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EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
EVAPORATION
Definition: Process by which water is changed from the
liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the
transfer of heat energy (ASCE, 1949).
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TRANSPIRATION (T)
Transpiration is the evaporation occurring through plant
leaves (stomatal openings).
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)
Combined “loss” of water vapor from within the leaves of
plants (“transpiration”) and evaporation of liquid water
from water surfaces, bare soil and vegetative surfaces.
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EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)
POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (PE)
is the climate controlled evaporation from an open
water surface with unlimited supply.
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POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (PET)
is the ET that would occur from a well vegetated
surface when moisture supply is not limiting (often
calculated as the PE).
2. Geographical
a) Water quality
- saline water has a reduced vapor pressure, and therefore evaporation
decreases about 1% for every 1% increase in salinity. Normally a small
consideration
- turbidity of the water can affect the heat budget, but generally not considered
b) Depth of water body
c) Size of the water surface
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f) snow cover
Application of Evaporation
Evaporation must be considered in the design of
large water storage reservoirs, large‐scale water
resources planning and water supply studies.
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Methods to Reduce Evaporation Losses
Reduction of Surface Area
Mechanical Covers
Chemical Films
Acetyl Alcohol (hexadecanol)
Stearyl Alcohol (octadecanol)
Growing tall trees on the windward side of the reservoirs
to act as wind breakers
Removing the water loving weeds and plants like
Phreatophytes from the periphery of the reservoir.
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Measuring Evaporation
Atmometer
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Evaporation Pans
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Evaporation Pans
U.S. Weather Bureau Class A Pan
4 ft
Wooden
10 in
support
6 in
Galvanized
steel
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Evaporation pan
S
P Q Qr Qs Q0 Qd E p
t
S S
P Ep Ep P
t t
Subsurface
runoff ‐ Qs
Outflow‐ Q0
Subsurface seepage losses‐ Qd
Evaporation Pan
We are not really interested in what evaporates from a
pan; instead we want to know the regional evaporation
from land surface or the evaporation from a nearby
lake. Unfortunately, pan evaporation is often a poor
indicator of these variables (due in part to pan
boundary effects and limited heat storage).
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Evaporation Pan
Evaporation from an open water surface (E) is
usually estimated from the pan evaporation (Ep)
as:
E=K*Ep
where K is the pan coefficient (regional coef,
usually around ~0.7). Similar expressions are also
used in practice to estimate potential
evapotranspiration from pan data.
Pan Coefficient = Lake Evaporation / Pan Evaporation
K = 0.67 – 0.82 (with an average 0.7)
Pan coefficient
FIGURE 2. Source:
Farnsworth, Richard
K., Edwin S.
Thompson, and
Eugene L. Peck.
After Map 4: Pan
Coefficients.
In NOAA Technical
Report NWS 33,
Evaporation Atlas
for the Contiguous
48 United States,
NWS, NOAA, 1982.
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Measurement of Transpiration
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Direct Measurement of Consumptive Use
1. Tank & Lysimeter Methods
Tank is a container having an area of 10m2, 3m deep
Tank is filled with the soil of field & crop is grown
Cu is determined by estimating the quantity of water required to
maintain constant moisture conditions for satisfactory plant
growth
In Lysimeter, the bottom is pervious, Cu is difference of water
applied & that draining through pervious bottom which is
collected in a pan
2. Field Experimental Plots
Irrigation water is applied to selected field experimental plots in
such a way that there is neither runoff nor deep percolation
Yield obtained from different fields are plotted against total
water used
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Irrigated lysimeter
PE = Rainfall + Irrigation ‐ Percolation
Direct Measurement of Consumptive Use
3. Soil Moisture Studies
Suited to areas soil is fairly uniform & groundwater is deep enough so
that it doesn’t affect the fluctuations in soil moisture within root zone
Soil moisture measurements are done before & after each irrigation
Water quantity extracted per day from soil is computed for each period
A curve is drawn between rate of water use & time seasonal use
4. Integration Method
Necessary to know division of area:
a) Irrigation crop area unit Cu for each crop times its area
b) Natural vegetation area unit Cu of native vegetation times
its area
c) Water surface area water surface evaporation times its area
d) Bare land area evaporation from bare land times its area
Summation of all above products annual Cu for total area
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Direct Measurement of Consumptive Use
5. Inflow & Outflow Studies for Large Area
Annual consumptive use for large area is found by:
Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
1. Blaney‐Criddle Method
2. Penman Method
3. Hargreaves Class A Pan Evaporation Method
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Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
1. Blaney‐Criddle Method
Blaney & Criddle (1962) proposed an empirical relation to express
potential evapo‐transpiration (consumptive use) in terms of temp. &
day time hours:
(Table‐1)
Table‐2
Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
1. Blaney‐Criddle Method
Table‐1
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Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
1. Blaney‐Criddle Method
Table‐2
Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
2. Penman Method
Table‐3
Equation‐1
Equation‐2
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Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
2. Penman Method
Table‐3
Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
2. Penman Method
Equation‐1
Equation‐1a
Table‐3
Equation‐1a
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Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
2. Penman Method
Equation‐2
Table‐4
Table‐1
Table‐5
Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
2. Penman Method
Table‐4
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Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
2. Penman Method
Table‐5
Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
3. Hargreaves Class A Pan Evaporation Method
Table‐6
Equation‐3
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Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
3. Hargreaves Class A Pan Evaporation Method
Equation‐3
Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
3. Hargreaves Class A Pan Evaporation Method
Table‐6
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Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
3. Hargreaves Class A Pan Evaporation Method
Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
3. Hargreaves Class A Pan Evaporation Method
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Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
3. Hargreaves Class A Pan Evaporation Method
Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
3. Hargreaves Class A Pan Evaporation Method
Table‐1
Table‐5
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Consumptive Use Determination by Use of Equations
3. Hargreaves Class A Pan Evaporation Method
Evapotranspiration from satellite data
When a surface evaporates, it looses energy and cools
itself. It is that cooling that can be observed from space.
Satellites can map the infrared heat radiated from Earth,
thus enabling to distinguish the cool surfaces from the
warm surfaces.
winter summer
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