Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 9 1 7 9 4 4 8 3 1 7 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 October/November 2014
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler
Protractor
Calculator

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Write your answer to each question in the space provided.

If additional space is required, you should use the lined page at the end of this booklet. The question number(s)
must be clearly shown.

Answer three questions.

The Insert contains Photographs A, B, C and D for Question 2, Photographs E and F for Question 3, and
Photograph G for Question 4.
The Insert is not required by the Examiner.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 28 printed pages and 1 Insert.

DC (ST/SW) 108423
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QUESTION 1

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about some of the factors which influence population
density.

LOW DENSITY

extreme high remote lack of

climate steep and difficult resources
land to get to

temperate flat low good industry

climate land transport and natural
network resources

HIGH DENSITY

Fig. 1

(i) What is the difference between a high and a low population density?

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(ii) Using Fig. 1 only, state the relationship between:

access and population density;

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relief and population density.

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(iii) Explain how variations in climate can influence population density.

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(iv) Explain how industry and natural resources can lead to a high population density in an
area.

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(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows information about the population structure of Japan (an MEDC) in
2005 and 2020 (estimated).

Japan – 2005
male female
80+
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
population (in millions)

Japan – 2020 (estimated)

male female
80+
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
population (in millions)

Fig. 2

(i) Describe the changes which are expected to take place in the population structure of
Japan between 2005 and 2020. You should refer to the young dependents, economically
active, and old dependents.

Young dependents

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Economically active

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Old dependents

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(ii) Suggest reasons for the expected changes in Japan’s population structure between 2005
and 2020.

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(c) For a named country you have studied, describe the problems caused by overpopulation.

Name of country ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 1
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QUESTION 2

2 (a) Study Fig. 3, a map of Gdansk, an urban area in Poland (an MEDC), along with Photographs
A, B, C and D (Insert).

Bay of Gdansk

0 5
km
Key
CBD
boundary
built up area

Fig. 3

(i) Write the letters B, C and D into the correct boxes on Fig. 3 to show their likely location in
the urban area. The location of Photograph A has been done for you. [1]
(ii) Give two pieces of evidence from Photograph A that the area shown is part of the CBD
(Central Business District).

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]

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(iii) Describe the causes of traffic congestion in the CBDs of major urban areas.

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(iv) Explain how the problems of traffic congestion in cities can be solved.

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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows information about urban growth in the USA.

Key
suburbs total urban
80
percentage of US population living in urban areas central areas of cities population

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
years

Fig. 4

(i) Describe the changes in the total percentage of population living in urban areas in the
USA between 1910 and 2000. You should include statistics in your answer.

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(ii) Suggest why the percentage of the urban population living in the suburbs of cities in the
USA has increased rapidly since 1910.

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(c) For a named example of a town or city you have studied, describe the impacts of urban
sprawl on the natural environment.

Name of town or city ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 2

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QUESTION 3

3 (a) Study Fig. 5 and Photograph E (Insert), which show an area of coastline.

N
122

60
Lulworth 10
Cove

Sea 40

Key

chalk 10 height above sea level (metres)

sand and clay

0 250 500
limestone metres

Fig. 5

(i) What is the width of the entrance to Lulworth Cove?

...................................... metres [1]

(ii) Identify the type of rocks which form:

the entrance to Lulworth Cove;

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the back of Lulworth Cove.

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(iii) Suggest how Lulworth Cove was formed.

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(iv) Explain why areas of coastline, such as the one shown in Photograph E, are important to
many people.

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(b) Study Photograph F (Insert), which shows a stack.

(i) Describe three features of the stack shown in Photograph F.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................

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(ii) Explain the formation of a stack.

You may include a labelled diagram as part of your answer.

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[5]

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(c) For a named area you have studied, explain the conditions required for the formation of a
coral reef.

Name of area of coral reef ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 3

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QUESTION 4

4 (a) Study Figs 6 and 7, which show information about the Mississippi River floods in 1993.

Mis
N Wisconsin

s is
Minnesota ip

s
pi
R i ve
r
South
Dakota
Mi
s uri R
s

o i
ve
r

Nebraska

Iowa
Indiana

Illinois

Kansas St. Louis

Kentucky
Missouri
r
iv e

Tennessee
Oklahoma
iR
ssipp

Arkansas
si

Mississippi
Mis

Key 0 50 100 150

river km
areas affected by flooding

lake

state boundary

Fig. 6

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In June 1993, the Mississippi River flooded an area the size of England.

The flat area on either side of the river is called the flood plain, an area where
the river would naturally flood and deposit fertile sediment. However, settlement
and economic activity are increasingly located on the flood plain.

For many years, engineers have managed the river to prevent flooding. The
river has been straightened, 200 dams have been built and levées have been
made even higher. The river waters now flow up to 12 metres above the level
of the surrounding land. The cost of these measures is 180 million dollars a
year in maintenance alone.

Fig. 7

(i) Name two states which were affected by the flooding in 1993.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Using evidence from Fig. 6 only, suggest two reasons why there was serious flooding at
St. Louis.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iii) Using Fig. 7, identify three methods used to try to prevent the flooding of the Mississippi
River.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iv) Explain why settlement and economic activity on flood plains is likely to increase the
hazard of river flooding.

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(b) Study Photograph G (Insert), which shows a waterfall.

(i) Describe the features of the waterfall shown in Photograph G.

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(ii) Suggest what might happen to the waterfall in Photograph G in the future. Give reasons
for your answer.

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(c) Describe and explain one of the following types of weathering. You may use a diagram.

Carbonation Exfoliation

Weathering process chosen ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 4
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QUESTION 5

5 (a) Study Fig. 8, which shows information about international tourists who visit Kenya from
different continents.

Europe
North
America Asia

Tropic of
Cancer

Equator
South Kenya
America
Tropic of Africa
Capricorn Australasia
Key
international tourists
arrow widths
tourists
0.5%
10%
19%

60%

Fig. 8

(i) What is meant by international tourist?

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(ii) Compare the percentage of international tourists to Kenya from Europe and Asia. You
should include statistics in your answer.

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(iii) Suggest reasons why the number of tourists to Kenya from different parts of the world
varies.

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(iv) Explain why international tourism has increased in the last 50 years.

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(b) Study Fig. 9, information about Kenya.

T O KEN YA
COME N

Lake
Turkana

Marsabit
Game
Reserve
Samburu
Great

Game
Reserve Meru
National
Rift Va

Park Equator
Lake Mount
lley

Victoria Maasai Mara Kenya

Game Reserve KENYA
Nairobi
Tsavo
Amboseli National Park
National Park

Key
national parks
and game reserves
main cities Mombasa INDIAN
international OCEAN
boundary 0 100 200
major beach area km
coral reef

Fig. 9

(i) Using only evidence from Fig. 9, suggest three different types of tourism which are
important to Kenya.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 ....................................................................................................................................[3]

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(ii) Explain how the creation of game reserves and national parks in Kenya is likely to help
tourism to be sustainable.

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(c) For a named area you have studied, describe the benefits and problems of tourism for local
people.

Name of area ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 5

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QUESTION 6

6 (a) Study Fig. 10, which shows information about the employment structure of three countries in
Asia.

China
Key
Japan primary
secondary
Malaysia
tertiary
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
percentage of workforce

Fig. 10

(i) What percentage of the population of Malaysia works in the primary sector?

......................% [1]

(ii) Describe two differences between the employment structures of China and Japan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iii) In rural areas of Malaysia there is still much primary employment. However, in the cities,
such as Kuala Lumpur, there are many service industries in the CBD and high technology
industrial parks in the rural-urban fringe.

Give an example of:

primary employment in a rural area;

...........................................................................................................................................

an industry which is likely to locate on a high technology industrial park;

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a service industry in a CBD.

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(iv) Explain why there is a large reduction of the workforce in the primary sector as a country
develops.

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(b) Study Fig. 11, information about the exports of Malaysia.

1970 2008
0 0

Key
rubber
tin
75% 25% 75% 25%
manufactured
goods
oil / gas
others
50% 50%

Fig. 11

(i) Using Fig. 11, describe the changes in Malaysia’s exports between 1970 and 2008. Use
statistics from Fig. 11 in your answer.

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(ii) Explain why many high technology industries have grown up in newly industrialised
countries (NICs).

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(c) For a named area you have studied, describe the impacts of agriculture on the natural
environment.

Area studied ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 6

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Additional Page
If you use the following lines to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s)
must be clearly shown.

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Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 2 Fig. 4 © Michael Raw; Geography in Place: Homework Copymasters; Collins Educational; 1999; ISBN 0003267032.
Question 2 Photographs A–D S. Sibley © UCLES.
Question 3 Photographs E & F S. Sibley © UCLES.
Question 4 Photograph G S. Sibley © UCLES.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2014 0460/12/O/N/14