Combinepdfairstruc

STRUCTURES 2 PRELIM PART 1
ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES
ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

STRENGTH OF A MATERIAL
 Strength of a material is its ability to resist forces.

 The ultimate strength of a material is the unit
stress that causes failure or rupture.
 The elastic strength is sometimes applied to the
greatest unit stress a material can resist without a
permanent change in shape.
DUCTILITY
 A material is said to be ductile if it is capable of
withstanding large strains under load before fracture
occurs. These large strains are accompanied by a visible
change in cross sectional dimensions and therefore give
warning of impending failure. Materials in this category
include mild steel, aluminum and some of its alloys,
copper and polymers.
MALLEABILITY
 A material having the property that permits plastic

deformation when subjected to a compressive force
is a malleable material. Materials that may be
hammered into sheets are examples of malleable
materials.
BRITTLENESS
 A brittle material exhibits little deformation

before fracture, the strain normally being below
5%. Brittle materials therefore may fail suddenly
without visible warning. Included in this group
are concrete, cast iron, high strength steel,
timber and ceramics.
ELASTIC MATERIALS
 A material is said to be elastic if
deformations disappear completely on
removal of the load. All known engineering
materials are, in addition, linearly elastic
within certain limits of stress so that strain,
within these limits, is directly proportional to
stress.
PLASTICITY
 A material is perfectly plastic if no strain
disappears after the removal of load. Ductile
materials are elastoplastic and behave in an
elastic manner until the elastic limit is reached
after which they behave plastically. When the
stress is relieved the elastic component of the
strain is recovered but the plastic strain
remains as a permanent set.
STRESS
Stress is the internal load per unit area of a material and is a measure of the intensity of load acting on a definite
plane passing through a given point in the material. To find the axial stress in a member the axial load on it is divided
by the cross-section area. Stresses may be classified as:
Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Torsion Stress
Bending Stress

TORSION (STRESSES AND DEFLECTION)

TORSION
Problems involving torsion are common in aircraft structures. The metal
covered airplane wing and fuselage are basically thin-walled tubular
structures and are subjected to large torsional moments in a certain
flight and landing conditions. The various mechanical control systems in
an airplane often contain units of various cross-sectional shapes which
are subjected to torsional forces under operating conditions; hence a
knowledge of torsional stresses and distortions of members is necessary
in aircraft structural design.

WHAT IS TORSION AND TORQUE?
 Torsion is the deflection of any member by twisting about its
longitudinal axis.
 Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal
axis. Its effect is of primary concern in the design of drive shafts used in
vehicles and machinery, and for this reason it is important to be able to
determine the stress and the deformation that occur in a shaft when it
is subjected to torsional loads.

WHAT IS TORSION AND TORQUE?

TORSION OF MEMBERS WITH CIRCULAR SECTIONS
 The member is a circular, solid or hollow round cylinder.

 Sections remain circular after application of torque.
 Diameters remain straight after twisting of section.
 Material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic.
 The allied loads lie on a plane of planes perpendicular to the
axis of the shaft or cylinder.

 The figure shows a straight cylindrical bar

subjected to a torque, T. The bar twists and
each section is subjected to a shearing stress.
Assuming the left end as stationary relative to
the rest of the bar, a line AB on the on the
surface will move to AB’ under these shearing
stresses and this rotation at any section will be
proportional to the distance from the fixed
support. The following assumptions are
considered: no distortions in any manner
occurs on the cross sections, the radius (r) and
the length (L) does not change.

Consider a shaft segment with length, 𝑑𝑥, and a radius, 𝜌. The

shaft deforms and the cross sections are rotated about the x-
axis. The difference in their rotations is denoted by 𝑑𝜃. As the
shaft rotates by 𝑑𝜃, 𝐶𝐷 deforms into 𝐶𝐷’. The shear strain can
be written as:
𝐷𝐷′
𝛾=
𝑑𝑥
𝐷𝐷′ = 𝜌𝑑𝜃
Equating:
𝑑𝜃
𝛾= 𝜌
𝑑𝑥
From Hooke’s law:

𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾
Where 𝐺 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙.

𝑑𝜃
Substituting 𝛾 = 𝜌:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
𝜏=𝐺 𝜌
𝑑𝑥

By equilibrium, the resultant of the shearing stress must equal

the internal torque, 𝑇. The shearing force can be written as:
𝑑𝑃 = 𝜏𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝜃
Substituting 𝜏 = 𝐺 𝜌:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑃 = 𝐺 𝜌𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑥
The moment torque of 𝑑𝑃 about point 𝑂 is:
𝑑𝜃 2
𝜌𝑑𝑃 = 𝐺 𝜌 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝜃 2
𝜌𝑑𝑃 = 𝑇 = 𝐺 𝜌 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑥
Integrating all the elements for the given area, 𝐴:
𝑑𝜃
𝑇=𝐺 න 𝜌2 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝐴
The expression ‫𝜌 𝐴׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 corresponds to the polar moment of

inertia, 𝐽.
𝑑𝜃
𝑇=𝐺 𝐽
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃 𝑇
=
𝑑𝑥 𝐺𝐽
𝑑𝜃 𝑇
=
𝑑𝑥 𝐺𝐽
𝜃
𝑇 𝐿
න 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐺𝐽 0
𝑇𝐿
𝜃= (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠)
𝐺𝐽

𝑑𝜃
𝑇=𝐺 𝐽
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝜏
From 𝜏 = 𝐺 𝜌, substitute 𝐺 = :
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜌
𝜏
𝑇= 𝐽
𝜌
𝑇𝜌
𝜏=
𝐽
To obtain maximum shearing stress, substitute 𝜌 = 𝑟:
𝑇𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
FORMULAS
𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐺𝐽
𝜃 = angle of twist in radians

𝐿 = length of the shaft
𝑇 = the resultant internal torque acting at the cross section.
𝐽 = the polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area
𝐺 = Shear modulus of the material

FORMULAS
𝑇𝜌
𝜏=
𝐽
𝜏 = the shear stress in the shaft at distance 𝜌 from the center

𝜌 = distance from the center

FORMULAS
𝑇𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = the maximum shear stress in the shaft, which occurs at its outer surface
𝑟 = the outer radius of the shaft

POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA
The polar moment of inertia is a shaft or
beam's resistance to being distorted by torsion,
as a function of its shape.
For solid shaft:
𝜋𝑟 4 𝜋𝑑4
𝐽= =
2 32
For hollow shaft:

𝜋 4 4
𝜋
𝐽 = 𝑅 −𝑟 = 𝐷 4 − 𝑑4
2 32

RIGHT HAND RULE

EXAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1
 The solid shaft and tube shown in the figure are made of a material having an allowable shear stress of 75 MPa.
Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to each cross section. Round off to the nearest whole number
(kN).
Given: Solution:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑟𝑠 4
Solid Shaft: 𝐽𝑠 =
2
𝑟𝑠 = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 0.1 𝑚 4
Tubular Shaft: 𝐽𝑠 =
2
𝑅𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝐽𝑠 = 1.5708 × 10−4 𝑚4
𝑟𝑡 = 75 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
𝐽𝑡 = 𝑅𝑡 4 − 𝑟𝑡 4
Required: 2
𝜋
𝑇𝑠 and 𝑇𝑡 𝐽𝑡 = 0.1 𝑚 4 − 0.075 𝑚 4
2
𝐽𝑡 = 1.0738 × 10−4 𝑚4
(kN-m).
Given: Solution:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Determine the maximum torque for each cross section:
𝑇𝑟
Solid Shaft: 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
𝑟𝑠 = 100 𝑚𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐽
Tubular Shaft: 𝑇=
𝑟
𝑅𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐽𝑠
𝑟𝑡 = 75 𝑚𝑚 = 0.075 𝑚 𝑇𝑠 =
𝑟𝑠
𝑁
Required: 75 × 106 2 1.5708 × 10−4 𝑚4
𝑚
𝑇𝑠 =
𝑇𝑠 and 𝑇𝑡 0.1 𝑚
𝑇𝑠 = 117,810 𝑁 − 𝑚 = 118𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(kN-m).
Given: Solution:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐽𝑡
𝑇𝑡 =
Solid Shaft: 𝑅𝑡
𝑟𝑠 = 100 𝑚𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚 𝑁
75 × 106 1.0738 × 10−4𝑚4
𝑚2
Tubular Shaft: 𝑇𝑡 =
0.1 𝑚
𝑅𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚
𝑇𝑡 = 80,535 𝑁 − 𝑚 = 81 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑟𝑡 = 75 𝑚𝑚 = 0.075 𝑚
Required:
𝑇𝑠 and 𝑇𝑡
 A hollow cylinder has an outer diameter of 40 mm and an inner diameter of 37 mm. If it is tightly secured to the
support at A and three torques are applied to it as shown, determine the absolute maximum shear stress developed
in the cylinder.
Given: Solution:
𝐷 = 40 𝑚𝑚 = 0.04 𝑚 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑑 = 37 𝑚𝑚 = 0.037 𝑚 𝐽
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋
𝐷4 − 𝑑4
32
90 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.02 𝑚
(0.04 𝑚)4 −(0.037 𝑚)4
32
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 26,733,168.34 𝑃𝑎 = 26.73 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
 A hollow cylinder has an outer diameter of 2.5 in. and an inner diameter of 2.3 in. If it is tightly secured at C and
three torques are applied to it as shown, determine the shear stress developed at points A and B. These points lie
on the cylinder’s outer surface.
Given: Solution:
𝐷 = 2.5 𝑖𝑛. 𝑇𝐴 𝑟
𝜏𝐴 =
𝑑 = 2.3 𝑖𝑛. 𝐽
𝑇𝐴 𝑟
𝜏𝐴 = 𝜋
𝐷 4 − 𝑑4
32
12 𝑖𝑛.
250 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 1.25 𝑖𝑛.
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜏𝐴 = 𝜋
(2.5 𝑖𝑛. )4 −(2.3 𝑖𝑛. )4
32
𝜏𝐴 = 3,447.90 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 3.45 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Required:
𝜏𝐴 and 𝜏𝐵
 A hollow cylinder has an outer diameter of 2.5 in. and an inner diameter of 2.3 in. If it is tightly secured at C and
three torques are applied to it as shown, determine the shear stress developed at points A and B. These points lie
on the cylinder’s outer surface.
Given: Solution:
𝐷 = 2.5 𝑖𝑛. 𝑇𝐵 𝑟
𝜏𝐵 =
𝑑 = 2.3 𝑖𝑛. 𝐽
𝑇𝐵 𝑟
𝜏𝐵 = 𝜋
𝐷 4 − 𝑑4
32
12 𝑖𝑛.
200 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 1.25 𝑖𝑛.
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜏𝐵 = 𝜋
(2.5 𝑖𝑛. )4 −(2.3 𝑖𝑛. )4
32
𝜏𝐵 = 2,758.32 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 2.76 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Required:
𝜏𝐴 and 𝜏𝐵
 The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected to the torques shown, determine the maximum shear
stress developed in regions BC and DE of the shaft. The bearings at A and F allow free rotation of the shaft.
Given: Solution:
𝑑 = 0.75 𝑖𝑛. 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑟
𝜏𝐵𝐶 =
𝐽
𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑟
𝜏𝐵𝐶 = 𝜋
𝑑4
32
12 𝑖𝑛.
35 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 0.375 𝑖𝑛.
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜏𝐵𝐶 = 𝜋
(0.75 𝑖𝑛. )4
32
𝜏𝐵𝐶 = 5,070.32 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 5.07 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Required:
𝜏𝐵𝐶 and 𝜏𝐷𝐸
 The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected to the torques shown, determine the maximum shear
stress developed in regions BC and DE of the shaft. The bearings at A and F allow free rotation of the shaft.
Given: Solution:
𝑑 = 0.75 𝑖𝑛. 𝑇𝐷𝐸 𝑟
𝜏𝐷𝐸 =
𝐽
𝑇𝐷𝐸 𝑟
𝜏𝐷𝐸 = 𝜋
𝑑4
32
12 𝑖𝑛.
25 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 0.375 𝑖𝑛.
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜏𝐷𝐸 = 𝜋
(0.75 𝑖𝑛. )4
32
𝜏𝐷𝐸 = 3,621.66 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 3.62 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Required:
𝜏𝐵𝐶 and 𝜏𝐷𝐸
 The solid shaft is made of material that has an allowable shear stress of 10 MPa. Determine the required diameter
of the shaft to the nearest millimeter.
Solution:
Given:
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑇𝑟
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. =
𝐽
Segment DE is critical since it is
subjected to the highest internal
torque. Substituting:
𝑑
𝑇𝐷𝐸
2
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 𝜋
𝑑4
32
3 𝑇𝐷𝐸
Required: 𝑑= 𝜋
𝜏
𝑑 16 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
 The solid shaft is made of material that has an allowable shear stress of 10 MPa. Determine the required diameter
of the shaft to the nearest millimeter.
Solution:
Given:
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 3 𝑇𝐷𝐸
𝑑= 𝜋
𝜏
16 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
3 70 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑑=
𝜋 𝑁
10 × 106
16 𝑚2
𝑑 = 0.0329 𝑚 = 32.9 𝑚𝑚
Required:
𝑑
 The 20-mm-diameter A-36 steel shaft is subjected to the torques shown. Determine the angle of twist of the end B.
Given:
𝑑 = 20 𝑚𝑚 = 0.02 𝑚 Solution:
𝑇𝐿
𝜃𝐵 = Σ
𝐺𝐽
1
𝜃𝐵 = 𝜋 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶 + 𝑇𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐶𝐷 + 𝑇𝐷𝐴 𝐿𝐷𝐴
4
𝑑 𝐺
32
1
𝜃𝐵 = [ −80 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.8 𝑚
𝜋 𝑁
0.02 𝑚 4 75 × 109 2
32 𝑚
+ −60 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.6 𝑚 + −90 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.2 𝑚 ]
Required:
𝜃𝐵 = −0.10016 rad. = 5.74°
𝜃𝐵
 The gears attached to the fixed-end steel shaft are subjected to the torque shown in the figure. If the shear
modulus of elasticity is 80 GPa and the shaft has a diameter of 14 mm, determine the displacement of the tooth P
on gear A.
Given: Solution:
𝑇𝐿
𝑑 = 14 𝑚𝑚 = 0.014 𝑚 𝜃𝐴 = Σ
𝐺𝐽
𝐺 = 80 𝐺𝑃𝑎 1
𝜃𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝐿𝐴𝐶 + 𝑇𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐶𝐷 + 𝑇𝐷𝐸 𝐿𝐷𝐸
4
𝑑 𝐺
32
1
𝜃𝐴 = [ 150 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.4 𝑚
𝜋 4 9 𝑁
0.014 𝑚 80 × 10
32 𝑚2
+ −130 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.3 𝑚 + −170 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.5 𝑚 ]
𝜃𝐴 = −0.2121 rad.
𝑠𝑃 = 𝜃𝐴 𝑟
Required:
𝑠𝑃 = 0.2121 rad. 100 𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑃 𝑠𝑃 = 21.21 𝑚𝑚

POWER TRANSMISSION
 Shafts and tubes having circular cross sections are often used to transmit power developed by a machine. When
used for this purpose, they are subjected to a torque that depends on both the power generated by the machine
and the angular speed of the shaft. Power is defined as the work performed per unit of time. Also, the Work
transmitted by a rotating shaft equals the torque applied times the angle of rotation. Therefore, if during an instant of
time 𝑑𝑡 an applied torque 𝑇 causes the shaft to rotate 𝑑𝜃, then the work done is 𝑇𝑑𝜃 and the instantaneous
power is:
𝑇𝑑𝜃
𝑃=
𝑑𝑡
POWER TRANSMISSION
𝑑𝜃
 Since the shaft’s angular velocity is ω = , then the power is
𝑑𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
 In the SI system, power is expressed in watts when torque is measured in newton-meters (𝑁 ∙ 𝑚) and ω is in
𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝑁∙𝑚
radians per second 1𝑊 =1 . In the FPS system, the basic units of power are foot-pounds per
𝑠 𝑠
𝑙𝑏∙𝑓𝑡
second ( ); however, horsepower (ℎ𝑝) is often used in engineering practice, where:
𝑠
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 ℎ𝑝 = 550
𝑠
POWER TRANSMISSION
 For machinery, the frequency of a shaft’s rotation, 𝑓 , is often reported. This is a measure of the number of
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
revolutions or “cycles” the shaft makes per second and is expressed in hertz 1 𝐻𝑧 = 1 . Since 1 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑠
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑., then ω = 2𝜋𝑓 , and so the above equation for power can also be written as:
𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑇
SHAFT DESIGN
 When the power transmitted by a shaft and its frequency of rotation are known, the torque developed in the shaft can be
𝑃
determined from 𝑇 = . Knowing 𝑇 and the allowable shear stress for the material, 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤., we can then determine the size of
2𝜋𝑓
𝐽
the shaft’s cross section using the torsion formula. Specifically, the design or geometric parameter becomes
𝑟
𝐽 𝑇
=
𝑟 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
𝜋𝑟 4
 For a solid shaft, 𝐽 = , and thus, upon substitution, a unique value for the shaft’s radius c can be determined. If the shaft is
2
𝜋
tubular, so that 𝐽 = 𝑅 4 − 𝑟 4 , design permits a wide
range of possibilities for the solution.This is because an arbitrary choice
2
can be made for either 𝑅 or 𝑟 and the other radius can then be determined.
 A solid steel shaft AB, shown in the figure is used to transmit 5 hp from the motor M to which it is attached. If the
shaft rotates at ω = 176 𝑟𝑝𝑚 and the steel has an allowable shear stress of 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 14.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖, determine the
required diameter of the shaft to the nearest 1/8 in.
𝜋𝑟 4
Given: Solution:
2 = 𝑇
𝑃 = 5 ℎ𝑝 𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 𝑟 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
ω = 176 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑃 3 2𝑇
𝑇= 𝑟=
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 14.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜔 𝜋𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
550
5 ℎ𝑝 × 𝑠
1 ℎ𝑝 12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑇= 3 (2)(149.21 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏)
1 𝑓𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑣. 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑟=
176 × × 1000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑚𝑖𝑛. 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣. 60 𝑠 (𝜋)(14.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖)
1 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑇 = 149.21 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
𝑟 = 0.4284 in.
Required: 𝐽 𝑇 7
𝑑 = 𝑑 = 2𝑟 = 2 0.4284 in. = 0.8568 in. ≈ 𝑖𝑛.
𝑟 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. 8
 A steel tube having an outer diameter of 2.5 in. is used to transmit 9 hp when turning at 27 rev/min. Determine the
inner diameter d of the tube to the nearest 1/8 in. if the allowable shear stress is 10 ksi.
Given: Solution: 𝜋 4
𝑅 − 𝑟4 𝑇
𝑃 = 9 ℎ𝑝 𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 2 =
𝑅 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
ω = 27 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑃
𝑇= 𝜋 4 𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 10 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜔 4 𝑅 − 𝑅
2 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
𝐷 = 2.5 𝑖𝑛. 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏 𝑟= 𝜋
550
9 ℎ𝑝 × 𝑠 2
1 ℎ𝑝
𝑇= 12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑟𝑒𝑣. 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝜋
(1,750.70 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏) 1 𝑓𝑡
27 × × 4
(1.25 𝑖𝑛. )4 − 1.25 𝑖𝑛.
𝑚𝑖𝑛. 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣. 60 𝑠 2
(10 𝑘𝑠𝑖)
1000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
1 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑟= 𝜋
𝑇 = 1,750.70 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏 2
𝐽 𝑇 𝑟 = 0.9368 in.
Required: = 3
𝑅 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. 𝑑 = 2𝑟 = 2 0.9368 in. = 1.8737 in. ≈ 1 𝑖𝑛.
𝑑 4
 The pump operates using the motor that has a power of 85 W. If the impeller at B is turning at 150 rev/min,
determine the maximum shear stress developed in the 20 mm-diameter transmission shaft at A.
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 𝑇𝑟
𝑃 = 85 𝑊 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. =
𝐽
ω = 150 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑃
𝑇= 𝑇𝑟
𝜔 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 𝜋
𝑑 = 20 𝑚𝑚 = 0.02 𝑚
𝑁∙𝑚 𝑑4
85 32
𝑇= 𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑣. 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 5.41 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.01 𝑚
150 × × 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 𝜋
𝑚𝑖𝑛. 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣. 60 𝑠 0.02 𝑚 4
32
𝑇 = 5.41 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 3,444,112.97 𝑃𝑎 = 3.44 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
 The 25-mm-diameter shaft on the motor is made of a material having an allowable shear stress of 75 MPa. If the
motor is operating at its maximum power of 5 kW, determine the minimum allowable rotation of the shaft.
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 5 𝑘𝑊 𝑇𝑟
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 75 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐽
𝑃
𝑑 = 25 𝑚𝑚 = 0.025 𝑚 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. 𝐽 𝜔=
𝑇= 𝑇
𝑟
𝜋 4 𝑁∙𝑚
𝑑 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. 5,000
32 𝜔= 𝑠
𝑇= 230.10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑟
𝜋 𝑁 𝑟𝑎𝑑
0.025 𝑚 4 75 × 106 2 𝜔 = 21.73
32 𝑚 𝑠
𝑇=
0.0125 𝑚
𝑇 = 230.10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Required:
ω
 The A-36 hollow steel shaft is 2 m long and has an outer diameter of 40 mm. When it is rotating at 80 rad/s, it
transmits 32 kW of power from the engine E to the generator G. Determine the smallest thickness of the shaft if
the allowable shear stress is 140 MPa and the shaft is restricted not to twist more than 0.05 rad.
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 32 𝑘𝑊
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 Using the shear stress failure limitation:
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜃 = 0.05 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝑃 𝐽 𝑇
𝑇= =
𝐷 = 40 𝑚𝑚 = 0.04 𝑚 𝜔 𝑅 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
𝐿=2𝑚 𝑁∙𝑚 𝜋 4
𝑟𝑎𝑑. 32,000 𝑅 − 𝑟4 𝑇
𝑠 2 =
𝜔 = 80 𝑇=
𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝑅 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
80
𝑠
𝜋 4 𝑇
𝑇 = 400 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 4 𝑅 − 𝑅
𝑟= 𝜋
2
Required:
𝑡
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 32 𝑘𝑊
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜋 4 𝑇
4 𝑅 − 𝑅
𝜃 = 0.05 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝑟= 𝜋
𝐷 = 40 𝑚𝑚 = 0.04 𝑚 2
𝐿=2𝑚
𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝜋 400 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝜔 = 80 (0.02 𝑚)4 − 𝑁 0.02 𝑚
𝑠
4 2
140 × 106 2
𝑟= 𝑚
𝜋
2
𝑟 = 0.0188 m
Required:
𝑡
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 32 𝑘𝑊 Using the angle of twist limitation:
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 4 (400 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)(2 𝑚)
𝑇𝐿 𝑟= (0.02 𝑚)4 −
𝜃 = 0.05 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝜋 𝑁
𝜃= 75 × 109 2 0.05 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
𝐽𝐺 2 𝑚
𝐷 = 40 𝑚𝑚 = 0.04 𝑚
𝐿=2𝑚 𝑇𝐿 𝑟 = 0.0125 𝑚 (controls)
𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝜃= 𝜋 4
𝜔 = 80 𝐺∙ 𝑅 − 𝑟4
𝑠 2 𝑡 =𝑅−𝑟
4 𝑇𝐿 𝑡 = 0.02 𝑚 − 0.0125 𝑚
𝑟= 𝑅4 − 𝜋
𝐺𝜃
2 𝑡 = 0.0075 𝑚 = 7.5 𝑚𝑚
Required:
𝑡
 The turbine develops 150 kW of power, which is transmitted to the gears such that C receives 70% and D receives
30%. If the rotation of the 100-mm-diameter A-36 steel shaft is 800 rev/min, determine the absolute maximum
shear stress in the shaft and the angle of twist of end E of the shaft relative to B. The journal bearing at E allows the
shaft to turn freely about its axis.
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊
𝑃
𝑑 = 100 𝑚𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚 𝑇=
𝜔
𝜔 = 800 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑁∙𝑚
150,000
𝑇= 𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑣. 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
800 × ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛. 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣. 60 𝑠
𝑇 = 1,790.49 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑇𝐶 = 0.70 1,790.49 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑇𝐶 = 1,253.34 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑇𝐷 = 0.30 1,790.49 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜃𝐸𝐵 𝑇𝐷 = 537.15 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊 Maximum torque is in region BC.
𝑑 = 100 𝑚𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚 𝑇𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
𝜔 = 800 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑇𝑟
𝑑4
32
1,790.49 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.05 𝑚
0.1 𝑚 4
32
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9,118,890.69 𝑃𝑎 = 9.12 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜃𝐸𝐵
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊 𝑇𝐿
𝜃𝐸𝐵 = Σ
𝐺𝐽
𝑑 = 100 𝑚𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚
1
𝜔 = 800 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝜃𝐸𝐵 = 𝜋 𝑇𝐶𝐵 𝐿𝐶𝐵 + 𝑇𝐷𝐶 𝐿𝐷𝐶 + 𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐿𝐸𝐷
4
𝑑 𝐺
32
1
𝜃𝐸𝐵 = [ 1,790.49𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 3 𝑚
𝜋 𝑁
0.1 𝑚 4 75 × 109 2
32 𝑚
+ 537.15 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 4 𝑚 + 0 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 2 𝑚 ]
𝜃𝐸𝐵 = 0.0102 rad. = 0.59°
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜃𝐸𝐵
 The motor M is connected to the speed reducer C by the tubular shaft and coupling. If the motor supplies 20 hp
and rotates the shaft at a rate of 600 rpm, determine the minimum inner and outer diameters of the shaft if
d/D=0.75.The shaft is made from a material having an allowable stress of 12 ksi.
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 20 ℎ𝑝 𝐽 𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 =
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑅 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
𝑃
𝜔 = 600 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑇= 𝜋
𝜔 𝐷 4 − 𝑑4 𝑇
𝑑 32 =
= 0.75 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏 𝑅 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
𝐷 550
20 ℎ𝑝 × 𝑠 × 12 𝑖𝑛. 𝜋
1 ℎ𝑝 1 𝑓𝑡 𝐷4 − 0.75𝐷 4 𝑇
𝑇= 32 =
𝑟𝑒𝑣. 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝐷 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
600 × × 2
𝑚𝑖𝑛. 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣. 60 𝑠
𝑇 = 2,100.85 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. 175𝜋 3 𝑇

𝐷 =
4,096 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
Required:
𝐷 and 𝑑
 The motor M is connected to the speed reducer C by the tubular shaft and coupling. If the motor supplies 20 hp
and rotates the shaft at a rate of 600 rpm, determine the minimum inner and outer diameters of the shaft if
d/D=0.75.The shaft is made from a material having an allowable stress of 12 ksi.
Given: Solution:
𝑃 = 20 ℎ𝑝 175𝜋 3 𝑇
𝐷 = 𝐷 = 1.0926 𝑖𝑛.
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖 4,096 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
𝜔 = 600 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑑 = 0.75𝐷
4,096 𝑇
𝑑 𝐷3 = ∙ 𝑑 = 0.75 1.0926 𝑖𝑛.
= 0.75 175𝜋 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
𝐷
𝑑 = 0.8195 𝑖𝑛.
3 4,096 𝑇
𝐷= ∙
175𝜋 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤.
3 4,096 2,100.85 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.

𝐷=
175𝜋 𝑙𝑏
Required: 12,000
𝑖𝑛.2
𝐷 and 𝑑
SOLID NON-CIRCULAR SHAFTS
 When a torque is applied to a shaft having a circular cross section—
that is, one that is axisymmetric—the shear strains vary linearly
from zero at its center to a maximum at its outer surface.
Furthermore, due to uniformity, the cross sections do not deform,
but rather remain plane after the shaft has twisted. Shafts that have a
noncircular cross section, however, are not axisymmetric, and so
their cross sections will bulge or warp when the shaft is twisted.
Evidence of this can be seen from the way grid lines deform on a
shaft having a square cross section,
SOLID NON-CIRCULAR SHAFTS
 Table 5–1 provides the results of the analysis for square
cross sections, along with those for shafts having
triangular and elliptical cross sections. In all cases, the
maximum shear stress occurs at a point on the edge of
the cross section that is closest to the center axis of the
shaft. Also given are formulas for the angle of twist of
each shaft. By extending these results, it can be shown
that the most efficient shaft has a circular cross section,
since it is subjected to both a smaller maximum shear
stress and a smaller angle of twist than one having the
same cross-sectional area, but not circular, and subjected
to the same torque.
 If end B of the shaft, which has an equilateral triangle cross section, is subjected to a torque of 900 lb-ft, determine
the maximum shear stress developed in the shaft. Also, find the angle of twist of end B. The shaft is made from
6061-T1 aluminum.
Solution:
Given:
20𝑇
𝑇 = 900 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝑎
𝑎 = 3 𝑖𝑛. 12 𝑖𝑛.
𝐿 = 2 𝑓𝑡 20 900 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
3 𝑖𝑛. 3
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 8 𝑘𝑠𝑖
46𝑇𝐿
𝜃= 4
𝑎 𝐺
144 𝑖𝑛.2
46 900 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡 2
𝜃=
𝑙𝑏
Required: (3 𝑖𝑛. )4 3.7 × 106 2
𝑖𝑛
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜃 𝜃 = 0.0398 𝑟𝑎𝑑. = 2.28°
 The shaft is made of red brass C83400 and has an elliptical cross section. If it is subjected to the torsional loading
shown, determine the maximum shear stress within regions AC and BC, and the angle of twist of end B relative to
end A.
Solution:
Given:
𝑎 = 50 𝑚𝑚 = 0.05 𝑚 2𝑇𝐴𝐶
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐴𝐶 =
𝑏 = 20 𝑚𝑚 = 0.02 𝑚 𝜋𝑎𝑏 2
2 50 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐴𝐶 =
𝜋 0.05 𝑚 0.02 𝑚 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐴𝐶 = 1,591,549.43 𝑃𝑎 = 1.59 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2𝑇𝐵𝐶
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐵𝐶 =
𝜋𝑎𝑏 2
2 30 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 2
𝜋 0.05 𝑚 0.02 𝑚
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 954,929 𝑃𝑎 = 0.95 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐴𝐶 , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐵𝐶 and 𝜃𝐵𝐴
 The shaft is made of red brass C83400 and has an elliptical cross section. If it is subjected to the torsional loading
shown, determine the maximum shear stress within regions AC and BC, and the angle of twist of end B relative to
end A.
Given: Solution:
𝑎 = 50 𝑚𝑚 = 0.05 𝑚 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑇𝐿
𝜃𝐵𝐴 = Σ
𝑏 = 20 𝑚𝑚 = 0.02 𝑚 𝜋𝑎3 𝑏 3 𝐺
𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 3 3 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶 + 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝐿𝐴𝐶
𝜋𝑎 𝑏 𝐺
0.05 𝑚 2 + 0.02 𝑚 2
𝜃𝐵𝐴 = −30 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 + −50 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 2 𝑚
𝜋 0.05 𝑚 3 0.02 𝑚 3 37 × 109
𝜃𝐵𝐴 = −0.00362 𝑟𝑎𝑑. = 0.2073°
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐴𝐶 , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐵𝐶 and 𝜃𝐵𝐴
 The 6061-T6 aluminum bar has a square cross section of 25 mm by 25 mm. If it is 2 m long, determine the
maximum shear stress in the bar and the rotation of one end relative to the other end.
Given: Solution:
𝑎 = 25 𝑚𝑚 = 0.025 𝑚 4.81𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐿=2𝑚 𝑎3
4.81 80 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
0.025 𝑚 3
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24,627,200 𝑃𝑎 = 24.63 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝜃𝐴𝐶
 The 6061-T6 aluminum bar has a square cross section of 25 mm by 25 mm. If it is 2 m long, determine the
maximum shear stress in the bar and the rotation of one end relative to the other end.
Given: Solution:
𝑎 = 25 𝑚𝑚 = 0.025 𝑚 7.10𝑇𝐿
𝜃𝐴𝐶 = Σ
𝐿=2𝑚 𝑎4 𝐺
7.10
𝜃𝐴𝐶 = 𝑇 𝐿 + 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶
𝑎4 𝐺 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
7.10
𝜃𝐴𝐶 = −80 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.5 𝑚 + −20 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 1.5 𝑚
0.025 𝑚 4 26 × 109
𝜃𝐴𝐶 = −0.0489 𝑟𝑎𝑑. = 2.80°
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝜃𝐴𝐶
 If the shaft is subjected to the torque of 3 kN-m, determine the maximum shear stress developed in the shaft. Also,
find the angle of twist of end B.The shaft is made from A-36 steel. Set a=50 mm.
Given: Solution:
𝑎 = 50 𝑚𝑚 = 0.05 𝑚 2𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑇 = 3 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝜋𝑎𝑏 2
2 3000 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
𝜋 0.05 𝑚 0.025 𝑚
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 61,115,498.15 𝑃𝑎 = 61.12 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑇𝐿
𝜃=Σ
𝜋𝑎3 𝑏 3 𝐺
0.05 𝑚 2 + 0.025 𝑚 2 3000 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.6 𝑚
𝜃=
𝜋 0.05 𝑚 3 0.025 𝑚 3 75 × 109
Required: 𝜃 = 0.0122 𝑟𝑎𝑑. = 0.70°
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝜃
 A conventional control stick-torque tube operating unit is shown. For a side load of 150 lbs on the stick grip,
determine the shearing stress on the aileron torque tube and the angle of twist between points A and B.
Given: Solution:
150 𝑙𝑏 The torsional moment on tube 𝐴𝐵 due to the side
stick force of 150 𝑙𝑏 is:
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 150 𝑙𝑏 26 𝑖𝑛.
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘 (24 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑙,
𝐺 = 3.8 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖) 𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 3,900 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.
The resistance to this torque is provided by aileron
26 𝑖𝑛. operating system attached to the aileron horn. The
28 𝑖𝑛. 𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑛 horn pull equals:
3,900 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. = 𝐹 5.5 𝑖𝑛. + 𝐹 5.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝐹 5.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹 = 354.55 𝑙𝑏
𝐴 𝐵 5.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 (24 𝑆𝑇 𝐴𝑙, 𝐹
1.5 × .058 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒)
Required:
𝜏𝐴𝐵 and 𝜃𝐴𝐵
Given: Solution:
150 𝑙𝑏 Computing the polar moment of inertia:
𝜋
𝐽𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷 4 − 𝑑4
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘 (24 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑙,
32
𝐺 = 3.8 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖) 𝜋
𝐽𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷4 − 𝐷 − 2𝑡 4
32
26 𝑖𝑛. 𝜋
𝐽𝐴𝐵 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛. 4 − 1.5 𝑖𝑛. − 2 .058 𝑖𝑛. 4
28 𝑖𝑛. 𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑛 32
𝐽𝐴𝐵 = 0.1368 𝑖𝑛.4
𝐹 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
5.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐴 𝐵 5.5 𝑖𝑛.
1.5 × .058 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒)
Required:
Given: Solution:
150 𝑙𝑏 Computing the shearing stress on the aileron torque tube:
𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝑟
𝜏𝐴𝐵 =
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘 (24 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑙, 𝐽𝐴𝐵
𝐺 = 3.8 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
3,900 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. 0.75 𝑖𝑛.
𝜏𝐴𝐵 =
26 𝑖𝑛. 0.1368 𝑖𝑛.4
28 𝑖𝑛. 𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑛 𝜏𝐴𝐵 = 21,381.58 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 21.38 𝑘𝑠𝑖
5.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝐴 𝐵 5.5 𝑖𝑛.
1.5 × .058 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒)
Required:
Given: Solution:
150 𝑙𝑏 Computing the angular twist on the aileron torque tube:
𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴𝐵
𝜃𝐴𝐵 =
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘 (24 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑙, 𝐺𝐴𝐵 𝐽𝐴𝐵
𝐺 = 3.8 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
3,900 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. 28 𝑖𝑛.
𝜃𝐴𝐵 =
26 𝑖𝑛. 𝑙𝑏
3.8 × 106 2 0.1368 𝑖𝑛.4
𝑖𝑛
28 𝑖𝑛. 𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑛
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 0.2101 rad. = 12.04°
5.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝐴 𝐵 5.5 𝑖𝑛.
1.5 × .058 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒)
Required:
AVERAGE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(SI UNITS)

TORSION OF THIN WALLED TUBES

THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS SECTIONS
 Thin-walled tubes of noncircular cross section are often used to construct light-weight frameworks such as those
used in aircraft. In some applications, they may be subjected to a torsional loading, and so in this section we will
analyze the effects of twisting these members.
 Consider a tube having a closed cross section, that is, one that
does not have any breaks or slits along its length, Fig. a. Since the
walls are thin, we will obtain the average shear stress by
assuming that this stress is uniformly distributed across the
thickness of the tube at any given location.
Shown in Figs. a and b is a small element
of the tube having a finite length 𝑠 and
differential width 𝑑𝑥 . At one end, the
element has a thickness 𝑡𝐴 , and at the
other end the thickness is 𝑡𝐵 .
Due to the torque T , shear stress is
developed on the front face of the
element. Specifically, at end A the shear
stress is 𝜏𝐴 , and at end B it is 𝜏𝐵 . These
stresses can be related by noting that
equivalent shear stresses 𝜏𝐴 and 𝜏𝐵 must
also act on the longitudinal sides of the
element.
These sides have a constant width 𝑑𝑥, and so the forces

acting on them are:
𝑑𝐹𝐴 = 𝜏𝐴 𝑡𝐴 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐹𝐵 = 𝜏𝐵 𝑡𝐵 𝑑𝑥
By equilibrium:
𝜏𝐴 𝑡𝐴 = 𝜏𝐵 𝑡𝐵
𝜏𝐴 𝑡𝐴 = 𝜏𝐵 𝑡𝐵
This shows that the product of the average shear stress and the
thickness of the tube is the same at each location on the cross
section. This product 𝑞 is called shear flow, and in general terms we
can express it as:
𝑞 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 t
Note:
𝑞 is constant over the cross section.
The largest average shear stress must occur where the tube’s
thickness is the smallest.
If a differential element having a
thickness 𝑡, length 𝑑𝑠, and width 𝑑𝑥 is
isolated from the tube, Fig c, then the
area of the front face over which the
average shear stress acts is:
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑡𝑑𝑠
The corresponding force being:
𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑞𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝐹
𝑞=
𝑑𝑠
The shear flow measures the force per
unit length along the cross section.
The average shear stress can be related to the torque T by

considering the torque produced by this shear stress about a
selected point 𝑂 within the tube’s boundary. A force on the
tube element developed by the shear stress can be written as:
𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡𝑑𝑠
This force acts tangent to the centerline of the tube’s wall, and
if the moment arm is ℎ, the torque is:
𝑑𝑇 = ℎ 𝑑𝐹
𝑑𝑇 = ℎ 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑇 = ℎ 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡𝑑𝑠
Considering the entire cross section:
𝑇 = ර ℎ𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡𝑑𝑠
A line integral is used to indicate that the integration must be

performed around the entire boundary. Factoring out shear
flow, 𝑞 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 t which is constant:
𝑇 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡 ර ℎ𝑑𝑠
𝑇 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡 ර ℎ𝑑𝑠
1
Noting the mean area (blue triangle), 𝑑𝐴𝑚 = ℎ𝑑𝑠:
2
𝑇 = 2𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡 න 𝑑𝐴𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡𝐴𝑚
Solving for 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 :
𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2𝑡𝐴𝑚
𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2𝑡𝐴𝑚
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = the average shear stress acting over a particular thickness of the tube
𝑇 = the resultant internal torque at the cross section
𝑡 = the thickness of the tube where 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 is to be determined
𝐴𝑚 = the mean area enclosed within the boundary of the centerline of the
tube’s thickness
𝑇
The formula 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = can also be written in terms of the shear flow, 𝑞:
2𝑡𝐴𝑚
𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2𝑡𝐴𝑚
Since 𝑞 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 t:
𝑇
𝑞=
2𝐴𝑚
If the material behaves in a linear elastic manner and 𝐺 is the shear modulus, then the angle of twist of a thin-walled
tube of length 𝐿, given in radians, can be expressed as:
𝑇𝐿 𝑑𝑠
𝜃= ර
4𝐴𝑚 2 𝐺 𝑡
Here again the integration must be performed around the entire boundary of the tube’s cross-sectional area.
 Determine the torque 𝑇 that can be applied to the rectangular tube if the average shear stress is not to exceed
12 𝑘𝑠𝑖. Neglect stress concentrations at the corners. The mean dimensions of the tube are shown and the tube has
a thickness of 0.125 𝑖𝑛.
Given: Solution:
𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐴𝑚 = 𝑙𝑤
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 12
𝑖𝑛.2
𝐴𝑚 = 4 𝑖𝑛. 2 𝑖𝑛.
𝑡 = 0.125 𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝑚 = 8 𝑖𝑛.2
𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2𝑡𝐴𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝑡𝐴𝑚 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑇 = 2 0.125 𝑖𝑛. 8 𝑖𝑛.2 12
𝑖𝑛.2
𝑇 = 24 𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.
Required:
𝑇
 Determine the constant thickness of the rectangular tube if the average shear stress is not to exceed 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖 when
a torque of 𝑇 = 20 𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. is applied to the tube. Neglect stress concentrations at the corners. The mean
dimensions of the tube are shown.
Given: Solution:
𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐴𝑚 = 𝑙𝑤
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 12
𝑖𝑛.2
𝐴𝑚 = 4 𝑖𝑛. 2 𝑖𝑛.
𝑇 = 20 𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝑚 = 8 𝑖𝑛.2
𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2𝑡𝐴𝑚
𝑇
𝑡=
2𝐴𝑚 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔
20 𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.
𝑡=
𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2 8 𝑖𝑛.2 12
Required: 𝑖𝑛.2
𝑡 𝑡 = 0.1042 𝑖𝑛.
 A torque of 2 𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. Is applied to the tube. If the wall thickness is 0.1 𝑖𝑛., determine the average shear stress in
the tube.
Given: Solution:
𝑡 = 0.1 𝑖𝑛. 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑇 = 2 𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. 𝐴𝑚 =
4
𝜋 1.95 𝑖𝑛. 2
𝐴𝑚 =
4
𝐴𝑚 = 2.9865 𝑖𝑛.2
𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2𝑡𝐴𝑚
2 𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2 0.1 𝑖𝑛. 2.9865 𝑖𝑛.2
Required:
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3.35 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔
 The steel tube has an elliptical cross section of mean dimension shown and a constant thickness of 𝑡 = 0.2 𝑖𝑛. If the
allowable shear stress is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 8 𝑘𝑠𝑖, and the tube is to resist a torque of 𝑇 = 250 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡, determine the
necessary dimension 𝑏. The mean area for the ellipse is 𝐴𝑚 = 𝜋𝑏(0.5𝑏).
Given: Solution:
𝑡 = 0.2 𝑖𝑛. 𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
𝑇 = 250 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2𝑡𝐴𝑚
𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑙𝑏 𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 8 = 8,000 2 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
𝑖𝑛.2 𝑖𝑛. 2𝑡𝜋𝑏(0.5𝑏).
𝑇
𝑏=
𝑡𝜋𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
12 𝑖𝑛.
250 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝑏=
𝑙𝑏
0.2 𝑖𝑛. 𝜋 8,000 2
Required: 𝑖𝑛.
𝑏 𝑏 = 0.7725 𝑖𝑛.
 The tube with a thickness of 5 𝑚𝑚 has its mean dimensions shown. Determine the average shear stress at points A
and B if the tube is subjected to the torque 𝑇 = 500 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚. Neglect shear stress concentrations at the corners.
Given: Solution:
𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.005 𝑚 𝐴𝑚 = 2𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑇 = 500 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 1
𝐴𝑚 = 2 ∙ 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙𝑤
2
𝐴𝑚 = 0.04 𝑚 0.03 𝑚 + 0.1 𝑚 0.04 𝑚
1
𝐴𝑚 = 5.2 × 10−3 𝑚2
𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2 2𝑡𝐴𝑚
500 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2 0.005 𝑚 5.2 × 10−3 𝑚2
1
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 9,615,484.62 𝑃𝑎 = 9.62 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required:
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔
 The symmetric tube is made from high-strength steel, having the mean dimensions shown and a thickness of 5 𝑚𝑚.
If it is subjected to a torque of 𝑇 = 40 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚, determine the average shear stress developed at points A and B.
Given: Solution:
𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.005 𝑚 𝐴𝑚 = 4𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑇 = 40 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝐴𝑚 = 4 ∙ 𝑙𝑤 + 𝑠 2
𝐴𝑚 = 4 0.04 𝑚 0.06 𝑚 + 0.04 𝑚 2
1 𝐴𝑚 = 0.0112 𝑚2
𝑇
1 2 1 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2𝑡𝐴𝑚
40 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2 0.005 𝑚 0.0112 𝑚2
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 357,142.86 𝑃𝑎 = 0.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required:
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔
 A portion of an airplane fuselage can be approximated by the cross section shown. If the thickness of its 2014-T6
aluminum skin is 10 𝑚𝑚, determine the maximum wing torque T that can be applied if 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 4𝑀𝑃𝑎. Also, in a
4 − 𝑚 long section, determine the angle of twist.
Given: Solution:
𝑡 = 10 𝑚𝑚 = 0.01 𝑚 𝐴𝑚 = 2𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐿=4𝑚 𝐴𝑚 = 2 ∙ + 𝑙𝑤
2
𝐴𝑚 = 𝜋 0.75 𝑚 2 + 2 𝑚 1.5 𝑚
1
𝐴𝑚 = 4.7671 𝑚2
𝑇
2 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
2𝑡𝐴𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝑡𝐴𝑚 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
1 𝑁
𝑇 = 2 0.01 𝑚 4.7671 𝑚2 4 × 106
Required: 𝑚2
T and 𝜃 𝑇 = 381,368 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 = 381.37 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
 A portion of an airplane fuselage can be approximated by the cross section shown. If the thickness of its 2014-T6
aluminum skin is 10 𝑚𝑚, determine the maximum wing torque T that can be applied if 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 4𝑀𝑃𝑎. Also, in a
4 − 𝑚 long section, determine the angle of twist.
Given:
Solution:
𝑡 = 10 𝑚𝑚 = 0.01 𝑚
𝑇𝐿 𝑑𝑠
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜃= ර
2 𝑡
𝐿=4𝑚 4𝐴 𝑚 𝐺
381,368 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 4 𝑚 4 𝑚 + 2 𝜋 0.75 𝑚
1 𝜃=
𝑁 0.01 𝑚
4 4.7671 𝑚2 2 27 × 109 2
𝑚
2 𝜃 = 0.00054 𝑟𝑎𝑑. ≈ 0.0310 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
1
Required:
T and 𝜃
 The tube is made of C86100 bronze and has a rectangular cross section as shown in the figure. If it is subjected to
the two torques, determine the average shear stress in the tube at points A and B. Also, what is the angle of twist
of end C? The tube is fixed at E.
Given: Solution:
If the tube is section through points 𝐴 and 𝐵, the internal
torque is 𝑇𝐷𝐸 = 35 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚. Calculating for the mean area:
𝐴𝑚 = 𝑙𝑤
𝐴𝑚 = 0.035 𝑚 0.057 𝑚
𝐴𝑚 = 0.002 𝑚2
For point 𝐴, 𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.005 𝑚. Calculating the shear
stress:
𝑇𝐷𝐸
𝜏𝐴 =
2𝑡𝐴 𝐴𝑚
35 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝜏𝐴 =
Required: 2 0.005 𝑚 0.002 𝑚2
𝜏𝐴 , 𝜏𝐵 , and 𝜃 𝜏𝐴 = 1,750,000 Pa = 1.75 MPa
Given: Solution:
For point 𝐵, 𝑡 = 3 𝑚𝑚 = 0.003 𝑚. Calculating the shear
stress:
𝑇𝐷𝐸
𝜏𝐵 =
2𝑡𝐵 𝐴𝑚
35 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝜏𝐵 =
2 0.003 𝑚 0.002 𝑚2
𝜏𝐵 = 2,916,666.67 Pa = 2.92 MPa
Solving for the internal torque for segment CD:
𝑇𝐶𝐷 = 60 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Required:
𝜏𝐴 , 𝜏𝐵 , and 𝜃
Given: Solution:
Solving for the twist angle:
𝑇𝐿 𝑑𝑠
𝜃=Σ ර
1 𝑑𝑠
𝜃=Σ ර 𝑇𝐷𝐸 𝐿𝐷𝐸 + 𝑇𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐶𝐷
1 0.057 𝑚 0.035 𝑚
𝜃= 2 + 2 35 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 + 60 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.5 𝑚
𝑁 0.005 𝑚 0.003 𝑚
4 0.002 𝑚2 2 38 × 109
𝑚2
𝜃 = 0.0063 𝑟𝑎𝑑. ≈ 0.36 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
Required:
𝜏𝐴 , 𝜏𝐵 , and 𝜃

TORSION OF THIN WALLED TUBES

OPEN SECTIONS MADE OF THIN PLATES (OPEN OR SLOTTED TUBE)
Members having cross-sections made up

of narrow or thin rectangular elements
are sometimes used in aircraft structures
to carry torsional loads such as the angle,
channel, and tee shapes.
For the rectangular bar with length 𝐿 that carries the

torque 𝑇 . 𝑎 and 𝑏 (𝑎 > 𝑏) are the cross-sectional
dimensions of the bar. Results obtained determine that
the maximum shear stress 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 and the angle of twist 𝜃
are given by:
𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐶1 𝑎𝑏 2
𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐶2 𝑎𝑏 3 𝐺
The coefficients 𝐶1 and 𝐶2, which depend on the ratio

𝑎Τ , are listed:
𝑏
For large values of 𝑎Τ𝑏 (narrow rectangles or thin
plates), the value of the constants are 0.333 or 1Τ3.
Thus, the formula can be written as:
3𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑎𝑏 2
3𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝑎𝑏 3 𝐺
Although the equations listed below have been derived for 𝑏 𝑏

a narrow rectangular shape, they can be applied to an
approximate analysis of shapes made up of thin rectangular
members. The more generous the fillet or corner radius,
the smaller the stress concentration at these junctions and
therefore the more accuracy of these approximate 𝑎 𝑎
formulas. Thus for a section made up of a continuous plate
the width 𝑎 can be taken as the total length of the cross
section.
𝑏
3𝑇 3𝑇𝐿 𝑏
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 𝜃= 3 𝑎
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝐺
𝑎
HOLY NGEL UNIVERSITY – AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

For sections such as the tee and H section, the polar 𝑎2

moment of inertia 𝐽 can be taken as:
𝑏2
𝑎1
𝑎𝑏 3
𝐽=෍
3
𝑏1
𝑎1
𝑏1
𝑏2
𝑎2
𝑎3 𝑏3
Therefore, the maximum shear stress and angle of twist 𝑎2
may be taken as:
𝑏2
3𝑇𝑏𝑛 3𝑇𝑏𝑛 𝑎1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑛 = =
Σ𝑎𝑏 3 𝑎1 𝑏1 3 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 3 + ⋯
3𝑇𝐿 3𝑇𝐿 𝑏1
𝜃= =
𝐺Σ𝑎𝑏 3 𝐺 𝑎1 𝑏1 3 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 3 + ⋯
𝑎1
𝑛 refers to which rectangular portion is the 𝑏1
shearing stress being calculated from
𝑏2
𝑎2
𝑎3 𝑏3
An A36 steel bar with a length of 4 ft and a thickness of 0.075 in. is subjected to a torque of 40 lb-in. Calculate the
maximum shear stress and the angle of twist. The mean dimension (in inches) of its cross section is shown in the figure
below.
Given: Solution:
𝐿 = 4 𝑓𝑡 Calculate the length of the cross section:
𝑏 = 0.075 𝑖𝑛. 𝑠 𝑙1
𝑎 = 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 + 𝑙3 + 2𝑠
𝑇 = 40 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. 1
𝑙3 𝑎 = 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 + 𝑙3 + 2 ∙ ∙ 2𝜋𝑟
4
1
𝑠 𝑙2 𝑎 = 1 𝑖𝑛. +1.5 𝑖𝑛. +1 𝑖𝑛. + 2 2𝜋 0.5175 𝑖𝑛.
4
𝑎 = 5.13 𝑖𝑛.
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜃
below.
Given: Solution:
𝐿 = 4 𝑓𝑡 Calculate the maximum shear stress:
𝑏 = 0.075 𝑖𝑛. 𝑠 𝑙1
3𝑇
𝑇 = 40 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑎𝑏 2
𝑙3 (3)(40 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. )
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(5.13 𝑖𝑛. )(0.075 𝑖𝑛. )2
𝑠 𝑙2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4,158.54 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 4.16 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜃
below.
Given: Solution:
𝐿 = 4 𝑓𝑡 Calculate the angle of twist:
𝑏 = 0.075 𝑖𝑛. 𝑠 𝑙1
3𝑇𝐿
𝑇 = 40 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. 𝜃= 3
𝑎𝑏 𝐺
𝑙3
12 𝑖𝑛.
(3)(40 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛) 4 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝑠 𝑙2 𝜃= 3
5.13 𝑖𝑛. 0.075 𝑖𝑛. 11 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜃 = 0.24 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
Required:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜃
Compare the stiffness of an open and closed thin walled tube using their polar moment of inertia. The shaft on the
left is a closed thin walled tube with a thickness of 0.075 in. and an outer radius of 1 in. The same tube is shown on
the right but with a cut in its wall making it an open thin walled tube. Its mean dimension are shown below.
Given: Solution:
Closed thin walled tube 𝜋 4
𝑟𝑜 = 1 𝑖𝑛. 𝐽𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 4
2
𝑡 = 0.075 𝑖𝑛. 𝜋
𝐽𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝑟𝑜 4 − 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑡 4
Open thin walled tube 2
𝜋
𝑎 = 6.0476 𝑖𝑛. 𝐽𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 1 𝑖𝑛. 4 − 1 𝑖𝑛. −0.075 𝑖𝑛. 4
𝑡 = 0.075 𝑖𝑛. 2
𝐽𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 0.4208 𝑖𝑛.4
Required:
𝐽𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝐽𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛
Given: Solution:
Closed thin walled tube 𝑎𝑏 3
𝑟𝑜 = 1 𝑖𝑛. 𝐽𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =
3
𝑡 = 0.075 𝑖𝑛.
6.0476 𝑖𝑛. 0.075 𝑖𝑛. 3
Open thin walled tube 𝐽𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =
3
𝑎 = 6.0476 𝑖𝑛.
𝑡 = 0.075 𝑖𝑛. 𝐽𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = 0.000850 𝑖𝑛.4
Required:
Given: Solution:
Closed thin walled tube
𝑟𝑜 = 1 𝑖𝑛. 𝐽𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 0.4208𝑖𝑛.4
=
𝑡 = 0.075 𝑖𝑛. 𝐽𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 0.000850𝑖𝑛.4
Open thin walled tube 𝐽𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

≈ 495
𝑎 = 6.0476 𝑖𝑛.
𝑡 = 0.075 𝑖𝑛. The closed thin walled tube is 495 times
stiffer than the open thin walled tube.
Required:

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STRUCTURES 2 PRELIM PART 1

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

 Strength of a material is its ability to resist forces.

 A material having the property that permits plastic

 A brittle material exhibits little deformation

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

 The member is a circular, solid or hollow round cylinder.

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

 The figure shows a straight cylindrical bar

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

Consider a shaft segment with length, 𝑑𝑥, and a radius, 𝜌. The

From Hooke’s law:

Where 𝐺 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙.

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

By equilibrium, the resultant of the shearing stress must equal

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

The expression ‫𝜌 𝐴׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 corresponds to the polar moment of

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

𝜃 = angle of twist in radians

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

𝜏 = the shear stress in the shaft at distance 𝜌 from the center

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

For hollow shaft:

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

𝑇 = 2,100.85 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛. 175𝜋 3 𝑇

3 4,096 2,100.85 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.

𝜃𝐵𝐴 = −0.00362 𝑟𝑎𝑑. = 0.2073°

𝜃𝐴𝐶 = −0.0489 𝑟𝑎𝑑. = 2.80°

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

These sides have a constant width 𝑑𝑥, and so the forces

The average shear stress can be related to the torque T by

A line integral is used to indicate that the integration must be

𝜃 = 0.0063 𝑟𝑎𝑑. ≈ 0.36 𝑑𝑒𝑔.

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

ENGR. JIM JOSHUA E. PANARES 2022

Members having cross-sections made up

For the rectangular bar with length 𝐿 that carries the

The coefficients 𝐶1 and 𝐶2, which depend on the ratio

Although the equations listed below have been derived for 𝑏 𝑏

HOLY NGEL UNIVERSITY – AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

For sections such as the tee and H section, the polar 𝑎2

Open thin walled tube 𝐽𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

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