A single phase line has two parallel conductors 2 meters apart.

The diameter of each conductor is

1·2 cm. Calculate the loop inductance per km of the line.
Sol: Spacing of conductors, d = 2 m = 200 cm
Radius of conductor, r = 1·2/2 = 0·6 cm
Loop inductance per meter length of the line = 10-7 (1+4 loge d/r) H
= 10-7 (1+4 loge 200/0.6) H
= 24.23 * 10-7 H
Loop inductance per km of the line = 24.23 * 10-7 * 1000 = 24.23 * 10-4 =2.423 mH

A single phase transmission line has two parallel conductors 3 m apart, the radius of each
conductor being 1 cm. Calculate the loop inductance per km length of the line if the material of
the conductor is (i) copper with relative permeability of 1 (ii) steel with relative permeability of
100.
Sol: Spacing of conductors, d = 300 cm
Radius of conductor, r = 1 cm
Loop inductance = 10−7 (μr + 4 loge d/r) H/m
(i) With copper conductors, μr = 1
Loop inductance/m = 10−7 (1 + 4 loge d/r) H = 10−7 (1 + 4 loge 300/1) H
= 23·8 × 10−7 H
Loop inductance/km = 23·8 × 10−7 × 1000 = 2·38 × 10−3 H = 2·38 mH
(ii) With steel conductors, μr = 100
∴ Loop inductance/m = 10−7 (100 + 4 loge 300/1) H = 122·8 × 10−7 H
Loop inductance/km = 122·8 × 10−7 × 1000 = 12·28 × 10−3 H = 12·28 mH

Find the inductance per km of a 3-phase transmission line using 1·24 cm diameter conductors
when these are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of each side 2 m.
Sol: Figure shows the three conductors of the three phase line placed at the corners of an
equilateral triangle of each side 2 m. Here conductor spacing d = 2 m and conductor radius
r = 1·24/2 = 0·62 cm.

Inductance/phase/m = 10−7 (0·5 + 2 loge d/r) H

= 10−7 (0·5 + 2 loge 200/0·62) H
= 12 × 10−7 H
 Inductance/phase/km = 12 × 10−7× 1000 = 1·2 × 10−3 H = 1·2 mH

The three conductors of a 3-phase line are arranged at the corners of a triangle of sides 2 m, 2·5 m
and 4·5 m. Calculate the inductance per km of the line when the conductors are regularly
transposed. The diameter of each conductor is 1·24 cm.
Sol: Figure shows three condu3ctors of a 3-phase line placed at the corners of a triangle of sides
D12 = 2 m, D23 = 2·5 m and D31 = 4·5 m. The conductor radius r = 1·24/2 = 0·62 cm

3
Equivalent equilateral spacing, Deq = 3√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 = √2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 4.5 = 2.82m =282 cm
Inductance/phase/m = 10−7(0·5 + 2 loge Deq/r) H = 10−7(0·5 + 2 loge 282/0·62) H
= 12·74 × 10−7 H
Inductance/phase/km = 12·74 × 10−7× 1000 = 1·274 × 10−3 H = 1·274 mH

Calculate the inductance of each conductor in a 3-phase, 3-wire system when the conductors are
arranged in a horizontal plane with spacing such that D31 = 4 m; D12 = D23 = 2m. The conductors
are transposed and have a diameter of 2·5 cm.
Sol: Figure shows the arrangement of the conductors of the 3phase line. The conductor radius r =
2·5/2 = 1·25 cm.

3
Equivalent equilateral spacing Deq = 3√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 = √2 ∗ 2 ∗ 4 = 2.52m =252 cm
Inductance/phase/m = 10−7 (0·5 + 2 loge Deq/r) H
= 10−7 (0·5 3+ 2 loge 252/1·25) H = 11·1 × 10−7 H
Inductance/phase/km = 11·1 × 10−7 × 1000 = = 1·11 × 10−3 H = 1·11 mH

Two conductors of a single phase line, each of 1 cm diameter, are arranged in a vertical plane with
one conductor mounted 1 m above the other. A second identical line is mounted at the same height
as the first and spaced horizontally 0·25 m apart from it. The two upper and the two lower
conductors are connected in parallel. Determine the inductance per km of the resulting double
circuit line.
Sol: Figure shows the arrangement of double circuit single phase line.
Conductors a, a′ form one connection and conductors b, b′ form the
return connection.
The conductor radius, r = 1/2 = 0·5 cm.
G.M.R. of conductor = 0·7788 r = 0·7788 × 0·5 = 0·389 cm
Self G.M.D. of aa′ combination is
𝐷𝑆 = 4√𝐷𝑎𝑎 × 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ × 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′ × 𝐷𝑎′𝑎
4
= √0.389 × 100 × 0.389 × 100 = 6.23 cm
Mutual G.M.D. between a and b is
𝐷𝑚 = 4√𝐷𝑎𝑏 × 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ × 𝐷𝑎′𝑏 × 𝐷𝑎′𝑏′
4
= √25 × 103 × 103 × 25 =50.74 cm
Inductance per conductor per meter
= 2 × 10−7 loge Dm/Ds = 2 × 10−7 loge 50·74/6·23 H
= 0·42 × 10−6 H
∴ Loop inductance per km of the line
= 2 × 0·42 × 10−6 × 1000 = 0·84 mH

Figure shows the spacing’s of a double circuit 3-phase overhead line. The phase sequence is ABC
and the line is completely transposed. The conductor radius in 1·3 cm. Find the inductance per
phase per kilometer.

Sol: G.M.R. of conductor = 1·3 × 0·7788 = 1·01 cm

Distance a to b′ is = 6.7 m
Distance a to a′ is 8.48 m
Equivalent self G.M.D. of one phase is
𝐷𝑆 = 3√𝐷𝑠1 × 𝐷𝑠2 × 𝐷𝑠3
Where Ds1, Ds2 and Ds3 represent the self-G.M.D. in
positions 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Also Ds is the same for
all the phases.
Now 𝐷𝑆1 = 4√𝐷𝑎𝑎 × 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ × 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′ × 𝐷𝑎′𝑎
4
𝐷𝑆1 = √(1.01 × 10−2 ) × 8.48 × (1.01 × 10−2 ) × 8.48
= 0.292 m = Ds3
𝐷𝑆2 = 4√𝐷𝑏𝑏 × 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ × 𝐷𝑏′𝑏′ × 𝐷𝑏′𝑏
4
𝐷𝑆2 = √(1.01 × 10−2 ) × 6 × (1.01 × 10−2 ) × 6
= 0.246 m
3
𝐷𝑆 = √0.292 × 0.246 × 0.292 = 0.275 m
Equivalent mutual G.M.D.,
𝐷𝑚 = 3√𝐷𝐴𝐵 × 𝐷𝐵𝐶 × 𝐷𝐶𝐴
Where DAB, DBC and DCA represent the mutual G.M.D. between phases A and B, B and C and C
and A respectively.
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 4√𝐷𝑎𝑏 × 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ × 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 × 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′
4
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = √3 × 6.7 × 6.7 × 3 = 4.48 m = DBC
𝐷𝐶𝐴 = 4√𝐷𝑐𝑎 × 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ × 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 × 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′
4
𝐷𝐶𝐴 = √6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 6 m
3
𝐷𝑚 = √4.48 × 4.48 × 6 =4.94 m
∴ Inductance per phase per meter length
= 10−7 × 2 loge Dm/Ds = 10−7 × 2 loge 4·94/0·275
= 5·7 × 10−7 H
Inductance /phase/km = 5·7 × 10−7 × 1000 = 0·57 × 10−3 H = 0·57 mH

Questions
1. A single phase line has two parallel conductors 1 meter apart. The radius of each conductor
is 0·5 cm. Calculate the lo3op inductance per km of the line. [2·22 mH]
2. Find the inductance per km per phase of a 3-phase overhead transmission line using 2 cm
diameter conductor when these are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 4
meters. [1·25 mH]
3. Find the loop inductance per km of a single phase overhead transmission line when
conductors have relative permeability of (i) 1(ii) 100. Each conductor has a diameter of 1
cm and they are spaced 5 m apart. [(i)1·02 mH (ii) 10·9 mH]
4. The three conductors of a 3-phase line are arranged at the corners of a triangle of sides 4,
5 and 6 meters. Calculate inductance per km of the each conductor when conductors are
regularly transposed. The diameter of each line conductor is 2 cm. [1·285 mH]
5. The three conductors of 3-phase overhead line are arranged in a horizontal plane with a
spacing of 4 m between adjacent conductors. The diameter of each conductor is 2 cm.
Determine the inductance per km per phase of the line assuming that the lines are
transposed. [1·3 mH]
6. Determine the inductance per km of a 3-phase transmission line using 20 mm diameter
conductors when conductors are at the corners of a triangle with spacing of 4, 5 and 6
meters. Conductors are regularly transposed. [1·29 mH/km/phase]
7. Determine the inductance of a 3-phase symmetrical line whose conductors are placed at
the corners of an equilateral triangle of sides 1 meter. The diameter of each conductor is
20 mm. [0·971 mH/phase/km]
8. A 20 km single phase line has two parallel conductors separated by 1·5 meters. The
diameter of each conductor is 0·823 cm. If the conductor has a resistance of 0·311 Ω/km,
find the loop impedance of this line at 50 Hz. [0·971 mH/phase/km]
Capacitance Calculation
Problems
A single-phase transmission line has two parallel conductors 3 meters apart, radius of each
conductor being 1 cm. Calculate the capacitance of the line per km. Given that ε0 =8·854 × 10−12
F/m.
Sol: Conductor radius, r = 1 cm
Spacing of conductors, d = 3 m = 300 cm
𝜋𝜀0 𝜋∗8.854∗10^−12
Capacitance of the line = 𝑑 F/m = 300 F/m
log𝑒 log𝑒
𝑟 1
= 0·4875 × 10−11 F/m = 0·4875 × 10−8 F/km
= 0·4875 × 10−2 μF/km

A 3-phase overhead transmission line has its conductors arranged at the corners of an equilateral
triangle of 2 m side. Calculate the capacitance of each line conductor per km. Given that diameter
of each conductor is 1·25 cm.
Sol: Conductor radius, r = 1.25/2 =0.625 cm
Spacing of conductors, d = 2 m = 200 cm
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋∗8.854∗10^−12
Capacitance of the line = 𝑑 F/m = 200 F/m
log𝑒 log𝑒
𝑟 0.625
= 0·0096 × 10−9 F/m = 0·0096 × 10−6 F/km
= 0·0096 μF/km
A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 66 kV overhead line conductors are placed in a horizontal plane as shown in
Figure. The conductor diameter is 1·25 cm. If the line length is 100 km, calculate (i) capacitance
per phase, (ii) charging current per phase, assuming complete transposition of the line.

Sol: Fig 9.26 shows the arrangement of conductors of the 3-phase line. The equivalent equilateral
spacing is
3 3
√𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 = √2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 4. 5 = 2.82m

3
Conductor radius, r = 1·25/2 = 0·625 cm
Conductor spacing, d = 2·82 m = 282 cm
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋∗8.854∗10^−12
(i) Line to neutral capacitance = 𝑑 F/m = 280 F/m
log𝑒 log𝑒
𝑟 0.625
= 0·0091 × 10−9 F/m = 0·0091 × 10−6 F/km =0·0091 μF/km

∴ Line to neutral capacitance for 100 km line is C = 0·0091 × 100 = 0·91 μF

𝑉 6600
(ii) Charging current per phase is IC = 𝑋𝑝ℎ = ∗ 2𝜋𝑓𝑐
𝑐 √3
6600
= ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 50 ∗ 0.91 × 10^ − 6 = 10.9A
√3
Calculate the capacitance of a 100 km long 3-phase, 50 Hz overhead transmission line consisting
of 3 conductors, each of diameter 2 cm and spaced 2·5 m at the corners of an equilateral triangle.
Sol: Equilateral spacing, d = 2·5 m = 250 cm
Radius of conductor, r = 2/2 = 1 cm
Capacitance of each conductor to neutral
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋∗8.854∗10^−12
= 𝑑 F/m = 250 F/m
log𝑒 log𝑒
𝑟 1
= 10·075 × 10−12 F/m = 10·075 × 10−9 F/km
∴ Capacitance of 100 km line = (10·075 × 10−9) × 100 = 1·0075 × 10−6 F
= 1·0075 μF/phase
A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 132 kV overhead line has conductors placed in a horizontal plane 4 m apart.
Conductor diameter is 2 cm. If the line length is 100 km, calculate the charging current per phase
assuming complete transposition.
Sol: Figure shows the conditions of the problem. The diameter of each conductor is 2 cm so that
conductor radius r = 2/2 = 1 cm = 1× 10−2 m.
Now d1 = AB = 4m; d2 = BC = 4 m; d3 = AC = 8 m
3
3 3
∴ Deq = √𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 = √4 ∗ 4 ∗ 8 = 5.04 m
Capacitance of each conductor to neutral
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋∗8.854∗10^−12
= 𝐷𝑒𝑞 F/m = 5.01 F/m = 0.00885x 10-6 F/km
log𝑒 log𝑒
𝑟 1∗10−2
Capacitance/phase for 100 km line is
Cn = 0·00885 × 10− 6 × 100 = 0·885 × 10− 6 F
Phase voltage, Vph = Line Voltage/3 =76120 V
∴ Charging current/phase, IC = ωCn Vph = (2 π × 50) × (0·885 × 10−6) × 76210 = 21·18 A

Practice Problems

1. A single phase transmission line has two parallel conductors 1·5 meters apart, the diameter of
each conductor being 0·5 cm. Calculate line to neutral capacitance for a line 80 km long.
3 [3·48 μF]
2. A 200 km, 3-phase transmission line has its conductors placed at the corners of an equilateral
triangle of 2·5 m side. The radius of each conductor is 1 cm. Calculate :
(i) line to neutral capacitance of the line,
(ii) Charging current per phase if the line is maintained at 66 kV, 50 Hz. [(i) 2·02 μF (ii) 24·2
A]
3. The three conductors A, B and C of a 3-φ line are arranged in a horizontal plane with DAB =
2 m and DBC = 2·5 m. Find line-to-neutral capacitance per km if diameter of each conductor
is 1·24 cm. The conductors are transposed at regular intervals. [0·0091 μF/km]
4. The three conductors of a 3-φ line are arranged at the corners of a right angled isosceles
triangle. If each equal side of this triangle is 2 m, find line-to-neutral capacitance per km. Take
the diameter of each conductor as 1·24 cm. The conductors are transposed at regular intervals.
[0·0094 μF/km]
5. A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 132 kV overhead line has conductors placed in a horizontal plane 4·56 m
apart. Conductor diameter is 22·4 mm. If the line length is 100 km, calculate the charging
current per phase, assuming complete transposition. [21·345 A]
6. Three conductors of a 3-phase overhead line are arranged in a horizontal plane 6 m apart. The
diameter of each conductor is 1·24 cm. Find the capacitance of each conductor to neutral per
100 km of the line. [0·785 μF]