Coordinates: 32°55′40″N 35°04′54″E

Acre, Israel
Acre (/ˈɑːkər, ˈeɪkər/ AH-kər, AY-kər), known locally
as Akko (Hebrew: ‫ַעּכֹו‬, ʻAkō) or Akka (Arabic: ‫عّك ا‬, Acre
ʻAkkā), is a city in the coastal plain region of the ‎‫ · ַעּכֹו‬‎‫عّك ا‬
Northern District of Israel.
City
The city occupies an important location, sitting in a
Hebrew transcription(s)
natural harbour at the extremity of Haifa Bay on the
 • ISO 259 ʕakko
coast of the Mediterranean's Levantine Sea.[2] Aside
from coastal trading, it was also an important
waypoint on the region's coastal road and the road
cutting inland along the Jezreel Valley. The first
settlement during the Early Bronze Age was
abandoned after a few centuries but a large town was
established during the Middle Bronze Age.[3]
Continuously inhabited since then, it is among the
oldest continuously inhabited settlements on Earth.[4]
It has, however, been subject to conquest and
destruction several times and survived as little more
than a large village for centuries at a time. Acre was an
important city during the Crusades, and was the site of
several battles. It was the last city held by the
Crusaders in the Levant before it was captured in 1291.
Municipal emblem
In present-day Israel, the population was 49,380 in
2019,[1] made up of Jews, Muslims, Christians, Druze,
and Baháʼís.[5] In particular, Acre is the holiest city of
the Baháʼí Faith in Israel and receives many pilgrims
of that faith every year. Acre is one of Israel's mixed Acre
cities; thirty-two per cent of the city's population is
Arab. The mayor is Shimon Lankri, who was re-elected
in 2018 with 85% of the vote.

Show map of Northwest Israel

Show map of Israel
Show all
Contents Coordinates: 32°55′40″N 35°04′54″E
Names Grid position 156/258 PAL

History Country  Israel

Early Bronze Age District Northern
Middle Bronze Age Founded 3000 BC (Bronze Age
Iron Age settlement)

1550 BC (Canaanite
Persian period and classical-greek antiquity
settlement)

Roman colony 1104 (Crusader rule)

Byzantine period 1291 (Mamluk rule)

Early Islamic period 1948 (Israeli city)

Crusader and Ayyubid period Government
 First Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem  • Mayor Shimon Lankri
(1104–1187) Area
Ayyubid intermezzo (1187–1191)  • Total 13,533 dunams
Second Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (13.533 km2 or 5.225 sq mi)
(1191–1291) Population (2019)[1]
Mamluk period (1291–1517)  • Total 49,380
Ottoman period  • Density 3,600/km2 (9,500/sq mi)
Mandatory Palestine
1948 Palestine War UNESCO World Heritage Site
Israel Official name Old City of Acre
Demography Criteria Cultural: ii, iii, v
Reference 1042 (https://whc.unesco.or
Transportation g/en/list/1042)
Education and culture Inscription 2001 (25th Session)
Sports Area 63.3 ha
Buffer zone 22.99 ha
Landmarks
City walls
Al-Jazzar Mosque
Hamam al-Basha
Citadel of Acre
Hospitaller fortress
Other medieval sites
Baháʼí holy places
Archaeology
Crusader period remains
International relations
Notable people
In popular culture
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links

Names
The etymology of the name is unknown, but apparently not
Semitic.[6] A folk etymology in Hebrew is that, when the ocean
was created, it expanded until it reached Acre and then
stopped, giving the city its name (in Hebrew, ad koh means "up
to here" and no further).[6]

Acre seems to be recorded in Egyptian hieroglyphs, possibly

being the "Akka" in the execration texts from around
1800 BC[7][8] and the "Aak" in the tribute lists of Thutmose III Ottoman aqueduct to Acre
(1479–1425 BC). The Akkadian cuneiform Amarna letters also
mention an "Akka" in the mid-14th century  BC.[9][10] On its
native currency, Acre's name was written ʿk (Phoenician:
𐤊𐤏).[11] It appears in Assyrian[6] and once in Biblical
Hebrew.[12] Other transcriptions of these names include Acco,
Accho, Akke, and Ocina.

Acre was known to the Greeks as Ákē (Greek: Ἄκη), a

homonym for Greek word meaning "cure". Greek legend then
offered a folk etymology that Hercules had found curative herbs
at the site after one of his many fights.[13] This name was
Latinized as Ace. Josephus's histories also transcribed the city
into Greek as Akre.

The city appears in the Babylonian Talmud with the Jewish

Babylonian Aramaic name ‫תלבוש‬‎ Talbush of uncertain
etymology.[14]
Letter from Biridiya, King of
Megiddo, to the Egyptian Pharaoh
Under the Diadochi, the Ptolemaic Kingdom renamed the city
Amenhotep III or his son Akhenaten.
Ptolemaïs (Koinē Greek: Πτολεμαΐς, Ptolemaΐs) and the
Biridiya accuses the King of Acco of
Seleucid Empire Antioch (Ἀντιόχεια, Antiókheia)[11] or
treachery by releasing the captured
Antiochenes. As both names were shared by a great many
Hapiru leader, Labayu, instead of
other towns, they were variously distinguished. The Syrians sending him to Egypt. 14th century
called it "Antioch in Ptolemais" (Ἀντιόχεια τῆς ἐν Πτολεμαΐδι, BCE. From Tell el-Amarna, Egypt.
Antiókheia tôs en Ptolemaΐdi),[11] and the Romans British Museum. EA 245, (Reverse
Ptolemais in Phoenicia. Others knew it as "Antiochia side)
Ptolemais" (Ἀντιόχεια Πτολεμαΐς, Antiókheia Ptolemaΐs).

Under Claudius, it was also briefly known as Germanicia in Ptolemais (Γερμανίκεια τῆς ἐν
Πτολεμαΐδι, Germaníkeia tôs en Ptolemaΐdi).[11] As a Roman colony, it was notionally refounded
and renamed Colonia Claudii Caesaris Ptolemais[15] or Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais
Garmanica Stabilis[16] after its imperial sponsor Claudius; it was known as Colonia Ptolemais
for short.[15]

During the Crusades, it was officially known as Sainct-Jehan-d'Acre or more simply Acre
(Modern French: Saint-Jean-d'Acre [sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ dakʁ]), after the Knights Hospitaller who had their
headquarters there and whose patron saint was Saint John the Baptist. This name remained quite
popular in the Christian world until modern times, often translated into the language being used:
Saint John of Acre (in English), San Juan de Acre (in Spanish), Sant Joan d'Acre (in Catalan), etc.

History

Early Bronze Age

The remains of the oldest settlement at the site of modern Acre were found at a tell (archaeological
mound) located 1.5 km (0.93 mi) east of the modern city of Acre. Known as Tel Akko in Hebrew
and Tell el-Fukhar in Arabic, its remains date to about 3000 BC,[2] during the Early Bronze Age.[3]
This farming community endured for only a couple of centuries, after which the site was
abandoned, possibly after being inundated by rising seawaters.[3]

Middle Bronze Age

Acre was resettled as an urban centre during the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000–1550 BC) and has
been continuously inhabited since then.[3]
Iron Age

During the Iron Age, Acre was politically and culturally affiliated with Phoenicia.[17] In the biblical
Book of Judges, Akko appears in a list of the places which the Israelites were not able to conquer
from the Canaanites.[18] It is later described in the territory of the tribe of Asher and, according to
Josephus's later account, was reputed to have been ruled by one of Solomon's provincial governors.
Around 725  BC, Acre joined Sidon and Tyre in a revolt against the Neo-Assyrian emperor
Shalmaneser V.[17]

Persian period and classical-greek antiquity

Strabo refers to the city as once a rendezvous for the Persians in their expeditions against Egypt.
According to historians such as Diodurus Siculus and Strabo, King Cambyses II attacked Egypt
after massing a huge army on the plains near the city of Acre. In December 2018 archaeologists
digging at the site of Tell Keisan in Acre unearthed the remains of a Persian military outpost that
might have played a role in the successful 525 BC Achaemenid invasion of Egypt. The Persian-
period fortifications at Tell Keisan were later heavily damaged during Alexander's fourth-century
BC campaign to drive the Achaemenids out of the Levant.[19][20]

After Alexander's death, his main generals divided his empire among themselves. At first, the
Egyptian Ptolemies held the land around Acre. Ptolemy II renamed the city Ptolemais in his own
and his father's honour in the 260s BC.[11]

Antiochus III conquered the town for the Syrian Seleucids in 200  BC. In the late 170s or early
160s  BC, Antiochus  IV founded a Greek colony in the town, which he named Antioch after
himself.[11]

About 165 BC Judas Maccabeus defeated the Seleucids in several battles in Galilee, and drove them
into Ptolemais. About 153  BC Alexander Balas, son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, contesting the
Seleucid crown with Demetrius, seized the city, which opened its gates to him. Demetrius offered
many bribes to the Maccabees to obtain Jewish support against his rival, including the revenues of
Ptolemais for the benefit of the Temple in Jerusalem, but in vain. Jonathan Apphus threw in his lot
with Alexander; Alexander and Demetrius met in battle and the latter was killed. In 150  BC
Jonathan was received by him with great honour in Ptolemais. Some years later, however,
Tryphon, an officer of the Seleucid Empire, who had grown suspicious of the Maccabees, enticed
Jonathan into Ptolemais and there treacherously took him prisoner.

The city was captured by Alexander Jannaeus (ruled c. 103–76 BC), Cleopatra (r. 51–30  BC) and
Tigranes the Great (r. 95–55 BC). Here Herod the Great (r. 37–4 BC) built a gymnasium.

Roman colony

Around 37 BC, the Romans conquered the Hellenized

Phoenician port-city called Akko. It became a colony in
southern Roman Phoenicia, called Colonia Claudia Felix
Ptolemais Garmanica Stabilis.[21] Ptolemais stayed Roman
for nearly seven centuries until 636 AD, when was
conquered by the Muslim Arabs. Under Augustus, a
gymnasium was built in the city. In 4 BC, the Roman Roman coin made in Ptolemais/Acre
proconsul Publius Quinctilius Varus assembled his army
there in order to suppress the revolts that broke out in the
region following the death of Herod the Great.
 The Romans built a breakwater and expanded the harbor at the present location of the
harbor....In the Roman/Byzantine period, Acre-Ptolemais was an important port city. It
minted its own coins, and its harbor was one of the main gates to the land. Through this
port the Roman Legions came by ship to crush the Jewish revolt in 67AD. It also served
was used as connections to the other ports (for example, Caesarea and Jaffa)....The port
of Acre (Ptolemais) was a station on Paul's naval travel, as described in Acts of the
Gospels (21, 6-7): "And when we had taken our leave one of another, we took ship; and
they returned home again. And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to
Ptolemais, and saluted the brethren, and abode with them one day".[22]

During the rule of the emperor Claudius there was a building drive in Ptolemais and veterans of the
legions settled here. The city was one of four colonies (with Berytus, Aelia Capitolina and Caesarea
Maritima) created in ancient Levant by Roman emperors for veterans of their Roman legions.[23]

The city was a center of Romanization in the region, but most of the population was made of local
Phoenicians and Jews: as a consequence after the Hadrian times the descendants of the initial
Roman colonists were no more speaking Latin and were fully assimilated in less than two centuries
(however the local society's customs were Roman).

The Christian Acts of the Apostles reports that Luke the Evangelist, Paul the Apostle and their
companions spent a day in Ptolemais with the Christian brethren there.[24]

An important Roman colony (colonia) was established at the city, that greatly increased the control
of the region by the Romans in the next century with Roman colonists translated there from Italy.
The Romans enlarged the port and the city grew to more than 20000 inhabitants in the second
century under emperor Hadrian. Ptolemais greatly flourished for two more centuries.[25]

Byzantine period

After the permanent division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, Ptolemais was administered by the
successor state, the Byzantine Empire. The city started to lose importance and in the seventh
century was reduced to a small settlement of less than one thousand inhabitants.

Early Islamic period

Following the defeat of the Byzantine army of Heraclius by the Rashidun army of Khalid ibn al-
Walid in the Battle of Yarmouk, and the capitulation of the Christian city of Jerusalem to the
Caliph Umar, Acre came under the rule of the Rashidun Caliphate beginning in 638.[4] According
to the early Muslim chronicler al-Baladhuri, the actual conquest of Acre was led by Shurahbil ibn
Hasana, and it likely surrendered without resistance.[26] The Arab conquest brought a revival to
the town of Acre, and it served as the main port of Palestine through the Umayyad and Abbasid
Caliphates that followed, and through Crusader rule into the 13th century.[4]

The first Umayyad caliph, Muawiyah I (r. 661–680), regarded the coastal towns of the Levant as
strategically important. Thus, he strengthened Acre's fortifications and settled Persians from other
parts of Muslim Syria to inhabit the city. From Acre, which became one of the region's most
important dockyards along with Tyre, Mu'awiyah launched an attack against Byzantine-held
Cyprus. The Byzantines assaulted the coastal cities in 669, prompting Mu'awiyah to assemble and
send shipbuilders and carpenters to Acre. The city would continue to serve as the principal naval
base of Jund al-Urdunn ("Military District of Jordan") until the reign of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-
Malik (723–743), who moved the bulk of the shipyards north to Tyre.[26] Nonetheless, Acre
remained militarily significant through the early Abbasid period, with Caliph al-Mutawakkil
issuing an order to make Acre into a major naval base in 861, equipping the city with battleships
and combat troops.[27]

During the 10th century, Acre was still part of Jund al-Urdunn.[28] Local Arab geographer al-
Muqaddasi visited Acre during the early Fatimid Caliphate in 985, describing it as a fortified
coastal city with a large mosque possessing a substantial olive grove. Fortifications had been
previously built by the autonomous Emir Ibn Tulun of Egypt, who annexed the city in the 870s,
and provided relative safety for merchant ships arriving at the city's port. When Persian traveller
Nasir Khusraw visited Acre in 1047, he noted that the large Jama Masjid was built of marble,
located in the centre of the city and just south of it lay the "tomb of the Prophet Salih."[27][29]
Khusraw provided a description of the city's size, which roughly translated as having a length of
1.24 kilometres (0.77 miles) and a width of 300 metres (984 feet). This figure indicates that Acre at
that time was larger than its current Old City area, most of which was built between the 18th and
19th centuries.[27]

Crusader and Ayyubid period

First Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1104–1187)

After four years, the siege of Acre was successfully completed in

1104, with the city capitulating to the forces of King Baldwin I
of Jerusalem following the First Crusade. The Crusaders made
the town their chief port in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. On the
first Crusade, Fulcher relates his travels with the Crusading
armies of King Baldwin, including initially staying over in Acre
before the army's advance to Jerusalem. This demonstrates
that even from the beginning, Acre was an important link
between the Crusaders and their advance into the Levant.[30] The Templar Tunnel
Its function was to provide Crusaders with a foothold in the
region and access to vibrant trade that made them prosperous,
especially giving them access to the Asiatic spice trade.[31] By the 1130s it had a population of
around 25,000 and was only matched for size in the Crusader kingdom by the city of Jerusalem.
Around 1170 it became the main port of the eastern Mediterranean, and the kingdom of Jerusalem
was regarded in the west as enormously wealthy above all because of Acre. According to an English
contemporary, it provided more for the Crusader crown than the total revenues of the king of
England.[31]

The Andalusian geographer Ibn Jubayr wrote that in 1185 there was still a Muslim community in
the city who worshipped in a small mosque.

Ayyubid intermezzo (1187–1191)

Acre, along with Beirut and Sidon, capitulated without a fight to the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in
1187, after his decisive victory at Hattin and the subsequent Muslim capture of Jerusalem.

Second Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1191–1291)

Acre remained in Muslim hands until it was unexpectedly besieged by King Guy of Lusignan—
reinforced by Pisan naval and ground forces—in August 1189. The siege was unique in the history
of the Crusades since the Frankish besiegers were themselves besieged, by Saladin's troops. It was
not captured until July 1191 when the forces of the Third Crusade, led by King Richard I of England
 and King Philip II of
France, came to King Guy's
aid. Acre then served as the
de facto capital of the
remnant Kingdom of
Jerusalem in 1192. During
the siege, German
merchants from Lübeck and
Copy of a 1320 CE map of Acre Bremen had founded a field
hospital, which became the Remains of the Crusader-period
nucleus of the chivalric Pisan Harbour
Teutonic Order. Upon the Sixth Crusade, the city was placed
under the administration of the Knights Hospitaller military
order. Acre continued to prosper as major commercial hub of
the eastern Mediterranean, but also underwent turbulent times
due to the bitter infighting among the Crusader factions that
occasionally resulted in civil wars.[32]

The old part of the city, where the port and fortified city were
located, protrudes from the coastline, exposing both sides of
the narrow piece of land to the sea. This could maximize its
efficiency as a port, and the narrow entrance to this protrusion Model of Crusader ships anchored
served as a natural and easy defense to the city. Both the in Akko harbor AD 1270 by the
archaeological record and Crusader texts emphasize Acre's ICRS
strategic importance—a city in which it was crucial to pass
through, control, and, as evidenced by the massive walls,
protect.

Acre was the final major stronghold of the Crusader states when much of the Levantine coastline
was conquered by Mamluk forces. Acre itself fell to Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil in 1291.

Mamluk period (1291–1517)

Acre, having been isolated and largely abandoned by Europe, was conquered by Mamluk sultan al-
Ashraf Khalil in a bloody siege in 1291. In line with Mamluk policy regarding the coastal cities (to
prevent their future utilization by Crusader forces), Acre was entirely destroyed, with the exception
of a few religious edifices considered sacred by the Muslims, namely the Nabi Salih tomb and the
Ayn Bakar spring. The destruction of the city led to popular Arabic sayings in the region enshrining
its past glory.[32]

In 1321 the Syrian geographer Abu'l-Fida wrote that Acre was "a beautiful city" but still in ruins
following its capture by the Mamluks. Nonetheless, the "spacious" port was still in use and the city
was full of artisans.[33] Throughout the Mamluk era (1260–1517), Acre was succeeded by Safed as
the principal city of its province.[32]

Ottoman period

Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, it appeared in the census of 1596, located in the
Nahiya of Acca of the Liwa of Safad. The population was 81 households and 15 bachelors, all
Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, cotton,
goats, and beehives, water buffaloes, in addition to occasional revenues and market toll, a total of
20,500 Akçe. Half of the revenue went to a Waqf.[34][35] English academic Henry Maundrell in
1697 found it a ruin,[36] save for a khan (caravanserai) built and occupied by French merchants for
 their use,[37] a mosque and
a few poor cottages.[36] The
khan was named Khan al-
Ilfranj after its French
founders.[37]

During Ottoman rule, Acre

continued to play an
important role in the region
via smaller autonomous Old City of Acre, 1878 by Félix
sheikhdoms.[2] Towards the Bonfils
end of the 18th century Acre
revived under the rule of
Zahir al-Umar, the Arab
ruler of the Galilee, who
made the city capital of his
Acre in 1841, as mapped by the autonomous sheikhdom.
British Royal Engineers after the Zahir rebuilt Acre's
Oriental Crisis of 1840 fortifications, using
materials from the city's
medieval ruins. He died
outside its walls during an offensive against him by the
Ottoman state in 1775.[32] His successor, Jazzar Pasha, further Carronade near the Old City
fortified its walls when he virtually moved the capital of the
Saida Eyelet ("Province of Sidon") to Acre where he resided.[38]
Jazzar's improvements were accomplished through heavy imposts secured for himself all the
benefits derived from his improvements. About 1780, Jazzar peremptorily banished the French
trading colony, in spite of protests from the French government, and refused to receive a consul.
Both Zahir and Jazzar undertook ambitious architectural projects in the city, building several
caravanserais, mosques, public baths and other structures. Some of the notable works included the
Al-Jazzar Mosque, which was built out of stones from the ancient ruins of Caesarea and Atlit and
the Khan al-Umdan, both built on Jazzar's orders.[37]

In 1799 Napoleon, in pursuance of his scheme for raising a

Syrian rebellion against Turkish domination, appeared before
Acre, but after a siege of two months (March–May) was
repulsed by the Turks, aided by Sir Sidney Smith and a force of
British sailors. Having lost his siege cannons to Smith,
Napoleon attempted to lay siege to the walled city defended by
Ottoman troops on 20 March 1799, using only his infantry and
small-calibre cannons, a strategy which failed, leading to his
retreat two months later on 21 May. Port of Acre

Jazzar was succeeded on his death by his mamluk, Sulayman

Pasha al-Adil, under whose milder rule the town advanced in prosperity till his death in 1819. After
his death, Haim Farhi, who was his adviser, paid a huge sum in bribes to assure that Abdullah
Pasha (son of Ali Pasha, the deputy of Sulayman Pasha), whom he had known from youth, will be
appointed as ruler—which didn't stop the new ruler from assassinating Farhi. Abdullah Pasha
ruled Acre until 1831, when Ibrahim Pasha besieged and reduced the town and destroyed its
buildings. During the Oriental Crisis of 1840 it was bombarded on 4 November 1840 by the allied
British, Austrian and French squadrons, and in the following year restored to Turkish rule. It
regained some of its former prosperity after linking with the Hejaz Railway by a branch line from
Haifa in 1913.[39] It was the capital of the Acre Sanjak in the Beirut Vilayet until the British
captured the city on 23 September 1918 during World War I.[39]
Mandatory Palestine

At the beginning of the Mandate period, in the 1922 census of

Palestine, Acre had 6,420 residents: 4,883 of whom were
Muslim; 1,344 Christian; 102 Baháʼí; 78 Jewish and 13
Druze.[40] The 1931 census counted 7,897 people in Acre, 6,076
Muslims, 1,523 Christians, 237 Jews, 51 Baháʼí and 10
Druse.[41] In the 1945 census Acre's population numbered
12,360; 9,890 Muslims, 2,330 Christians, 50 Jews and 90
classified as "other".[42][43]

Acre's fort was converted into a jail, where members of the

Jewish underground were held during their struggle against the
Mandate authorities, among them Ze'ev Jabotinsky, Shlomo
Ben-Yosef, and Dov Gruner. Gruner and Ben-Yosef were
Detailed map of the Old City of Acre
executed there. Other Jewish inmates were freed by members
from 1929, showing all the individual
of the Irgun, who broke into the jail on 4 May 1947 and
buildings
succeeded in releasing Jewish underground movement
activists. Over 200 Arab inmates also escaped.[44]

1948 Palestine War

In the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, Acre

was designated part of a future Arab state. On 18 March 4
technicians from the Palestine Electric Company and five
British soldiers in their escort were killed while travelling to
mend a cable in an RAF camp, when an Arab ambush exploded Interior of Acre prison, circa 1938
a mine on the route just outside the Moslem cemetery east of
Acre [45] The Haganah responded by blowing up a bridge
outside the city and derailing a train. [46] Before the 1948 Arab-Israeli War broke out, the Carmeli
Brigade's 21 Battalion commander had repeatedly damaged the Al-Kabri aqueduct that furnished
Acre with water, and when Arab repairs managed to restore water supply, then resorted to pouring
flasks of typhoid and perhaps diphtheria bacteria into the aqueduct, mas part of a biological
warfare programme. At some time in late April or early May 1948, - Jewish forces had cut the
town's electricity supply responsible for pumping water - a typhoid epidemic broke out. Israeli
officials later credited the facility with which they conquered the town in part to the effects of the
demoralization induced by the epidemic.[47]

Israel's Carmeli forces attacked on May 16th and, after an ultimatum was delivered that, unless the
inhabitants surrendered, 'we will destroy you to the last man and utterly,'[48] the town notables
signed an instrument of surrender on the night between 17-18 May 1948. 60 bodies were found and
about three-quarters of the Arab population of the city (13,510 of 17,395) were displaced.[49]

Israel

Throughout the 1950s, many Jewish neighbourhoods were established at the northern and eastern
parts of the city, as it became a development town, designated to absorb numerous Jewish
immigrants, largely Jews from Morocco. The old city of Akko remained largely Arab Muslim
(including several Bedouin families), with an Arab Christian neighbourhood in close proximity.
The city also attracted worshippers of the Baháʼí Faith, some of whom became permanent residents
in the city, where the Baháʼí Mansion of Bahjí is located. Acre has also served as a base for
important events in Baháʼí history, including being the birthplace of Shoghi Effendi, and the short-
lived schism between Baháʼís initiated by the attacks by Mírzá
Muhammad ʻAlí against ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.[50] Baháʼís have since
commemorated various events that have occurred in the city,
including the imprisonment of Baháʼu'lláh.[51]

In the 1990s, the city absorbed thousands of Jews who

immigrated from the former Soviet Union. Within several
years, however, the population balance between Jews and
Arabs shifted backwards, as northern neighbourhoods were
abandoned by many of its Jewish residents in favour of new Acre city hall
housing projects in nearby Nahariya, while many Muslim Arabs
moved in (largely coming from nearby Arab villages).
Nevertheless, the city still has a clear Jewish majority; in 2011, the population of 46,000 included
30,000 Jews and 14,000 Arabs.[52]

Ethnic tensions erupted in the city on 8 October 2008 after an Arab citizen drove through a
predominantly Jewish neighbourhood during Yom Kippur, leading to five days of violence between
Arabs and Jews.[53][54][55]

In 2009, the population of Acre reached 46,300.[56] In 2018 Shimon Lankri, was re-elected mayor
with 85% of the vote.

Demography
Today there are roughly 48,000 people who live in Acre. Among Israeli cities, Acre has a relatively
high proportion of non-Jewish residents, with 32% of the population being Arab.[57] In 2000, 95%
of the residents in the Old City were Arab.[58] Only about 15% percent of the current Arab
population in the city descends from families who lived there before 1948.[59]

Acre is home to Jews, Muslims, Christians, Druze, and Baháʼís. In particular, Acre is the holiest city
of the Baháʼí Faith and receives many pilgrims of that faith every year.

In 1999, there were 22 schools in Acre with an enrollment of 15,000 children.[60]

Transportation
The Acre central bus station, served by Egged and Nateev
Express, offers intra-city and inter-city bus routes to
destinations all over Israel. Nateev Express is currently
contracted to provide the intra-city bus routes within Acre. The
city is also served by the Acre Railway Station,[61] which is on
the main Coastal railway line to Nahariya, with southerly trains
to Beersheba and Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut.
Acre Railway Station
Education and culture
The Sir Charles Clore Jewish-Arab Community Centre in the Kiryat Wolfson neighbourhood runs
youth clubs and programs for Jewish and Arab children. In 1990, Mohammed Faheli, an Arab
resident of Acre, founded the Acre Jewish-Arab association, which originally operated out of two
bomb shelters. In 1993, Dame Vivien Duffield of the Clore Foundation donated funds for a new
building. Among the programs offered is Peace Child Israel, which employs theatre and the arts to
teach coexistence. The participants, Jews and Arabs, spend two months studying conflict
resolution and then work together to produce an original
theatrical performance that addresses the issues they have
explored. Another program is Patriots of Acre, a community
responsibility and youth tourism program that teaches children
to become ambassadors for their city. In the summer, the
centre runs an Arab-Jewish summer camp for 120
disadvantaged children aged 5–11. Some 1,000 children take
part in the Acre Centre's youth club and youth programming
every week. Adult education programs have been developed for
Arab women interested in completing their high school Terra Santa School in Old Acre
education and acquiring computer skills to prepare for joining
the workforce. The centre also offers parenting courses, and
music and dance classes.[62]

The Acco Festival of Alternative Israeli Theatre is an annual event that takes place in October,
coinciding with the holiday of Sukkot.[63] The festival, inaugurated in 1979, provides a forum for
non-conventional theatre, attracting local and overseas theatre companies.[64] Theatre
performances by Jewish and Arab producers are staged at indoor and outdoor venues around the
city.[65]

Sports
The city's football team, Hapoel Acre F.C., is a member of the
Israeli Premier League, the top tier of Israeli football. They play
in the Acre Municipal Stadium which was opened in September
2011. At the end of the 2008–2009 season, the club finished in
the top five, and was promoted to the top tier for a second time,
after an absence of 31 years.

In the past the city was also home to Maccabi Acre. However, Acre Municipal Stadium
the club was relocated to nearby Kiryat Ata and was renamed
Maccabi Ironi Kiryat Ata.

Other current active clubs are Ahi Acre and the newly formed Maccabi Ironi Acre, both playing in
Liga Bet. Both club also host their matches in the Acre Municipal Stadium.

Landmarks
Acre's Old City has been designated by UNESCO as a
World Heritage Site. Since the 1990s, large-scale
archaeological excavations have been undertaken and
efforts are being made to preserve ancient sites. In 2009,
renovations were planned for Khan al-Umdan, the "Inn of
the Columns," the largest of several Ottoman inns still
standing in Acre. It was built near the port at the end of the
18th century by Jazzar Pasha. Merchants who arrived at
the port would unload their wares on the first floor and
sleep in lodgings on the second floor. In 1906, a clock tower
was added over the main entrance marking the 25th
anniversary of the reign of the Turkish sultan, Abdul
Hamid II.[66] Crusader and Ottoman settlements in
Acre.
City walls

In 1750, Zahir al-Umar, the ruler of Acre, utilized the remnants

of the Crusader walls as a foundation for his walls. Two gates
were set in the wall, the "land gate" in the eastern wall, and the
"sea gate" in the southern wall. The walls were reinforced
between 1775 and 1799 by Jazzar Pasha and survived
Napoleon's siege. The wall was thin, at only 1.5 metres (4.9 ft),
and rose to a height of between 10 metres (33 ft) and 13 metres
(43 ft).[67] Khan al-Umdan in the old city of
Acre
A heavy land defensive wall was built north and east to the city
in 1800–1814 by Jazzar Pasha and his Jewish advisor, Haim
Farhi. It consists of a modern counter-artillery fortification
which includes a thick defensive wall, a dry moat, cannon
outposts and three burges (large defensive towers). Since then,
no major modifications have taken place. The sea wall, which
remains mostly complete, is the original wall built by Zahir that
was reinforced by Jazzar Pasha. In 1910, two additional gates
were set in the walls, one in the northern wall and one in the
north-western corner of the city. In 1912, the Acre lighthouse
was built on the south-western corner of the walls.[68]

Al-Jazzar Mosque
Church of Saint Andrew

Al-Jazzar Mosque was built in 1781. Jazzar Pasha and his

successor, Sulayman Pasha al-Adil, are both buried in a small
graveyard adjacent to the mosque. In a shrine on the second
level of the mosque, a single hair from Muhammad's beard is
kept and shown on special ceremonial occasions.

Hamam al-Basha

Built in 1795 by Jazzar Pasha, Acre's Turkish bath has a series

Acre's southern sea wall
of hot rooms and a hexagonal steam room with a marble
fountain. It was used by the Irgun as a bridge to break into the
citadel's prison. The bathhouse kept functioning until 1950.

Citadel of Acre

The current building which constitutes the citadel of Acre is an Ottoman fortification, built on the
foundation of the citadel of the Knights Hospitaller. The citadel was part of the city's defensive
formation, reinforcing the northern wall. During the 20th century the citadel was used mainly as
Acre Prison and as the site for a gallows. During the Palestinian mandate period, activists of Arab
nationalist and the Jewish Zionist movements were held prisoner there; some were executed there.

Hospitaller fortress

Under the citadel and prison of Acre, archaeological excavations revealed a complex of halls, which
was built and used by the Knights Hospitaller.[69] This complex was a part of the Hospitallers
citadel, which was included in the northern defences of Acre. The complex includes six semi-joined
halls, one recently excavated large hall, a dungeon, a refectory (dining room) and remains of a
Gothic church.

Other medieval sites

Other medieval European remains include the Church of Saint George and adjacent houses at the
Genovese Square (called Kikar ha-Genovezim or Kikar Genoa in Hebrew). There were also
residential quarters and marketplaces run by merchants from Pisa and Amalfi in Crusader and
medieval Acre.

Baháʼí holy places

There are many Baháʼí holy places in and around Acre.

They originate from Baháʼu'lláh's imprisonment in the
Citadel during Ottoman Rule. The final years of
Baháʼu'lláh's life were spent in the Mansion of Bahjí, just
outside Acre, even though he was still formally a prisoner
of the Ottoman Empire. Baháʼu'lláh died on 29 May 1892
in Bahjí, and the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh is the most holy
place for Baháʼís  — their Qiblih, the location they face
when saying their daily prayers. It contains the remains Baháʼí shrine outside Acre, Bahji mansion
of Baháʼu'lláh and is near the spot where he died in the
Mansion of Bahjí. Other Baháʼí sites in Acre are the
House of ʻAbbúd (where Baháʼu'lláh and his family resided) and
the House of ʻAbdu'lláh Páshá (where later ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
resided with his family), and the Garden of Ridván where he
spent the end of his life. In 2008, the Baháʼí holy places in Acre
and Haifa were added to the UNESCO World Heritage
List.[70][71]

Archaeology Acre's sea wall at night

Excavations at Tell Akko began in 1973.[72]

In 2012,
archaeologists excavating at the foot of the city's southern
seawall found a quay and other evidence of a 2,300-year old
port. Mooring stones weighing 250–300 kilograms each were
unearthed at the edge of a 5-meter long stone platform chiseled
in Phoenician-style, thought to be an installation that helped
raise military vessels from the water onto the shore.[73]

Crusader period remains

Under the citadel and prison of Acre, archaeological

excavations revealed a complex of halls, which was built and
used by the Hospitallers Knights.[69] This complex was a part of
the Hospitallers' citadel, which was combined in the northern
wall of Acre. The complex includes six semi-joined halls, one Refectory of the Hospitaller fortress
recently excavated large hall, a dungeon, a refectory (dining
hall) and remains of an ancient Gothic church.
Medieval European remains include the Church of Saint
George and adjacent houses at the Genovese Square (Kikar ha-
Genovezim or Kikar Genoa in Hebrew). There were also
residential quarters and marketplaces run by merchants from
Pisa and Amalfi in Crusader and medieval Acre.

In March 2017, marine archaeologists from Haifa University

announced the discovery of the wreck of a crusader ship with
treasure dating back to 1062-1250 AD. Excavators teams also
Saint John the Baptist Church
unearthed ceramic bowls and jugs from places as Syria, Cyprus
and southern Italy. The researchers thought the golden coins
could be used as a bribe to boat owners in hopes of buying their escape. Robert Kool of the IAA
identified these 30 coins as florins.[74][75][76]

International relations
Acre is twinned with:

Bielsko-Biała, Poland[77] La Rochelle, France, since 1972[78]

Bregenz, Austria Nanjing, China, since 2019
Canton, Ohio, United States Pisa, Italy, since 1998[79]
Deerfield Beach, Florida, United States Recklinghausen, Germany
Nagykanizsa, Hungary

Notable people
Joan of Acre (1272–1307), English princess born in Acre
Ghassan Kanafani (1936–1972), Palestinian writer
Raymonda Tawil (born 1940), Palestinian journalist and
activist
Lydia Hatuel-Czuckermann (born 1963), Olympic foil fencer
Ayelet Ohayon (born 1974), Olympic foil fencer
Delila Hatuel (born 1980), Olympic foil fencer
Avigail Alfatov (born 1996), national fencing champion,
soldier, and Miss Israel 2014
Delila Hatuel, foil fencing Olympic
athlete
In popular culture
Acre is one of three main settings in the video game Assassin's Creed.[80][81]

See also
District of Acre, Mandatory Palestine
Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre (14 July 1941) between the Allies and Vichy France forces in
Syria and Lebanon
Cities of the ancient Near East
Terra Sancta Church
References

Citations
1. "Population in the Localities 2019" (https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2017/populatio
n_madaf/population_madaf_2019_1.xlsx) (XLS). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved
16 August 2020.
2. "Old City of Acre." (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1042) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0201024202837/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1042) 2020-10-24 at the Wayback Machine,
UNESCO World Heritage Center. World Heritage Convention. Web. 15 Apr 2013
3. Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). "Akko (Tel)". Archaeological Encyclopedia of the
Holy Land. New York and London: Continuum. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8264-1316-1.
4. Petersen, 2001, p. 68 (https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20190324182652/https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._
A-C) 2019-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
5. "History & Overview of Acre" (https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-acre).
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170710052812/http://ww
w.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-acre) from the original on 2017-07-10.
Retrieved 2021-02-28.
6. Acre: Historical overview (http://www.akko.org.il/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%
A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2-%D7%A9%D
7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%
D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180901050654/http://akk
o.org.il/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94-
%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9
9-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94) 2018-09-01 at
the Wayback Machine (Hebrew)
7. Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (2008). The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from
Earliest Times to 1700 (https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Yy9FDcT8gC&pg=PT48).
Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-
923666-4. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
8. Trevor Bryce, The Routledge Handbook of The Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia,
Routledge, 2009, p. 19 [1] (https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA19)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072048/https://books.google.com/books?id=A
wwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA19) 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine
9. Burraburias II to Amenophis IV, letter No. 2
10. Aharoni, Yohanan (1979). The land of the Bible: a historical geography (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC&pg=PA144). Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 144–147.
ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115230/http://books.
google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC&pg=PA144) from the original on September 27, 2013.
Retrieved October 18, 2010.
11. Head & al. (1911), p. 793.
12. Judges 1:31
13. The Guide to Israel, Zev Vilnay, Ahiever, Jerusalem, 1972, p. 396
14. Jastrow, Marcus (1903). "‫ תלי‬- ‫"תל‬  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_Targum
im,_the_Talmud_Babli_and_Yerushalmi,_and_the_Midrashic_Literature/%D7%AA%D7%9C_-
_%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%99). A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and
Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (Eleventh ed.) – via Wikisource.
15.  Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Ace". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.
London: John Murray.
16. "Roman Ptolemais: recent discoveries" (http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=1
7&sub_subj_id=403). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154222/http://www.antiq
uities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=403) from the original on 2018-11-23.
Retrieved 2018-11-23.
17. Becking, Bob (1992): The Fall of Samaria: An Historical and Archaeological Study, Brill,
ISBN 90-04-09633-7, pp. 31–35
18. Judges 1:31.
19. "2,500-Year-Old Persian Military Base Found In Northern Israel". 2015. Haaretz.Com.
Accessed December 26, 2018. [2] (https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium.MAGAZIN
E-archaeologists-may-have-found-2-500-year-old-persian-military-base-in-northern-israe-1.676
5220) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190923071139/https://www.haaretz.com/archae
ology/.premium.MAGAZINE-archaeologists-may-have-found-2-500-year-old-persian-military-ba
se-in-northern-israe-1.6765220) 2019-09-23 at the Wayback Machine.
20. Powell, Eric. 2018. "A Persian Military Outpost Identified In Israel – Archaeology Magazine".
Archaeology.Org. Accessed December 26, 2018. [3] (https://www.archaeology.org/news/7265-
181223-israel-acre-persian-encampment) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230
951/https://www.archaeology.org/news/7265-181223-israel-acre-persian-encampment) 2018-
12-24 at the Wayback Machine.
21. "Roman Ptolemais: recent discoveries" (http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=1
7&sub_subj_id=403). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154222/http://www.antiq
uities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=403) from the original on 2018-11-23.
Retrieved 2018-11-23.
22. "Acre (Akko) - Overview" (https://www.biblewalks.com/acre).
23. Butcher, 2003; p. 231
24. Acts 21:7 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:7&version=nrsv).
25. Hazlitt, W. (1851) The Classical Gazetteer (http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0006.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060822075442/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazettee
r/0006.html) 2006-08-22 at the Wayback Machine p.4
26. Sharon, 1997, p. 23 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=PA23) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20160511220233/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHM
joC&pg=PA23) 2016-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
27. Sharon, 1997, p. 24 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=PA24) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20160511210513/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHM
joC&pg=PA24) 2016-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
28. Le Strange, 1890, p. 30 (https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/30/mode/
1up)
29. Le Strange, 1890, pp. 328–329 (https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/3
28/mode/1up).
30. Peters, Edward. The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source
Materials. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971. (23–
90, 104–105, 122–124, 149–151)
31. Jonathan Riley-Smith, University of Cambridge. "A History of the World – Object : Hedwig glass
beaker" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/2GL6QSA8SMmcMCtPgHQJsw).
BBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110709073137/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoft
heworld/objects/2GL6QSA8SMmcMCtPgHQJsw) from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved
September 15, 2011.
32. Šārôn, Moše (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae (CIAP).: A. Volume one (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=PA26). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10833-2.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150911182012/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1r
SzWgHMjoC&pg=PA26) from the original on 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2015-07-01., page 26
33. Le Strange, 1890, p. 333 (https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/333/mo
de/1up)
34. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192
35. Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 (https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Po
pulation_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century) Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Populati
on_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century) 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
writes that the Safad register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but
from 1548/9.
36. Maundrell, 1703, pp. 53 (https://archive.org/stream/gri_journeyfroma00maun#page/n82/mode/1
up)-55
37. Sharon, 1997, p. 28 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=PA28) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20160430160823/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgH
MjoC&pg=PA28) 2016-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
38. Sharon, 1997, p. 27 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=PA27) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20150915135812/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgH
MjoC&pg=PA27) 2015-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
39. Kürekli, Recep (Nevşehir University). "Socio-Economic Transformation by the Extension of
Hedjaz Railway to the Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study on Haifa Qadâ" (http://www.historystu
dies.net/dergi/tar20151297f08.pdf) (PDF). History Studies (in Turkish). doi:10.9737/hist_146 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.9737%2Fhist_146) (inactive 31 July 2022). Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20210228162045/http://www.historystudies.net/dergi/tar20151297f08.pdf) (PDF) from the
original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
40. Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 36 (https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1
922)
41. Mills, 1932, p. 99 (https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTow
nsAndAdministrativeAreas)
42. Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4 (http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpag
es/VS1945_p04.jpg) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180928084625/http://users.cecs.
anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p04.jpg) 2018-09-28 at the Wayback
Machine
43. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in
Hadawi, 1970, p. 40 (http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%
20I/Acre/Page-040.jpg) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180915151708/http://www.pal
estineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-040.jpg) 2018-09-15
at the Wayback Machine
44. "Acre Jail Break" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080727024032/http://britains-smallwars.com/
Palestine/Acre.htm). Britain's Small Wars. Archived from the original (http://www.britains-small
wars.com/Palestine/Acre.htm) on 2008-07-27. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
45. Alon Kadish, The British Army in Palestine and the 1948 War: Containment, Withdrawal and
Evacuation, (https://books.google.com/books?id=69S8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT238) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20221008134953/https://books.google.com/books?id=69S8DwAAQBA
J&pg=PT238) 2022-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Routledge 2019 ISBN 978-0-429-84332-7.
46. Alon Kadish, The British Army in Palestine and the 1948 War: Containment, Withdrawal and
Evacuation, (https://books.google.com/books?id=69S8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT240) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20221008134950/https://books.google.com/books?id=69S8DwAAQBA
J&pg=PT240) 2022-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Routledge 2019 ISBN 978-0-429-84332-7.
47. Benny Morris, Benjamin Z. Kedar, ‘Cast thy bread’: Israeli biological warfare during the 1948
War (https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448) Middle Eastern Studies 19 September
2022, pages =1-25 p.8.
48. Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, (https://books.google.com/books?id
=CC7381HrLqcC&pg=PA166) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221008133418/https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&pg=PA166) 2022-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
Yale University Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-300-14524-3 p.166.
49. Karsh (2010), p. 268
50. Warburg, Margit (2006). Citizens of the World: A History and Sociology of the Bahaʹis from a
Globalisation Perspective. p. 424.
51. Priestley, Gerda (2008). Cultural Resources for Tourism: Patterns, Processes and Policies.
p. 32.
52. "Locality File" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130923050014/http://cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuv201
1/bycode.xls). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Archived from the original (http://cbs.go
v.il/ishuvim/ishuv2011/bycode.xls) (XLS) on 2013-09-23.
53. Khoury, Jack (October 13, 2008). "Peres in Acre: In Israel There Are Many Religions, But Only
One Law" (http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1028604.html). Haaretz. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20081016051550/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1028604.html) from
the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
54. Kershner, Isabel (October 12, 2008). "Israeli City Divided by Sectarian Violence" (https://www.n
ytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/middleeast/13mideast.html?bl&ex=1224043200&en=1694b9dd2
25b8c71&ei=5087%0A). New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191210124
547/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/middleeast/13mideast.html?bl&ex=122404320
0&en=1694b9dd225b8c71&ei=5087%0A) from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved
October 20, 2008.
55. Izenberg, Dan (October 12, 2008). "Police Arrest Acre Yom Kippur driver" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20120111203200/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1222017521503&pagename=
JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull). The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original (http://fr.jpos
t.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1222017521503&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull) on January
11, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
56. "Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural
Population" (http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf) (PDF). Israel Central
Bureau of Statistics. December 31, 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201011210344
00/http://cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf) (PDF) from the original on November 21,
2010. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
57. Jerusalem - Facts And Trends 2019 (https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/0
5/PUB_505_facts-and-trends_eng_2019_web.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2019
0702012955/https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PUB_505_facts-and-tr
ends_eng_2019_web.pdf) 2019-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, Jerusalem Institute for Policy
Research. p. 18.
58. "Archived copy" (http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/statistical/arabju.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20181003235411/http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/statistical/arabju.pdf) (PDF) from
the original on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
59. Stern, Yoav. "For Love of Acre" (http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1024906.html).
Haaretz. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081019050906/http://www.haaretz.com/hase
n/spages/1024906.html) from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
60. Hertz-Lazarowitz, Rachel (1999). "Cooperative Learning in Israel's Jewish and Arab Schools: A
Community Approach". Theory into Practice. 38 (2): 105–113.
doi:10.1080/00405849909543840 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00405849909543840).
JSTOR 1477231 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1477231).
61. "Israel Railways – Akko" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160420073916/http://rail.co.il/en/Statio
ns/Pages/1500.aspx). Israel Railways. Israel Railways. Archived from the original (http://rail.co.i
l/en/Stations/Pages/1500.aspx) on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
62. "Ambassadors for peace emerging from mixed Israeli neighborhood" (http://www.israel21c.org/
social-action/ambassadors-for-peace-emerging-from-mixed-israeli-neighborhood). ISRAEL21c.
2007-03-11. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120117152426/http://www.israel21c.org/s
ocial-action/ambassadors-for-peace-emerging-from-mixed-israeli-neighborhood) from the
original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
63. "Curtain rises over Acre's abundantly diverse Fringe Theater Festival" (http://www.haaretz.com/
culture/arts-leisure/curtain-rises-over-acre-s-abundantly-diverse-fringe-theater-festival-1.38926
9). Haaretz.com. 11 October 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120122034333/htt
p://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/curtain-rises-over-acre-s-abundantly-diverse-fringe-th
eater-festival-1.389269) from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
64. "Acre Fringe Theatre Festival" (http://www.akko.org.il/en/Acre-Fringe-Theatre-Festival).
akko.org.il. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120917055732/http://www.akko.org.il/en/A
cre-Fringe-Theatre-Festival) from the original on 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
65. Birenberg, Yoav (2007-09-30). "Four-day Acre Festival opens Sunday" (http://www.ynetnews.c
om/articles/0,7340,L-3454789,00.html). ynet. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201303271
73919/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3454789,00.html) from the original on 2013-
03-27. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
66. "Unearthing Acre's Ottoman roots" (http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1061401.html).
Haaretz.com. 4 February 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090313123211/http://h
aaretz.com/hasen/spages/1061401.html) from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved
8 March 2009.
67. Kahanov, 2014, p.147.
68. Rowlett, Russ (2018). "Lighthouses of Israel" (https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/isr.htm). The
Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
69. "Archaeology in Israel – Acco (Acre)" (http://www.jewishmag.com/30MAG/acco/acco.htm).
Jewishmag.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090606132333/http://www.jewishma
g.com/30mag/acco/acco.htm) from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
70. "Baha'i Shrines Chosen as World Heritage sites" (http://www.bwns.org/story/642). Baha'i World
News Service. July 8, 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081120022441/http://bwn
s.org/story/642) from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
71. Glass, Hannah (July 10, 2008). "Israeli Baha'i Sites Recognized by UNESCO" (http://www.haar
etz.com/hasen/spages/1000944.html). Haaretz. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2008092
2091911/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1000944.html) from the original on 22
September 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
72. Moshe Dothan, Akko: Interim Excavation Report First Season, 1973/4, Bulletin of the American
Schools of Oriental Research, no. 224, pp. 1–48, (Dec., 1976)
73. "2,000-year old port discovered in Acre" (http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/2-000-year-old-
port-discovered-in-acre-1.451805). Haaretz.com. 18 July 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20120922080021/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/2-000-year-old-port-discovered-
in-acre-1.451805) from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
74. Hoare, Callum (2020-08-09). "Archaeology breakthrough: Treasure-laden shipwreck find from
'Crusaders' Holy Land flee' " (https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1320525/archaeology-new
s-treasure-shipwreck-crusades-holy-land-Israel-jerusalem-bible-spt). Express.co.uk. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20210207040314/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1320525/
archaeology-news-treasure-shipwreck-crusades-holy-land-Israel-jerusalem-bible-spt) from the
original on 2021-02-07. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
75. Laskow, Sarah (2017-03-16). "Found: Golden Coins Hidden in a Crusader Shipwreck" (http://w
ww.atlasobscura.com/articles/crusader-shipwreck-israel-coins). Atlas Obscura. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20210121213459/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/crusader-ship
wreck-israel-coins) from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
76. Pruitt, Sarah. "Crusader Shipwreck Tells a Golden Knights' Tale" (https://www.history.com/new
s/crusader-shipwreck-tells-a-golden-knights-tale). HISTORY. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20201218143220/https://www.history.com/news/crusader-shipwreck-tells-a-golden-knights
-tale) from the original on 2020-12-18. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
77. "Bielsko-Biała – Partner Cities" (http://www.um.bielsko.pl/). © 2008 Urzędu Miejskiego w
Bielsku-Białej. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170924155037/http://www.um.bielsko.p
l/) from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
78. "La Rochelle: Twin towns" (http://www.ville-larochelle.fr/en/decouvrir-la-ville/villes-jumelles.htm
l). www.ville-larochelle.fr. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171020095103/http://www.vil
le-larochelle.fr/en/decouvrir-la-ville/villes-jumelles.html) from the original on October 20, 2017.
Retrieved November 7, 2009.
79. "Pisa – Official Sister Cities" (http://www.comune.pisa.it/english/doc/gemhome.htm). Comune di
Pisa. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120416193130/http://www.comune.pisa.it/englis
h/doc/gemhome.htm) from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
80. "History Behind the Game – Assassin's Creed Characters" (https://venturebeat.com/communit
y/2013/09/27/history-behind-the-game-assassins-creed-characters/). Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20180612143510/https://venturebeat.com/community/2013/09/27/history-behind-t
he-game-assassins-creed-characters/) from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
81. Barba, Rick (2016-10-25). Assassin's Creed: A Walk Through History (1189–1868) (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=4zqnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12). Scholastic Inc. ISBN 9781338099157.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210529123755/https://books.google.com/books?id=4z
qnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12) from the original on 2021-05-29. Retrieved 2019-08-19.

Bibliography
Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 (http
s://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922). Government of Palestine.
Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the
Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology (https://archive.org/details/surveyofwe
sternp02conduoft). Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945 (http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebr
ew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390). Government of Palestine. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20190402072744/http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/hebrew/library/pages/bookrea
der.aspx?pid=856390) from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in
Palestine (https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.co
m/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html). Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
Archived from the original (http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.
html) on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Head, Barclay; et al. (1911), "Phoenicia" (http://snible.org/coins/hn/syria.html), Historia
Numorum (http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html) (2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 788–
801, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210301160501/http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.ht
ml) from the original on 2021-03-01, retrieved 2018-11-23.
Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine,
Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century (https://books.google.com/books?id=
wqULAAAAIAAJ). Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany:
Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-920405-41-4. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20191014140930/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIA
AJ) from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
Kahanov, Yaacov; Stern, Eliezer; Cvikel, Deborah; Me-Bar, Yoav (2014). "Between Shoal and
Wall: The naval bombardment of Akko, 1840". The Mariner's Mirror. 100 (2): 147–167.
doi:10.1080/00253359.2014.901699 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.2014.901699).
S2CID 110466181 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110466181).
Karsh, E. (2010). Palestine Betrayed. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12727-0.
Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land
from A.D. 650 to 1500 (https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft). Committee of
the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Maundrell, H. (1703). A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem: At Easter, A. D. 1697 (https://archiv
e.org/details/gri_journeyfroma00maun). Oxford: Printed at the Theatre.
 Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and
Administrative Areas (https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesT
ownsAndAdministrativeAreas). Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
Pappé, I. (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansing
o00papp). London and New York: Oneworld. ISBN 978-1-85168-467-0.
Peters, E. (1971). The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source
Materials. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. (23–90,
104–105, 122–124, 149–151)
Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy
Monographs in Archaeology) (https://www.academia.edu/21619490). Vol. I. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210529123801/http
s://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3_A_C) from the original on 2021-05-29.
Retrieved 2018-12-15.
Philipp, Thomas (2001). Acre -The rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831 (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=95I5QVdp4_gC). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12326-6.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200605015209/https://books.google.com/books?id=95
I5QVdp4_gC) from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2015-07-01.
Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (https://archive.org/det
ails/gri_33125009339611). Vol. 2. London: Printed for the author, by W. Bowyer.
Pringle, D. (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological
Gazetter (https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC). Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0521-46010-7. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200608230937/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC) from the original on 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2015-07-01.
(pp. 16 (https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA16) Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20150924233812/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=P
A16) 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine-17)
Riley-Smith, J. (2010), A History of the World-Object: Hedwig glass beaker (http://www.bbc.co.
uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/2GL6QSA8SMmcMCtPgHQJsw), BBC, archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20190529072735/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/2GL6QSA8SM
mcMCtPgHQJsw) from the original on 2019-05-29, retrieved 2010-06-25
Sharon, M. (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, A (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC). Vol. 1. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10833-2. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20191221181711/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC) from the
original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2000). The Limits of Coexistence: Identity Politics in Israel (https://books.
google.com/books?id=6de4vgxNZqMC). The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-
11124-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151126003208/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=6de4vgxNZqMC) from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2015-07-01.

External links
Acre Municipality official website (http://akko.muni.il/?CategoryID=497)
Official website of the Old City of Acre (https://web.archive.org/web/20110519203217/http://ww
w.akko.org.il/english/main/default.asp)
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3: IAA (http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folde
r_id=93&type_id=6&id=8366), Wikimedia commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:S
urvey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.03.jpg)
Orit Soffer and Yotam Carmel,Hamam al-Pasha: The implementation of urgent ("first aid")
conservation and restoration measures (http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.a
sp?subject_id=10&site_id=5&id=18), Israel Antiquities Site (http://www.antiquities.org.il/home_
eng.asp) – Conservation Department (https://web.archive.org/web/20140626044723/http://iaa-
conservation.org.il/index_eng.asp)
 Picart map of Old Acre, 16th century. (http://aleph.nli.org.il:80/F/?func=direct&doc_number=002
368146&local_base=NNL01) Eran Laor Cartographich Collection, The National Library of
Israel.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acre,_Israel&oldid=1119270608"

This page was last edited on 31 October 2022, at 16:03 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0;

additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.