
Ethnic groups in Dobruja around
to Romania, at the Saint Petersburg Conference. In August 1913, after the Second
1918
Balkan War, Bulgaria lost Southern Dobruja (Cadrilater) to Romania (See Treaty of
Bucharest, 1913). With Romania's entry in World War I on the side of France and
Russia, the Central Powers occupied all of Dobruja and gave the Cadrilater, as well as
the southern portion of Northern Dobruja, to Bulgaria in the Treaty of Bucharest of 1918. This situation lasted for a short
period. As the Allied Powers emerged victorious at the end of the war, Romania regained the lost territories in the Treaty
of Neuilly of 1919. Between 1926 and 1938, about 30,000 Aromanians from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Greece, were
resettled in Southern Dobruja. Some Megleno-Romanians also emigrated to the region.

In 1923 the Internal Dobrujan Revolutionary Organisation (IDRO), a Bulgarian nationalist organisation, was
established. Active in Southern Dobruja under different forms until 1940, the IDRO detachments fought against the
widespread brigandage in the region, as well as the Romanian administration. Thus, while considered "a terrorist
organisation" by the Romanian authorities, the IDRO was regarded by ethnic Bulgarians as a liberation movement. In
1925, part of the Bulgarian revolutionary committees formed the Dobrujan Revolutionary Organisation (DRO), which
later became subordinated to the Communist Party of Romania. In contrast with the IDRO, which fought for the
inclusion of the region in the Bulgarian state, the DRO requested the independence of Dobruja and its inclusion in a
projected Federative Republic of the Balkans.[110] The means used by DRO to attain its goals were also more peaceful.

During World War II, Bulgaria regained Southern Dobruja in the September 1940 Axis-sponsored Treaty of Craiova,
despite Romanian negotiators' insistence that Balchik and other towns should remain in Romania. As part of the treaty,
the Romanian inhabitants (Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian refugee-settlers, settlers from other regions of Romania,
and the Romanians indigenous to the region) were forced to leave the regained territory, while the Bulgarian minority in
the north was expelled to go to Bulgaria in a population exchange. The post-war Paris Peace Treaties of 1947 reaffirmed
the 1940 border.

In 1948 and again in 1961–1962, Bulgaria proposed a border rectification in the area of Silistra, consisting mainly of the
transfer of a Romanian territory containing the water source of that city. Romania made an alternative proposal that did
not involve a territorial change and, ultimately, no rectification took place.[111]

In Romania, 14 November is a holiday observed as the Dobruja Day.[112]

Demographic history
In 1913, Dobruja was all made part of Romania in the aftermath of the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest which ended the Second
Balkan War. Romania acquired Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria, a territory with a population of 300,000 from which
only 6,000 (2%) were Romanians.[113] In 1913, Romanian-held Northern Dobruja had a population of 380,430, from
which 216,425 (56.8%) were Romanians.[114] Thus, when Dobruja was unified within Romania in 1913, there were over
222,000 Romanians in the region out of a total population of 680,000, or nearly 33% of the population. By 1930, the
Romanian population within Dobruja had increased to 44.2%.[115]
Northern Dobruja

Ethnicity 1878[116] 1880[117] 1899[117] 1913[114] 19301[118] 1956[119] 1966[119] 1977[119] 1992[119] 2002[119] 2011[120]
All 225,692 139,671 258,242 380,430 437,131 593,659 702,461 863,348 1,019,766 971,643 897,165
46,504 43,671 118,919 216,425 282,844 514,331 622,996 784,934 926,608 883,620 751,250
Romanian
(21%) (31%) (46%) (56.8%) (64.7%) (86.6%) (88.7%) (90.9%) (90.8%) (90.9%) (83.7%)
30,177 24,915 38,439 51,149 42,070 749 524 415 311 135 58
Bulgarian
(13.3%) (17%) (14%) (13.4%) (9.6%) (0.13%) (0.07%) (0.05%) (0.03%) (0.01%) (0.01%)
48,783 18,624 12,146 20,092 21,748 11,994 16,209 21,666 27,685 27,580 22,500
Turkish
(21.6%) (13%) (4%) (5.3%) (5%) (2%) (2.3%) (2.5%) (2.7%) (2.8%) (2.5%)
71,146 29,476 28,670 21,350 15,546 20,239 21,939 22,875 24,185 23,409 19,720
Tatar
(31.5%) (21%) (11%) (5.6%) (3.6%) (3.4%) (3.1%) (2.65%) (2.4%) (2.4%) (2.2%)

Russian- 12,748 8,250 12,801 26,210 29,944 30,509 24,098 26,154 21,623 13,910
Lipovan (5.6%) (6%) (5%) (6%)2 (5%) (4.35%) (2.8%) (2.6%) (2.2%) (1.6%)
35,859
Ruthenian
(9.4%)
(Ukrainian 455 13,680 33 7,025 5,154 2,639 4,101 1,465 1,177
from (0.3%) (5%) (0.01%) (1.18%) (0.73%) (0.3%) (0.4%) (0.1%) (0.1%)
1956)
Dobrujan 1,134 2,461 8,566 7,697 12,023 735 599 648 677 398 166
Germans (0,5%) (1.7%) (3%) (2%) (2.75%) (0.12%) (0.09%) (0.08%) (0.07%) (0.04%) (0.02%)
3,480 4,015 8,445 9,999 7,743 1,399 908 635 1,230 2,270 1,447
Greek
(1.6%) (2.8%) (3%) (2.6%) (1.8%) (0.24%) (0.13%) (0.07%) (0.12%) (0.23%) (0.16%)
702 2,252 3,263 3,831 1,176 378 2,565 5,983 8,295 11,977
Roma
(0.5%) (0.87%) (0.9%) (0.88%) (0.2%) (0.05%) (0.3%) (0.59%) (0.85%) (1.3%)

1According to the 1926–1938 Romanian administrative division (counties of Constanța and Tulcea), which
excluded a part of today's Romania (chiefly the communes of Ostrov and Lipnița, now part of Constanța County)
and included a part of today's Bulgaria (parts of General Toshevo and Krushari municipalities)
2Only Russians. (Russians and Lipovans counted separately)

Southern Dobruja

Ethnicity 1910 19301[118] 2001[121] 2011[122]

All 282,007 378,344 357,217 283,3953

Bulgarian 134,355 (47.6%) 143,209 (37.9%) 248,382 (69.5%) 192,698 (68%)
Turkish 106,568 (37.8%) 129,025 (34.1%) 76,992 (21.6%) 72,963 (25.75%)
Roma 12,192 (4.3%) 7,615 (2%) 25,127 (7%) 12,163 (4.29%)
Tatar 11,718 (4.2%) 6,546 (1.7%) 4,515 (1.3%) 808 (0.29%)

Romanian 6,348 (2.3%)2 77,728 (20.5%) 591 (0.2%)2 947 (0.33%)

1According to the 1926–1938 Romanian administrative division (counties of Durostor and Caliacra), which
included a part of today's Romania (chiefly the communes of Ostrov and Lipnița, now part of Constanța County)
and excluded a part of today's Bulgaria (parts of General Toshevo and Krushari municipalities)
2Including persons counted as Vlachs in Bulgarian Census
3Only includes persons who answered the optional question on ethnic identity. The total population was 309,151.

Area, population and cities

The entire region of Dobruja has an area of around 23,100 km2 (8,919 sq mi) and a population of around 1.2 million, of
which just over two-thirds of the former and nearly three-quarters of the latter lie in the Romanian part.
 Dobruja Romanian Dobruja[120] Bulgarian Dobruja[122]
Ethnicity
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
All 1,180,560 100.00% 897,165 100.00% 283,395 100.00%
Romanian 752,197 63.72% 751,250 83.74% 947 0.33%
Bulgarian 192,756 16.33% 58 0.01% 192,698 68%
Turkish 95,463 8.09% 22,500 2.51% 72,963 25.75%
Tatar 20,528 1.74% 19,720 2.20% 808 0.29%
Roma 24,140 2.04% 11,977 1.33% 12,163 4.29%
Russian 14,608 1.24% 13,910 1.55% 698 0.25%
Ukrainian 1,250 0.11% 1,177 0.13% 73 0.03%
Greek 1,467 0.12% 1,447 0.16% 20 0.01%

Major cities are Constanța, Tulcea, Medgidia and Mangalia in Romania, and Dobrich and Silistra in Bulgaria.

Constanța Tulcea Medgidia Mangalia Dobrich

Silistra

See also
Bulgaria during World War I
Romania during World War I

Notes
1. "Dobruja" (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dobruja). Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins.
Retrieved 21 July 2019.
2. Фол, Александър (1984). История на Добруджа (History of Dobruja). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
OCLC 165781151 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165781151).
3. A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, p. 4, attributes this opinion, among others, to Johann Christian von Engel,
Felix Philipp Kanitz, Marin Drinov, Josef Jireček, Grigore Tocilescu
4. Paul Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja, p. 639
5. Davidova, R. (1984). "Приподно-географски условия в Добруджа". In Fol, Aleksander; Dimitrov, Strashimir (eds.).
История на Добруджа (in Bulgarian). Vol. 1. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 9. OCLC 11916334 (https://www.w
orldcat.org/oclc/11916334).
6. A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, p. 4, attributes this opinion to Camille Allard, Ami Boué, Heinrich Brunn
7. G. Dănescu, Dobrogea (La Dobroudja). Étude de Géographie physique et ethnographique, pp. 35–36 (https://archiv
e.org/details/dobrogealadobro00dngoog/page/n55/mode/2up)
8. Paul Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja, p. 653
 9. İnalcık, Halil (1998). "Dobrudja". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. II. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 610 a. ISBN 978-90-04-07026-
4.
10. A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, p. 4
11. A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, pp. 5–7
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13. Stănciugel, Robert; Bălaşa, Liliana Monica (2005). Dobrogea în Secolele VII–XIX. Evoluţie istorică (in Romanian).
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Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'Indépendance Roumaine. OCLC 10596414 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10596414).
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Further reading
Strabo (1903). "Book VII" (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=7:chapt
er=3:section=1). In Hans Claude Hamilton; W. Falconer (eds.). The Geography of Strabo (https://www.perseus.tufts.
edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%231). London: George Bell & Sons.
OCLC 250411 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/250411). Retrieved 2007-04-29.
Rădulescu, Adrian; Bitoleanu, Ion (1979). Istoria românilor dintre Dunăre şi Mare: Dobrogea (in Romanian).
București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. OCLC 5832576 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5832576).
Iordachi, Constantin (2001), "The California of the Romanians": The Integration of Northern Dobrogea into Romania,
1878-1913 (http://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/view/93), in Nation-Building and Contested
Identities Romanian & Hungarian Case Studies
Sallanz, Josef, ed. (2005). Die Dobrudscha. Ethnische Minderheiten, Kulturlandschaft, Transformation; Ergebnisse
eines Geländekurses des Instituts für Geographie der Universität Potsdam im Südosten Rumäniens. (= Praxis
Kultur- und Sozialgeographie; 35) (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_klWuIEtQjGsC) (in German) (II ed.). Potsdam:
Universitätsverlag Potsdam. ISBN 978-3-937786-76-6.
Sallanz, Josef (2007). Bedeutungswandel von Ethnizität unter dem Einfluss von Globalisierung. Die rumänische
Dobrudscha als Beispiel. (= Potsdamer Geographische Forschungen; 26) (in German). Potsdam: Universitätsverlag
Potsdam. ISBN 978-3-939469-81-0.

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