NAME: MARIA FLORDELONA A.

CENTRO MODULE NUMBER: 7

SUBJECT: BIO 105 Date of Submission: May 06, 2022

Cellular Metabolism

LESSON 1 Mitochondria and cellular respiration

Sketch the morphology of a mitochondrion and label each part.
Activity

Analysis
1) Describe your drawing? What is its shape?

 In my drawing above, it shows the morphology of mitochondrion

which looks like a bean-shaped organelle. However, it looks like a
highly–branched, interconnected tubular network if it is viewed at the
other end of the spectrum . This size is large enough to be seen under a
light microscope.

2) What are the different parts of a mitochondrion?

 The different parts of mitochondrion includes ribosome, matrix,

Intermembrane space, DNA, Outer membrane, cristal membrane,
cristae, inner membrane, cristae junction, and ATP synthase particles.

3) What is the chief function of the mitochondrion.

 Mitochondrion generates the majority of the chemical energy

required to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Adenosine
triphosphate is a tiny molecule that stores chemical energy
created by mitochondria (ATP).

Application
1. Briefly describe the structure of a mitochondrion.

 The mitochondrion is a double-membraned, rod-shaped

structure. It also resembles a single bean-shaped organelle that can
grow to be 1–4 m long. The structure comprises an outer

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 membrane, an inner membrane, and a gel-like material called the
matrix.

1. What are the functions of mitochondria?

 Mitochondria generate ATP. They serve as primary suppliers

of ATP in non – photosynthetic tissues.
 They function as the formation location of several substances
encompassing specific amino acids and the heme group.
 They perform a critical function in the uptake and release of
calcium ions. Together with the Endoplasmic reticulum, they
help regulate calcium ion concentrations in the cytosol.
 They also play an essential role in apoptosis or cell death.

2. Illustrate the glycolytic pathway.

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 3. How many ATPs are generated during glycolysis?
 The net reaction of glycolysis which involves one glucose
molecule, 2 NAD+, and 2Pi, generates two pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2
NADH, 2H+, and 2 H2O.

4. How much is the total number generated per molecule of glucose in

the entire process of aerobic respiration?
 38 ATP per molecule of glucose produced by aerobic
respiration.

5. What happens during the Krebs cycle?

 The acetyl CoA travels via the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA
cycle), Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle after
decarboxylation. This creates the high-energy-storing
molecules NADH and FADH2. The electrons in these
compounds will be shuttled along the electron-transport chain.

2. How are electrons shuttled in the electron transport chain?

 The electron transport chain is a network of electron
transporters located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
that carry electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecule
oxygen. Protons are pushed from the mitochondrial matrix to
the intermembrane gap during this process, and oxygen is
converted to water.

LESSON 2 Chloroplast and photosynthesis

Activity Sketch the morphology of a chloroplast and label the parts.

Analysis
1) Describe the structure of a chloroplast.

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  It is huge and lens-shaped, measuring 5–10 m in length with around
20–40 people per cell. The chloroplast envelope, like mitochondria, is
made up of two layers of membrane. It has its own genetic system and
reproduces via dividing cells.

2) Does it have a double membrane?

 Like mitochondria, it is covered by two layers of membrane.

3) What are the different parts of a chloroplast?

 The different parts of chloroplast are Inner membrane, intermembrane

space, outer membrane, stroma, thylakoid, and lamella.

4) Can you identify which parts are explicitly involved in light reactions and
the parts involved in light-independent reactions? What are those parts?

 The light-dependent reaction occurs in the grana while the parts

involved in light-independent is stroma of the chloroplast.

Application
1) Briefly describe the structure of a chloroplast.

 It is huge and lens-shaped, measuring 5–10 m in length with around

20–40 people per cell. The chloroplast envelope, like mitochondria, is
made up of two layers of membrane. It has its own genetic system and
reproduces via dividing cells.

2) Which part of the chloroplast do light reactions take place? How about the
light-independent reactions?

 The light-dependent reaction occurs in the grana while the parts

involved in light-independent is stroma of the chloroplast.

3) How does carbon assimilation take place?

 The addition of inorganic carbon to an organic molecule is known as
carbon fixing. Carbon fixation is the first phase in the C3 or Calvin
Cycle and happens during the light-independent response of
photosynthesis.

4) Do all types of plants undergo the Calvin cycle?

 Plants depend on the Calvin cycle for energy and food.

5) Briefly discuss the process of light reactions.

 Light reaction or calvin cycle involves three major phases: 1) carbon

fixation, 2) reduction of PGA, and 3) regeneration of RuBP.
 Carbon fixation - RUBISCO (ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase) catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and ribulose 1,

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 5-bisphosphate (RUBP) to produce phosphoglyceric acid in
this phase (PGA). As a result, when three molecules of CO2
are accepted by three molecules of RUBP and catalyzed by
RUBISCO, six molecules of PGA are formed.

 Reduction of PGA - The energy in ATP is released when the

terminal phosphate atom is lost, changing it to ADP; in the
case of NADPH, both energy and a hydrogen atom are lost,
transforming it to NADP+. Both ADP and NADP+ will return
to the light-dependent reactions' neighboring site to be utilized.

 Regeneration of RuBP - One molecule of PGAL will be

transferred to the cytoplasm and utilised by the plant to
manufacture glucose and other biomolecules. The cycle will
continue with the remaining five PGAL molecules to
regenerate RuBP. This process requires three more ATP.
When RuBP becomes available, the system will once again use
it to repair CO2.

6) Compare the process of carbon assimilation in different types of plants.

 C3 Plants - The Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 route because the
first organic chemical formed from CO2 fixation is PGA, a three-
carbon molecule. The majority of plants follow this course. From the
first fixation of CO2, the synthesis of carbohydrates began with the
formation of three – carbon-containing molecules.

 C4 Plants - The C4 route for carbon fixation is followed by the

majority of tropical (cold resistant) plants. They are known as C4
plants because the first component created from CO2 fixation is four –
oxaloacetate, a carbon-containing molecule. These plants have leaves
with a "Kranz" architecture, a ring-like structure surrounding the leaf
veins outside the bundle-sheath cells where the tissue corresponding to
the spongy mesophyll cells is gathered in a ring around the leaf veins.

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