Inglés 2022

Parcial Domiciliario-Noviembre 2022

Prof. Bravo, Ailín
1. Identificar y nombrar los elementos para textuales del texto.
2. Identificar y nombrar los tipos de gráficos utilizados en el texto.
3. Identificar y resumir los datos que contiene cada gráfico.
4. Traducir y clasificar las conjunciones que están subrayadas y en negrita.
5. Analice los recursos cohesivos utilizados en las frases resaltadas.
6. Identifique las cadenas semánticas que se han tejido a través del texto.
7. Responda las siguientes preguntas en ESPAÑOL:
a. Which is the main topic?
b. Who is the author?
c. When was the text published?
d. What does the text explain about cardiovascular health in women in the UK?
e. Why was the article amended?

Women's health

Menopause, endometriosis and

more: four ways England is failing
women

Too often women’s health is dismissed. Composite: Guardian

As ministers plan to publish the first women’s health strategy
we look at where things are going wrong – and why
Hannah Devlin Science correspondent

Thu 2 Jun 2022 15.30 BST

As the president of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecolo-
gists (RCOG) warns that women’s debilitating health problems are be-
ing routinely dismissed as “benign”, ministers are planning to publish
the first women’s health strategy for England.

Here we look at four key areas of women’s health, and concerns over
diagnosis times, treatment and outcomes.

1
Endometriosis and other gynaecological con-
ditions
The inclusion of gynaecological conditions such as endometriosis, pro-
lapse and heavy menstrual bleeding in the women’s health strategy has
been widely welcomed. The medical profession has been criticised for
being slow to diagnose some of these conditions and quick to minimise
their health impact.

Endometriosis, a condition where tissue similar to the womb lining

grows elsewhere, such as the ovaries and fallopian tubes, can cause se-
vere pain and affect fertility. It is thought to affect about one in 10
women of child-bearing age.

There are treatments, including hormone medication and surgery, but

women in the UK are diagnosed an average of eight years after the on-
set of symptoms, with long waiting times for treatment. “The time to
diagnosis is absolutely shocking,” said Prof Anna David, the director of
University College London’s Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for
Women’s Health.

2
Menopause and healthy ageing
In her 2020 review of a string of scandals in women’s healthcare, Julia
Cumberlege, who chaired the inquiry, concluded there was a tendency
for “anything and everything women suffer [to be] perceived as a natu-
ral precursor to, part of, or a post-symptomatic phase of, the
menopause”.

As the taboo gradually lifts around the menopause, there has been a
reappraisal of many of the health problems associated with it and a
growing consensus that the NHS needs to deliver better care. This in-
cludes healthcare professionals acknowledging the impact of well-
known symptoms such as hot flushes, but also recognising issues in-
cluding mental health, recurrent urinary tract infections, prolapse and
musculoskeletal problems linked to changes in hormone levels.

The government has already appointed an HRT tsar to address short-

ages of the drugs used to treat symptoms this year, linked in part to the
doubling in the number of HRT prescriptions during the past five
years. This increase in itself is a “good news story”, says Dr Edward
Morris, president of RCOG, because it indicates “the right conversa-
tions are being had” between women and healthcare professionals.

Morris and others are now calling for broader changes to improve care
and education about the menopause, including the establishment of
women’s health hubs run by gynaecologists and specialist nurses.
3
Cardiovascular health
Cardiovascular disease is often perceived as a male illness but experts
say this is a fundamental misconception. More women than men have
strokes in the UK, more women die from stroke and there are risk fac-
tors (although not the primary causes) such as pregnancy, the contra-
ceptive pill and HRT that are specific to women.

While heart attacks are more common in men, there is strong evi-
dence of a gender gap in NHS care. Research by the British Heart
Foundation (BHF) suggests women are 50% more likely than men to
receive the wrong initial diagnosis for a heart attack, and more than
8,200 women have died needlessly in the past 10 years because they
did not receive the same quality of care as men, the BHF estimates.

Experts believe opportunities to offer preventive interventions earlier

are being missed. In particular, health during pregnancy is a strong in-
dicator of subsequent risk. Pre-eclampsia, a condition that causes high
blood pressure during pregnancy and after labour, is linked to a four-
fold increase in future heart failure and twice the risk of coronary heart
disease and stroke. Women who have had more than three miscar-
riages have been shown to be about five times more likely to later have
a heart attack.

“Pregnancy is like a stress test that reveals how you’re going to be later
in life,” said David. “You can start screening for these conditions and
intervene. There’s a need for more joined-up thinking. That would be a
really important piece of work to give back control to women.”

4
Social determinants of health
Women live longer than men. But, unlike men, their life expectancy in
the UK’s most deprived areas fell in the past decade for the first time in
100 years. The findings, by a 2020 review of health equity in England,
led by Prof Sir Michael Marmot, also found that healthy life expectancy
in women in the most deprived areas outside of London declined and
there was a greater rate of increase in health inequalities among
women between the richest and most deprived areas. “Things have got
worse for women over the past decade in the most deprived areas,” said
Marmot. “That was deeply shocking and unexpected.”

Factors such as cuts to children’s services, transport and recreation,

and increases in the cost of heating and food contributed to the trend,
Marmot said: “The regressive way we implemented austerity was dam-
aging to health and wellbeing and particularly to inequalities in health
and wellbeing.”

He is among those calling for the women’s health strategy to take the
broadest definition, rather than addressing primarily health condi-
tions that exclusively affect women. “I’d like to see a women’s health
strategy focus on the social determinants of health,” he said. “Don’t
have a strategy that focuses on the tip of the iceberg. It’s not simply a
matter of making HRT more readily available … Focus on the whole
deal.”

*This article was amended on 7 June 2022 to remove a graphic that

had the potential to cause confusion.