Heatwave 2022

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Heat Wave 2022: Causes, impacts and way forward for Indian
Agriculture
Technical Report · June 2022

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15040.20482
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Heat Wave 2022
Causes, Impacts and way forward
for Indian Agriculture
.. ' 0
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ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

Santoshnaagar, Hyderabad - 500 059, Telangana, India
ICAR/CRIDA/TB/01/2022
All India Coordinated Researc
National Innovations in Cli
ICAR-Central Research Insti
National Innovations in Climate ResilientSantoshnagar,
Agriculture Hy
Heat Wave 2022 (NICRA)

Causes, impacts and way forward
AICRPAM for
Component
Indian Agriculture
Annual Report
Santanu Kumar Bal
J.V.N.S. Prasad 2021
Vinod Kumar Singh
ICAR – Central Research

All India InstituteResearch
Coordinated for Dryland Agriculture
Project on Agrometeorolog
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture
ICAR-Central i Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture
Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059
Citation: Bal, S.K., Prasad, J.V.N.S and Singh, V.K. (2022). Heat wave 2022 Causes,
ndia Coordinated Research
impacts and Project
way forward on Agrometeorology
for Indian Agriculture. Technical Bulletin No. ICAR/CRIDA/
National Innovations
TB/01/2022, in Climate Resilient
ICAR-Central ResearchAgriculture
Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad,
Telangana,
ICAR-Central India,
Research p50. for Dryland Agriculture
Institute
Copies: 500
Technical Guidance:
Dr S.K. Chaudhari, DDG (NRM), ICAR
Dr B. Venkateswarlu, Former Vice-Chancellor, VNMKV Parbhani
Published by
The Director
ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture,
Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA 500059
Phone: 91-040-24530177, 24530161(O), 24532262(R)
Web: http://www.icar-crida.res.in
Email: director.crida@icar.gov.in
Printed at:
Sai Maruthi Print Solutions, Almasguda, Hyderabad-500058.
Tel: +91-9912277127, 77806 88102
Email: saimaruthiprintsolutions@gmail.com
ii
Contributors National Innovations in Cli
Santoshnagar, Hy
Dr A.V.M. Subba Rao, Principal Scientist (Agrometeorology), AICRPAM, ICAR-CRIDA,
Hyderabad
Dr M. Prabhakar, PI, NICRA, ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad
Dr Sarath Chandran M.A., Scientist (Agrometeorology), AICRPAM, ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad
Dr N. Manikandan, Scientist (Agrometeorology), AICRPAM, ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad
Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat & Barley Research, Karnal
Director, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow
Director, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur
Director, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal
Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi, Muzaffarpur
Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi
Director, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
Director, ATARI, Zone-I, Ludhiana
Director, ATARI, Zone-II, Jodhpur
Director, ATARI, Zone-III, Kanpur
Director, ATARI, Zone-IV, Patna
Director, ATARI, Zone-VIII, Pune
Director, ATARI, Zone-IX, Jabalpur
Head, KVKs (Bandipora, Kathua, Leh (Ladakh), Poonch, Anantnag, Chamba, Kullu, Mandi,
Bilaspur, Faridkot, Bathinda, Gurdaspur, Moga, Uttarkashi, Tehri Garhwal, Bageshwar,
Champawat, Sirsa, Bhiwani, Fatehabad, Mahendragarh, Hisar, Jhunjhunu, Bharatpur, Jodhpur,
Barmer, Alwar, Bhilwara, Churu, Hanumangarh, Nagaur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Sirohi, Pali,
Baghpat, Jhansi, Hamirpur, Chitrakoot, Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Bahraich, Gonda, Maharajganj,
Gorakhpur, Kushi Nagar, Sonbhadra, Banda, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Basti, Jalaun, Kanpur Dehat,
Supaul, Buxar, Darbhanga, Saharsa, Sitamarhi, Lakhisarai, Kishanganj, Bhagalpur, Nalanda,
West Champaran, Siwan, Godda, Gumla, Garhwa, Banaskantha, Narmada, Dahod, Panchmahal,
Nandurbar, Ahmednagar, Jalna, Beed, Osmanabad, Latur, North Goa, Raigadh, Mahasamund,
Durg, Morena, Datia, Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Ratlam, Jhabua, Bhind, Dindori).
Nodal officers of ATARI (Zone-I, Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV, Zone-VIII, Zone-IX)
Scientists, AICRPAM centres (Faizabad, Jabalpur, Kanpur, Ludhiana, Raipur, Samastipur)
iii
ndia Coordinated Research Project on Agrometeorology
iv
CONTENTS
-
S.No.
Message
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Particulars
-
Page No.
ICAR-Central
i
iii
v
in Cli
Research Insti
Santoshnagar, Hy
Executive Summary vii

1. Introduction 01
2. Heat wave
2.1 The science behind 03
2.2 Heat wave declaration criteria 04
2.3 Heat wave characteristics 04
2.4 Heat wave impacts on agriculture 05
2.5 Historical heat wave events in the world and India 10
2.6 Heat wave prone districts of India 10
3. Trails of heat wave 2022 in India
3.1 Causes of heat wave 2022 13
3.2 Location specific heat wave conditions observed at 6 locations 13
across north and central India during February-March 2022
3.3 Impact of subdued western disturbances on aggravating heat wave 17
conditions over northern India
4. Heat wave impacts on agriculture during 2022
4.1 Crops 23
4.2 Horticulture 24
4.3 Livestock 26
4.4 Poultry 26
4.5 Fisheries 26
4.6 Groundwater 27
4.7 Humans 27
5. Technologies/ strategies for heat wave management
5.1 Crops 28
5.2 Horticulture 29
5.3 Livestock 31
5.4 Poultry 32
5.5 Fisheries 33
5.6 Groundwater 34
5.7 Humans 34
6. Learnings from NICRA Project 35
7. Way Forward 43
8. References 44
v
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GOVERNMENT OF !NOIA
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Santoshnagar, Hy
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & EDUCATION
ANO
TRILOCHAN MOHAPATRA, Ph.D . INOIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
SECRETARY & DIRECTOR GENERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FA RMERS WELFARE
KRIS HI BHAVAN, NEW DE LHI 110 001
Tel : 23382629; 23386711 Fax: 91-11 -23384TT3
E-mail dg.lc8r@ni<:.in
Message
Indian Agriculture continues to be vulnerable to weather vagaries despite self-suf-
ficiency in food grain production. Climate change and increased extreme weather
events in recent decades as well as uncertainty in prediction of those events further
add to the woes of the farmers causing widespread losses of agricultural output. This
year in 2022, extreme heat is gripping large parts of India, affecting hundreds of
millions of people and agriculture in particular.
Thus, it is of paramount importance to predict our climate better and adopt cli-
mate-smart management practices for ensuring food security. Research initiatives
on various aspects of management in field and horticultural crops, animals, fisheries
and poultry in the event of unfavorable extreme weather events have necessitated the
need for effective and foolproof measures. Amongst the weather hazards, heat waves
cause physiological damage to crops, animals, poultry and fish; reduce water avail-
ability, increase demand of water and energy for use, reduce work efficiency etc.
This document is an attempt in this direction that includes information on the heat-
wave formation, heat wave vulnerable regions of India, the extent and spread of heat
wave 2022 in northern and central India, possible impacts of heat stress on various
aspects of agriculture and availability of technological interventions. Apart from
crop, livestock, poultry and fishery specific management interventions, this bulletin
also presents experiences from the technology demonstration component of NICRA.
I appreciate the initiative of ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad through the efforts of AICRP
on Agrometeorology (AICRPAM) and National Innovations in Climate Resilient
Agriculture (NICRA) for this timely document and hope this will be useful for re-
searchers, farmers, extension specialists, policy makers and other stake holders for
formulating strategies for minimizing the impacts of such vagaries in future.
~
T. MOHAPATRA
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INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
Room No. 101, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan-11 , Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India
Santoshnagar, Hy
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Dr. Suresh Kum ar Chaudhari
Deputy Director General (Natural Resou rces Management)
30.05.2022
Foreword
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its recent report

projects an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events in future
over the Indian sub-continent. In recent years , these extreme events
posed a great challenge not only at the farm production level but also at
the regional / landscape level. This year in 2022, anti-cyclones over
western parts of India coupled with absence of western disturbances
triggered the early and extreme heatwaves in the northern , north western
and central parts of India for a quite longer period of time.
This analysis is an attempt to address the problem faced by Indian

agriculture northern parts of the country due to heatwaves in the recent
past. It covers the science behind occurrence of heatwaves, its impact on
various sectors of agriculture and management strategies for overcoming
the negative impacts. A critical analysis of the weather conditions that led
to heatwave events in 2022 is analyzed by AICRP-AM and presented. As
we expect such extreme weather events more frequently in future, I hope
this document will serve as a reference material in the coming years and
helpful to review the historical occurrences.
It has caused yield reductions in rabi crops especially under late

sown conditions . This has called for a concerted scientific approach to
study the natural disaster in deta il. I am happy to share that National
Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) is adopting a
comprehensive approach for addressing such climatic extremes . Various
commodity based ICAR institutes are actively involved in developing
technologies that can minimize impact of climatic stresses. The promising
technologies are taken to the farmers in a participatory approach which
are being well accepted by the farming community. There is a need for
mainstreaming the proven resilient technologies inlo the ongoing
developmental programs/ schemes.
I appreciate the efforts of the scientists of ICAR-CRIDA, AICRP-AM

and NICRA in bringing out this timely document and believe that this
publication will be of immense use in managing the episodes of heatwaves
in the years to come.
µ (S.K. Chaudhari)
Ph .: +91 -11 -25848364 Fax: +91-11-25848366 Email: ddg.nrm @icar.gov.in Website: www.icar.org.in
iii
iv
Acknowledgements ICAR-Central Research Insti
The severity and geographical spread of the heat wave 2022 and the extent of damage it
Santoshnagar, Hy
caused to the Indian agriculture has compelled us to have an insight on the science aspect
of this climatic extreme, its spatial distribution, impact on various sectors of agriculture
and allied sectors, currently available adaptation strategies which may guide in prioritizing
research efforts to minimize field level losses.
We would like to express sincere gratitude to Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra, Secretary, DARE
& Director General-ICAR, for his valuable guidance and constant encouragement in
bringing out this publication.
We would also like to express sincere gratitude to Dr. S.K. Chaudhari DDG (NRM), ICAR
and Dr. B. Venkateswarlu, Former Vice-Chancellor, VNMKV, Parbhani for their technical
guidance in bringing out this publication.
We express heartfelt thanks to the directors of various ICAR institutes namely, ICAR-
Indian Institute of Wheat & Barley Research, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical
Horticulture, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater
Fisheries Research, ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi, ICAR-Indian Institute
of Vegetable Research, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, ICAR-Directorate of
Poultry Research for providing the necessary information about the impacts of heatwave
on production systems and remedial measures.
We extremely thankful to all Directors and Nodal Officers of ATARIs for their support and
guidance in providing the data on impacts and technological options for minimizing heat
stress. We thank the Senior scientists and head and staﬀ of KVK for providing information
regarding the impact of the technologies in the NICRA villages. We are thankful to the
Agrometeorologists of AICRPAM centres Ludhiana, Samastipur, Kanpur, Faizabad,
Jabalpur, Raipur and Anand for providing information related to heatwave 2022.
We express our gratitude to Dr. M. Prabhakar, PI, NICRA, Dr. A.V.M. Subba Rao, Principal
Scientist (Agrometeorology), Dr. Sarath Chandran M.A., Scientist (Agrometeorology),
Dr. N. Manikandan, Scientist (Agrometeorology), ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad for their
technical support.
(Authors)
v
vi
Executive Summary All India Coordinated Researc
The earth’s average temperature has been rising. Heat waves are becomingNational
extremelyInnovations
intense in Cli
and frequent globally. In India, the months of March and April 2022, areICAR-Central Research Insti
the warmest on
record, witnessed an unusual increase in maximum and minimum temperatures over mostSantoshnagar, Hy
parts of the country. During this period, the extreme temperatures were found to be higher
by +8 to +10.8°C and the rainfall lower by -60 to -99%, respectively compared to normal
in 10 out of 36 meteorological subdivisions. In addition, 2022 will be remembered as a
classic example of coupled impact of high temperature and subdued rainfall on agricultural
production systems, specifically in northern and central India.
Agricultural production in India is vulnerable to climate variability and change. The
abnormal increase in maximum and minimum temperatures during 2022, impacted crops,
fruits, vegetables and animals in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan. Jammu &
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra. The
heat wave coincided with grain filling and development stage of wheat, yellowing and
shriveling of grain, forced maturity, resulting in reduction of yields up to 15-25%. High
temperatures resulted in moisture stress, sun burn, flower drop and less fruit setting in
horticultural crops such as kinnow, pomegranate, mango and lemon. Similarly, in case of
vegetables, significant impact was observed especially in tomato, cole crops and cucurbits.
Loss of appetite and higher body temperature was observed in milch animals which led
to reduction of milk yield up to 15%. The extreme temperatures resulted in drop in egg
production and increased broiler mortality.
Due to the efforts of the National Agricultural Research System, several technologies are
currently available which can minimise the negative impacts of heat waves in various
production systems. The proven technologies are being taken to farmers as part of
Technology Demonstration Component of National Innovations in Climate Resilient
Agriculture (NICRA). During this year, the technologies were found to be promising in
minimising the impact of heat stress. For example, in Bathinda, Faridkot of Punjab, these
technologies could produce wheat yields up to 91-97% of the normal year. Similarly,
resilient technologies could help in achieving milk production to the extent of 95% of
the normal year. There is a need to popularize and scale these technologies by way of
integrating in to the ongoing development programs. In addition, strengthening the weather
forecasts and agro-advisory services can help farmers taking informed decisions about the
impending weather. Building capacities of farmers and large-scale awareness on climate
resilient technologies is needed for enhancing their adoption. Such efforts will go a long
way in enhance resilience of various sectors of Indian agriculture to climatic extremes,
such as the heat wave witnessed during the year 2022.
vii
viii
1. Introduction All India Coordinated Researc
The earth’s average temperature has been rising since the late 1970s. However, the Santoshnagar,
year Hy
2021 has broken the historical record of the global climate in many ways. The average
global temperature across land and ocean surface areas in 2021 was 1.12°C higher than
the twentieth-century average. Heat waves are becoming extremely intense and frequent
in various parts of the world including India leading to losses in agricultural productivity
and thousands of deaths. The Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC has also reiterated that
climate change is real and its impact is being felt throughout the globe. In many parts of
India, warmer summer and droughts have significantly impacted agriculture. Global food
production is steadily increasing, but the rate of increase especially for major cereal crops
is declining.
Agricultural production in India is becoming increasingly vulnerable to climate variability
and change characterized by temperature rise (Rao et al., 2015) and altered frequency, timing
and magnitude of precipitation (Bal et al., 2022). In spite of the large-scale development
of soil-water-and crop-based technologies to optimize and sustain agricultural productivity
in recent years, the latter continues to be affected by a number of factors. Factors like
temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, light, availability of water, mineral nutrients etc.
determine plant growth and development. The effect of each atmospheric factor on crop
performance depends on its intensity and duration. However, some of these factors become
stressful, due to the recurring features of climate variability, e.g. heat/ cold waves, floods/
heavy rain, hail/ thunderstorms, cyclones/ tidal waves etc., and these critical environmental
threats are often referred as extreme weather events (Bal and Minhas, 2017). As climate
change has become a reality, the implications of global warming for changes in extreme
weather and climate events are of major concern for farmers as well as the common public.
Sharma and Majumdar (2017) reported that in India, the percentage increase in the
frequency of heat waves along with drought was most significant in parts of Maharashtra
and southern Gujarat, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. They calculated the Heat wave
Magnitude Index daily (HWMId) which combines the duration and magnitude of heatwaves,
and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), which defines meteorological drought from
1951 to 1981. Using this as the base, they compared it with the HWMId and SPI between
the years 1981 and 2010. It was found that the area affected has increased from almost
nothing in 1951, to nearly 4 percent by 2010. Nearly 18 percent of the country’s area has
been facing at least three days of temperatures above the 85th percentile which is a cause of
concern for agriculture and allied sectors. Chandran et al., (2017) characterized the Indian
1
summer heat wave of 2015 using half hourly automatic weather station data for Andhra
Pradesh, where Project
maximum onwas
death Agrometeorology
reported. The heat wave characterization using
physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) revealed that extreme heat load conditions
ICAR-Central
(PETResearch Institute
>41) existed forfour
in all the Dryland Agriculture
locations throughout May of 2015, with varying intensity.
Higher relative humidity in coastal areas aggravated the situation.
In India, the months of March and April 2022 witnessed an unusual increase in maximum
and minimum temperature with departure from mean exceeding by more than 5 oC at some
places and appreciably above normal over most parts of the country. Northwest and central
India experienced their hottest April in 122 years with average maximum temperatures
reaching 35.9 and 37.8oC, respectively. The increase in temperature coupled with lesser rain
events due to weak activity of western disturbances has increased the overall irrigation water
requirements. These heat wave conditions or large departure of maximum temperatures
during this period is critical for winter (rabi) crops in general and wheat in particular.
The reproduction and grain filling stages of most of the rabi crops occur during March.
Therefore, an abnormal rise in temperature forces these crops to complete their life cycle
early, thus affecting the grain yield. Similarly, horticultural crops, livestock, fisheries, and
poultry sector got affected physiologically either directly or indirectly through increased
demand for water during the heat wave/ heat stress periods.
The following sections elaborate on various aspects of heat wave characteristics, causes,
damages and the way forward for Indian agriculture. Further, the technologies developed
for minimising the impact of heat stress and the performance of these technologies during
the heat waves of 2022 across various states is presented.
2
2. Heat wave All India Coordinated Researc
2.1. The science behind Santoshnagar, Hy
A heat wave is a prolonged period of unusually high temperatures or hot weather, as felt
by the general public and scientifically defined as the occurrence of temperatures greater
than normal in a certain region. These are rare events that vary in character and impact
even in the same location. A heat wave is defined by more than just a high daily maximum
temperature. It also depends on how much it cools overnight. The maximum temperature
will be achieved early the next day and will linger longer if the temperature remains high
overnight. High levels of humidity and very light winds, if present, exacerbate thermal
stress to people. Heat stress becomes a key element in health and infrastructure function
when exceptionally high night and daytime temperatures continue. Hot nights make it more
difficult to recuperate from the heat of the day during heat waves, putting extra stress on the
living beings. Thus, although a heat wave is a meteorological event, it cannot be assessed
without reference to human impacts.
Favorable conditions for heat wave in India

• Transportation / prevalence of hot dry air over a region (There should be a region of
warm dry air and appropriate flow pattern for transporting hot air over the region). The
synoptic situation favoring a heat wave is characterized by the presence of a powerful
warm anticyclone covering the entire troposphere producing a blocking situation over
a region. The pressure gradient is generally weak with associated light winds which
tend to produce warm air advection.
• Absence of moisture in the upper atmosphere (As the presence of moisture restricts
the temperature rise).
• The sky should be practically cloudless (To allow maximum insulation over the
region).
• Large amplitude anti-cyclonic flow over the area. Heat waves generally develop over
northwest India and spread gradually eastwards & southwards but not westwards
(since the prevailing winds during the season are westerly to northwesterly). But
on some occasions, heat wave may also develop over any region in situ under the
favorable conditions.
• In addition, if the soil is very dry, all the solar radiation heat this, allowing the warming
of the air in contact with the soil, promoting even higher temperatures.
3
What is the reason behind the current heat wave in India?
Anti-cyclones over western parts of Rajasthan in March and the absence of western
disturbances had triggered the early and extreme heat waves. Anticyclones cause hot and
dry weather by sinking winds around high-pressure systems in the atmosphere. The absence
of periodic light rainfall and thundershowers, typical for this time of the year, is due to the
lack of active western disturbances. Though north-west India saw at least four western
disturbances in March and April, but were not strong enough to cause a significant change
in the weather. The regions did not see any significant pre-monsoon activity from March
1 to April 20 in 2022 which compounded the severity of the successive heat wave events.
2.2. Heat wave declaration criteria

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has not adopted yet a standard and
mathematically rigorous definition for heat waves. As per IMD, to declare heat-waves, the
following criteria should be met at least in 2 stations in a meteorological sub-division for
at least two consecutive days and it will be declared on the second day. Forecasts of heat-
waves over a sub-division will be issued only if at least two stations in the sub-division are
expected to experience such conditions.
Heat wave need not be considered till maximum temperature of a station reaches at least
40oC for Plains and at least 30 oC for Hilly regions
• When normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40 oC
Heat wave: Departure from normal is 5 oC to 6 oC
Severe heat wave: Departure from normal is 7 oC or more
• When normal maximum temperature of a station is more than 40oC
Heat wave: Departure from normal is 4 oC to 5 oC
Severe heat wave: Departure from normal is 6 oC or more
• When actual maximum temperature remains 45 oC or more irrespective of normal
maximum temperature, heat waves should be declared.
2.3. Heat wave characteristics

The main characteristics of heat waves are:
a) Frequency: the number of heat waves that occur every year
b) Intensity: increase in temperature along with wind speed, humidity
c) Duration: the length of individual heat wave in days
4
Types of heat wave
India Meteorological department has classified heat waves into two, viz.,
• Heat wave: either departure of daily maximum temperature is 4.5 toICAR-Central Research Insti
6.4°C from the
normal or when actual maximum temperature is in between 45 to 46.9°C Santoshnagar, Hy
• Severe heat wave: either departure of daily maximum temperature is greater than
6.4°C or when actual maximum temperature is greater than or equal to 47°C Similarly,
the Australian institute for disaster resilience has classified heat waves into three
categories, viz.,
• Low intensity heat waves: more frequent during summer and are relatively easy to
overcome
• Severe heat waves: less frequent and challenging for vulnerable sectors of the society
• Extreme heat waves: rare and may create problem for even healthy people. People
who work outdoors have high risk of being affected by this.
2.4. Heat wave impacts on agriculture

2.4.1. Physical impacts
Water resources
Because of the close relationship between climate and water, heat wave intensifies the
water crises in several regions, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Excess water uses
due to heat waves sometimes become detrimental in places suffering from water scarcity,
especially in the context of climate change. Hatvani-Kovacs et al., in 2016 found that in
Adelaide, almost one-fifth (19.18%) of peak water supply occurred only on heatwave days.
As per National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM), India, heat wave phenomena are
silent killers as this increases the evaporation rate from the water resources. This increases
demand for water both for general use and agricultural purposes. Indirectly, sustenance of
crops and farm animals become difficult during this heat wave period (Guleria and Gupta,
2018).
Wild/Forest fires
Wildfires occurs in uncommon areas such as the Arctic (Watt, 2018). For instance, the
U.S. West Coast, experienced the most dangerous and intense wildfires of the past decade
(Dobuzinskis, 2018), while severe wildfires in Greece killed about 80 people (Smith,
2018). In addition, the extreme temperatures killed about 80 people in Japan, 70 people in
Canada and 29 in North Korea (Haas, 2018). Heat waves account for more deaths than all
other natural hazards combined in Australia (Coates et al., 2014). Forest Survey of India
has estimated that 21.4 per cent (1,524,21 sq.km) area under forest is vulnerable to forest
fires (www.indiaclimatedialogue.net).
5
Energy consumption
ndia Coordinated
The energy Research Project
sector is one of theon
keyAgrometeorology
vulnerable industries in the wake of the projected
rise in surface air temperature. Power Agriculture
in Climate Resilient outages are triggered by the disproportionally high
ICAR-Central Research
electricity Institute
demand due toforair-conditioning
Dryland Agriculture
during heat waves. Nagar (2002) and Singh
(2009) reported that the use of air conditioners in government and public sector offices
in northern India is prohibited to avoid power shortages, especially during extremely hot
days. Urban residents of India are exposed to health-related risks owing to the Urban Heat
Island phenomenon which is instigated by more heat-absorbing surfaces, trapping of hot
air between buildings and poor vegetation cover. Hence, this leads to an increased usage
of air conditioners during heat wave conditions (Guleria and Gupta, 2018). According to
Akpinar-Ferrand and Singh (2010), the usage of air conditioners in India would increase as
an adaptation measure to heat wave conditions. Increase of air temperature under different
population scenarios of India, the energy demand is projected to rise by 13,50,000 GWh in
2100 from 7,50,000 GWh in 2000.
2.4.2. Physiological impacts

Crops
High temperatures beyond certain optimum level reduce plant growth by affecting the
shoot net assimilation rates, and thus the total dry weight of the plant is collectively termed
as heat stress, which is one of the most important factors limiting crop production (Bita
and Gerats, 2013). In higher plants, heat stress significantly alters cell division and cell
elongation rates which affect both leaf size and leaf weight (Prasad et al., 2008). Heat
stress induces changes in rate of respiration and photosynthesis and leads to a shortened
life cycle and reduced plant productivity (Barnabas et al., 2008). As heat stress becomes
more severe, a series of processes occur in plants which affect rates of important metabolic
processes, including photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, dark respiration and photorespiration
(Sicher, 2015). As stress increases, closure of stomata slows down or stops CO2 diffusion,
consequent increase in photorespiration and ultimately inhibits growth processes of the
plant. High heat-associated water uptake issue aggravates heat stress problem. There is a
major slowdown in transpiration leading to reduced plant cooling and internal temperature
increase. It also leads to inhibition of photosynthesis due to stomal closure (Lafta and
Lorenzen, 1995). At the cellular level, as stress becomes more severe, there is loss of
membrane integrity, cell membrane leakage and protein breakdown, and finally, if stress is
severe enough, there can be plant starvation and death of the plant (Bita and Gerats, 2013).
The heat stress also varies with the duration of exposure to high temperature, degree of
heat and crop genotypes (Kim and Lee, 2011). The most affected stage is the reproductive
growth, and the affected process is pollen grain development (Bita and Gerats, 2013).
Sexual reproduction and flowering have been extremely sensitive to heat stress, which
often results in reduced crop plant productivity (Thakur et al., 2010). In general, higher
6
temperatures are associated with longer and intense radiation and higher water use. C3
plants generally have a greater ability for temperature acclimation of photosynthesis
across a broad temperature range, CAM plants acclimate day and night photosynthetic
process differentially to temperature, and C4 plants are adapted to warm ICAR-Central
environments Research Insti
(Yamori et al., 2014). CAM plants can also strengthen the CO2 fertilization effect and
Santoshnagar, Hy
the CO2 anti-transpiring effect of C3 and C4 plants to a considerable extent. However,
higher night temperature may increase dark respiration of plants and diminishing net
biomass production. The reduction in crop yield in response to high temperature is due to
disturbance of relationship of source and sink for assimilation of photosynthates (Johkan
et al., 2011). The negative impact on yield of wheat and paddy in most part of India is due
to increase in temperature, water stress and reduction in number of rainy days. For every
1°C increase in temperature, yield of wheat, soybean, mustard, groundnut and potato are
expected to decline by 3-7% (Agarwal, 2009). In the year March 2004, temperatures were
higher in the Indo-Gangetic plains by 3-6 °C, and as a result, the wheat crop matured
earlier by 10-20 days. Presently, the Indian lowlands are the source of approximately 15%
of global wheat production, but it is anticipated that climate changes will transform these
into a heat-stressed, short-season production environment (Bita and Gerats, 2013). Many
legumes and cereals show a high sensitivity to heat stress during flowering and severe
reductions in fruit set, most probably as result of reduced water and nutrient assimilate
transport during reproductive development (Young et al., 2004). In horticultural crops,
temperature is the most important factor. In onion and tomato, bulb initiation and formation,
its bulb and fruit size and qualities are affected by sudden rise in temperature. In most fruit
crops, generally higher temperature decreased the day interval required for flowering and
cooler temperature though required more days for flowering, but the number of flowers
produced increased proportionally at this temperature (Srinivasarao et al., 2016). Optimum
temperature range in citrus is 22–27 °C, and temperatures greater than 30 °C increased
fruit drop. During fruit development when the temperatures exceed the optimum range of
13–27 °C with temperatures over 33 °C, there is a reduction in sugar content, acid content
and fruit size in citrus (Hutton and Landsberg, 2000). These effects can lead to change in
choice of orchid crop and geographical shift in cultivation of particular crop.
Livestock
Under heat stress, a number of physiological and behavioural responses of livestock vary in
intensity and duration in relation to the animal genetic makeup and environmental factors
(Freeman, 1987). In north Indian condition, livestock begins to suffer from mild heat stress
when thermal heat index (THI) reaches higher than 72, moderate heat stress occurs at 80
and severe stress is observed after it reaches 90 (Upadhyay et al., 2009). Thermal stress
lowers feed intake and reduces animal productivity in terms of milk yield, body weight and
reproductive performance. Heat stress reduces libido, fertility and embryonic survival in
7
animals. Enhanced heat dissipation during heat stress may also lead to electrolyte losses
ndia Coordinated
(Coppock Research
et al., 1982).Project
The pooron Agrometeorology
reproductive performance in buffaloes especially during
summer monthsin Climate
is due to Resilient
inefficiencyAgriculture
in maintaining the thermoregulation under high
ICAR-Central Research temperature
environmental Institute forand
Dryland
relativeAgriculture
humidity (RH) as those have dark skin and sparse
Santoshnagar,
coat of body hair Hyderabad-500
which absorb more059heat along with poor heat dissipation mechanism due
to less number of sweat glands (Marai and Haeeb, 2010). Genotype differences exist in
HSP genes of indigenous breed and cross-bred dairy cattle indicating the relative heat stress
tolerance phenotype of native indigenous cattle (Sajjanar et al., 2015). Weak symptoms
of oestrous are exhibited in buffaloes during summer (Parmar and Mehta, 1994) which
results in reduction of luteinizing hormone secretion and oestradiol production in anoestrus
buffaloes (Palta et al., 1997) leading to ovarian inactivity, and also the survival of embryo
in the uterus is impaired due to the deficiency of progesterone in the hot season (Bahga and
Gangwar, 1988). This endocrine pattern may be partially responsible for the low sexual
activities and low fertility in summer season in the buffaloes. The poor nutrition and high
environmental temperature are the two major factors responsible for long anoestrous and
poor reproductive performance in Murrah buffaloes (Kaur and Arora, 1984). Similarly heat
stress in lactating dairy cows causes significant loss of serum Na+ and K+ and also reduces
birth weights of Holstein calves (Collier et al., 1982). Heat stress in lactating animals
results in dramatic reduction in roughage intake, gut motility and rumination which alters
dietary protein utilization and body protein metabolism (Ames et al., 1980). High ambient
temperature can adversely affect the structure and physiology of cells as well as functional
and metabolic alterations in cells and tissues including cells of immune system (Iwagami,
1996). Temperature extremes can influence disease resistance in dairy calves (Olsen et al.,
1980).
Poultry
Heat stress interferes with the broilers comfort and suppresses productive efficiency,
growth rate, feed conversion and live weight gain (Yalcin et al., 1997) due to changes in
behavioural, physiological and immunological responses. With rise in ambient temperature,
the poultry bird has to maintain a balance between heat production and heat loss. This
forces the bird to reduce its feed consumption by 5% to reduce heat from metabolism to a
tune for every 1°C rise in temperature between 32–38°C (Sohail et al., 2012). In addition,
heat stress leads to reduced dietary digestibility and decreased plasma protein and calcium
levels (Zhou et al., 1998). Heat stress limits the productivity of laying hens, as reflected
by egg production and egg quality, as the bird diverts feed metabolic energy to maintain
its body temperature and also lower egg production and egg quality (Tinoco, 2001). The
resulting hyperventilation decreases CO2 blood levels, which may decrease eggshell
thickness (Campos, 2000). Plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which are important
growth promoters in animals, adversely affect heat-stressed broiler chickens (Sahin et al.,
8
2001). There are direct effects on organ and muscle metabolism during heat exposure which
can persist after slaughter (Gregory, 2010); however, chronic heat exposure negatively
affects fat deposition and meat quality in broilers (Imik et al., 2012). In addition, heat stress
is associated with depression of meat chemical composition and quality inICAR-Central
broilers (Dai etResearch Insti
Santoshnagar,
al., 2012). Chronic heat stress decreased the proportion of breast muscle, while increasing
Hy
the proportion of thigh muscle in broilers (Lara and Rostagno, 2013) and protein content
lower and fat deposition higher in birds subjected to hot climate (Zhang et al., 2012). Heat
stress causes decrease in production performance, as well as reduced eggshell thickness
and increased egg breakage (Lin et al., 2004). Additionally, heat stress has been shown
to cause a significant reduction of egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell per cent (Lara
and Rostagno, 2013) and all phases of semen production in breeder cocks (Banks et al.,
2005). In hotter climate, immune-suppressing effect of heat stress is more on broilers and
laying hens (Ghazi et al., 2012) and will alter global disease distribution (Guis et al., 2012)
through changes in climate.
Fisheries
Climate change will affect fisheries and aquaculture via acidification, changes in sea surface
temperatures and circulation patterns, frequency and severity of extreme events and sea
level rise and associated ecological changes (Nicholls et al., 2007). With global warming,
tropical and subtropical areas will experience more reduction in ecosystem productivity
than temperate and polar ecosystems (Shelton, 2014). However, inland aquaculture will
be affected by changing temperatures, water scarcity and salinization of coastal waters
(Shelton, 2014). Increased temperature may affect the distribution pattern of some
fish species where some of them may be migrate to the higher latitude for cooler place
(Barange and Perry, 2009). Changes in temperature will have direct effects on swimming
ability (Van-der-Kraak and Pankhurst, 1997). Sea level rise due to glacier melting will
destroy the mangrove forest as well as destroy the marine fish nursery ground. With rising
temperature, the physiological activity of the fishes also increases with increase in oxygen
demand, whereas the solubility of the oxygen in water is inversely related to temperature
and salinity (Chowdhury et al., 2010). Marine fisheries sector is already overexploited due
to overfishing (Hilborn et al., 2003) and inland fisheries already affected due to pollution,
habitat alteration and introduction of alien species/culture fish (Allan et al., 2005). The
effects of increasing temperature on freshwater and marine ecosystems where temperature
change has been rapid are becoming evident, with rapid poleward shifts in distributions
of fish and plankton (Brander, 2007). High temperature can cause stratification leading
to algae blooms and reduced levels of dissolved oxygen. Tilapia can tolerate dissolved
oxygen concentration as low as 0.1–0.5 mg L−1 but only for a limited period (Bell et al.,
2011).
9
2.5. Historical heat wave events in the world and India
Table 1: Major heat waves across the world and India since 1990
World for Dryland Agriculture
ICAR-Central Research Institute India
Santoshnagar,
Year CountryHyderabad-500
Duration/059 Year Month Temperature
Season
1995 Chicago, USA 12-16 July 1995 June 45.5 °C
1999 USA Summer 1998 May–June 49.5 °C
2003 Europe Summer 2002 April–May 49.0 °C
2009 Australia Jan-Feb 2015 May–June 49.4 °C
2013 Australia, China NA 2016 April–May 51.0 °C
2018 Japan Mid-July 2019 May-June 50.8 °C
2.6. Heat wave prone districts of India

Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becoming more
frequent globally due to climate change. India too is feeling the impact of climate change
in terms of increased instances of heat waves which are more intense in nature with each
passing year, and have a devastating impact on human, agriculture, livestock and fisheries.
Bal and Minhas (2017) have reported several parts of the country experiencing heat waves
across the regions (Table 2).
Table 2: Most vulnerable areas of India affected by heat waves
March to July with peak South India: Khammam and Ramagundam (Telangana),
temperatures in April, May, Kalburgi and Bangalore (Karnataka)
2nd fortnight of October
Eastern India: Bankura and Kolkata (West Bengal) and
Bhubaneswar, Titlagarh and Jharsuguda (Odisha)
North India: Punjab, Allahabad and Lucknow (UP), Gaya

(Bihar), Delhi
West India: Vidarbha and Marathwada (Maharashtra), Churu

(Rajasthan), Ahmadabad (Gujarat)
Central India: Jashpur (Chhattisgarh), Harda (Madhya

Pradesh)
Source: Bal and Minhas, 2017
10
However, to re-assess the vulnerable regions (on district scale) of the country to heat wave,
IMD gridded data (1991-2019 and 2011-2019) was analysed by following the IMD heat
wave guideline. Districts vulnerable to heat waves were identified separately for plain
region and hilly region (Tables 3 & 4). It was found that, number of districts with more
Santoshnagar, Hy
than 4 days/year in plain region and more than 5 days in hill region varied during 1991-
2019 and 2011-2019 period.
Table 3: Heat wave experienced for more than 4 days per year in districts (plain region) of India
Average days of heat wave per year
State District
1991-2019 2011-2019
Rajasthan Churu 4.79 5.33
Rajasthan Karauli 4.14 4.78
Rajasthan Dholpur 4.38 4.67
Madhya Pradesh Morena 4.41 4.56
Madhya Pradesh Gwalior 4.31 4.44
Rajasthan Bikaner 4.07 4.44
Haryana Fatehabad 4.48 4.33
Rajasthan Dausa 4.00 4.33
Rajasthan Bharatpur 4.28 4.22
Rajasthan Sikar 4.48 4.22
Haryana Sirsa 4.45 4.11
Punjab Barnala 4.66 4.11
Punjab Muktsar 4.79 4.11
Rajasthan Ganganagar 4.24 4.11
Rajasthan Hanumangarh 4.45 4.11
Uttar Pradesh Jhansi 4.07 4.11
Madhya Pradesh Datia 4.34 4.00
Punjab Jalandhar 4.21 4.00
Punjab Kapurthala 4.38 4.00
Punjab Mansa 4.55 4.00
Punjab Moga 4.52 4.00
Punjab Taran Taran 4.38 4.00
Source: AICRP on Agrometeorology
11
Table 4: Heat wave experienced for more than 5 days per year in districts (hill region) of India
National Innovations in Climate Resilient
State AgricultureAverage days of heat wave per year
District
ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture 1991-2019 2011-2019
Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500
Jammu & Kashmir Kupwara 059 17.21 17.33
Bandipora 16.69 17.11
Baramula 16.69 17.11
Ganderbal 16.69 17.11
Srinagar 16.69 17.11
Northern Areas 15.07 15.67
Badgam 14.97 15.56
Pulwama 14.97 15.56
Kishtwar 13.72 14.11
Anantnag 13.14 13.78
Kargil 11.69 11.56
Himachal Pradesh Una 8.28 7.44
Bilaspur 7.07 6.22
Hamirpur 7.07 6.22
Kangra 7.14 6.11
Solan 6.07 6.00
Sirmaur 5.59 5.67
Mandi 6.03 5.44
Shimla 5.52 5.44
12
3. Trails of heat wave 2022 in India
3.1. Causes of heat wave 2022 Santoshnagar, Hy
Heat waves are not uncommon to Indian sub-continent during March to May. However,
what made heat wave of 2022 deadliest is that it started very early and extended for a
longer period. Weather experts have attributed the high temperature across the country to
the absence of periodic light rainfall and thundershowers, typical for this time of the year,
due to the lack of active western disturbances. In addition, anti-cyclones over western parts
of Rajasthan in March and the absence of western disturbances had triggered the early and
extreme heat waves. Anticyclones caused hot and dry weather by sinking winds around
high-pressure systems in the atmosphere.
Northwest India recorded more than four western disturbances in March and April, but
were not strong enough to cause a significant change in the weather. The region also did not
receive any significant pre-monsoon rainfall from March 1 to April 20, which compounded
the severity of the successive heat wave spells. The effect gradually progressed downwards
to central India.
3.2. Location specific heat wave conditions observed at 6 locations across north
and central India during February-March 2022
In general, higher maximum and minimum temperatures during February and March leads
to yield loss in winter season crops especially wheat, as it affects the anthesis and grain
filling. Higher temperatures in April and May also affect few agricultural and horticultural
crops. This year the heat wave conditions impacted several parts of the country. Before
going for detail characterization of temperature and rainfall scenario across the country,
temperature and rainfall data recorded at six AICRP on Agrometeorology (AICRPAM)
locations (Ludhiana, Samastipur, Raipur, Faizabad, Kanpur and Jabalpur) representing
north and central India were analysed (Fig. 1a and 1b) to look at the departure of temperature
and rainfall from the normal (1991-2020).
At Ludhiana, the weekly mean maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperatures (Tmin) was
consistently higher than the normal during the entire March month, which coincides with
the grain filling/development stage of wheat. The deviation of weekly mean Tmax and
Tmin ranged +2.2 to +5.6 °C and +2.4 to +5.8 °C, respectively. At the same time, there
was a marked reduction in rainfall during Feb-Mar (a reduction of 48.5 mm compared to
the normal). Both of these changes may cause considerable yield reduction in wheat. The
deviation of maximum day time temperature ranged +5.5 to +6.4 °C during 11-15 standard
meteorological weeks (SMW), while the minimum night time temperature varied +2.3 to
13
+5.8 °C. No rainfall was recorded at Ludhiana during 10-20 SMWs, which might have
ndia Coordinated
aggravatedResearch Project
the heat wave on Agrometeorology
conditions there. During this time, a rainfall deficit of 55 mm
was recorded.in Climate Resilient Agriculture
The situation wasHyderabad-500
Santoshnagar, more or less similar
059in Uttar Pradesh (Kanpur and Faizabad) but, with
lesser magnitude. It was observed that the deviation of weekly mean Tmax was more than
3 °C for three consecutive weeks (12-31 March) at Kanpur; and two consecutive weeks at
Faizabad (19-31 Mar). Again, the deviation of Tmax ranged +2.3 to +2.6 °C during 15-16
SMWs at Faizabad. At Kanpur, the Tmin was higher by 2.7 °C than normal during 11-12
SMWs. Higher than normal values of Tmin (> 2.5 °C) was recorded at Faizabad during
11-12 and 19-20 SMWs. Kanpur and Faizabad did not receive any rain during 6-20 SMWs,
except during 18th SMW at Faizabad, during which it received 19.2 mm rainfall. Kanpur
recorded a rainfall deficit of 37 during this period.
At Samastipur, the deviation of weekly mean Tmax was higher than normal by 2.4 °C
during 19-25 Mar only. Mean weekly Tmin at Samastipur deviated +2.5 to +4.2 °C during
12-15 SMW. During 10-17 SMWs, Samastipur received 18 mm lesser rainfall compared to
the normal, which might have aggravated the heat stress. However, during 18-20 SMWs,
Samastipur received 67 mm higher rainfall compared to the normal, which resulted in
below normal thermal regime.
Jabalpur recorded a higher maximum temperature more than normal by +2.5 to +3.7 °C
during 11-15 SMWs. At the same time, it received below normal rainfall (46 mm deficit)
during a longer stretch (6-20 SMWs).
At Raipur, maximum and minimum temperatures were higher than normal by 2.0 – 3.0 °C
during 13-15 SMWs. There was no rainfall during 7-15 SMWs, which is quite an extended
period. The combined effect of higher temperature without any rainy event might have
negatively impacted the agriculture and allied sectors.
This analysis with data from six AICRPAM locations clearly indicate that the year 2022
experienced abnormally dry weather with higher maximum and minimum temperatures
during February to May. These preliminary findings encouraged us to look at the temperature
and rainfall status of the north and central part of the country, the region significantly
receives rain due to western disturbance especially during December to April.
14
Ludhioml - Temperature
15
Lud hiana-Ra infall

7
■
No rmal (mm) ■
Deviation (mm)
■ T nm x ■ Tmin
6
10
5
94
I I IdI II •, II I I I I I
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e Santoshnagar, Hy
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Standard Meteorological " 'eek
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Sanmstipur-Tc111pc1·ature Sanrnstipur-&1i11foll
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■ Tmax ■ Tmin ■ Nomtal (mm) ■ Deviation (mm)
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-5 -5
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10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Standard Meteorologica l \ Veek Sta ndard Meteorological Week
Raipur-Tc mpc1•:.1 ture R:.1ipur-R:.1info ll

4 15
■ Tmax ■ Tmin ■ Nomrnl (mm) ■ Deviation (mm)
3
10
2
.
2
i
g 11 -1
1
0
i-/1 1. 111,11I 11 1I,i' 1'
I
';=
~ 0
5
II II 11111111•• II II II I. I, I III,
-2
-5
-3
-4 -10
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Standa rd Meteorological \Veek Standard Meteorological Week
Fig.1a. Departure of temperature and rainfall at Ludhiana, Samastipur and Raipur during Feb-May 2022
15
Faizabad-Temperat ure Faizabad-Rainfall
5 20
■ Normal (mm) ■ Deviation (mm)
■ Tm ax ■ Tmin

4
h~
15
I
3
ICAR-Central2 Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

.I
10
Santoshnagar,
1
- .I I I Hyderabad-500 059
II 11 I I I 11 5 I I
~
0 I
-1
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6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Standa rd Meteorologica l Week Standard iMeteo rological Week
1':.anpur-Temperature h::1npur- R:1infal l

5 8
■ Tmax ■ Tmin ■ No rnrnl (mm) ■ Deviation (mm)
4 6
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Stlln dard Meteorologica l \ Veek Standa rd Meteoro logica l \ Veek
J ~, balpur-Tem perat ure J:1b:1 Jpur-Rainfa ll

5 20
4 ■ Tmax ■ Tmin
15 ■ No rmal (mm) ■ Deviation (mm)
3
I II I
2 10
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6
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II I II 11IIII •• •• •• •• •• II
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
St anda r d Meteo r ologica l \\'eek
Sta nda rd Meteo rological \\'eek
Fig.1b. Departure of temperature and rainfall at Faizabad, Kanpur and Jabalpur during Feb-May 2022
16
3.3. Impact of subdued western disturbances on aggravating heat wave
conditions over northern India
A combination of low rainfall and high temperature has a more serious impact on agriculture
than when these occur separately. The yield of wheat crops decreases substantiallySantoshnagar,
when Hy
high temperature and low rainfall occur together (Sharma and Majumdar, 2017).
Rainfall during 01 March to 18 April 2022 was largely deficient (-99% to -60% of LPA i.e.
1971 to 2020) across the wheat growing areas of the country. This might have aggravated
the negative impacts of higher maximum and minimum temperatures during the critical
reproductive stage of wheat. North and North-western parts of the country normally get
the winter rainfall during December to April months due to passing Western Disturbances
from the extra tropics. These rains are most beneficial to the standing rabi crops like Wheat,
Mustard, Potato and chickpea crops and other vegetables. These western disturbances also
bring the cold weather and chilling temperatures between December end and January,
which particularly helps wheat crop to have more tillering hence the enhanced yields.
During 2022, from 4th week of February to 3rd week of May, it was observed that unusually
the winter rains have missed in the Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Punjab, Haryana-Chandigarh & Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh, West and Eastern Rajasthan,
West & East Madhya Pradesh meteorological subdivisions (Fig. 2a and 2b). The rainfall
deviations have almost reached -100% from March 17-23 onwards till 20-26 April 2022.
Later, a slight increase in rainfall was observed but still deficient conditions of rainfall
prevailed with rainfall deviation ranging from -62 to -100% was recorded during May 12 to
18 (Fig. 3). This triggered dryness in the environment and flow of hot desert winds caused
the maximum temperatures to reach heat wave conditions.
Weekly temperature deviation maps of meteorological subdivisions Jammu & Kashmir,

Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana-Chandigarh-Delhi, West Uttar Pradesh,
West Rajasthan, East Rajasthan, West Madhya Pradesh and East Madhya Pradesh were
prepared from 3 March to 25 May 2022 (Fig. 4). Higher temperatures were observed
in almost all the subdivisions from 3-9 March to 12-18 May. Maximum deviation in
temperature was observed during the 7-13 April in Uttarakhand (10.8 oC), Himachal
Pradesh (9.8 oC), Jammu Kashmir (9.1 oC), Haryana, Chandigarh & Delhi (9.0 oC) and
Punjab (8.0 oC) (Fig. 5). This heatwave continued up to 12-18 May and subsided in the
following week with the onset of a western disturbance over this region.
17
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0
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ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture -~
C
Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059 z

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Fig. 2a: Weekly rainfall deviation in 10 meteorological subdivisions (northern and central India) during January-May 2022
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Fig. 2b: Weekly rainfall deviation in 10 meteorological subdivisions (northern and central India) during January-May 2022

Santoshnagar, Hy
Weekly Rainfall during March-April and May 2022
24-FEB-02 MARCH
03-09 MARCH
10-16 MARCH
17-23 MARCH
24-30 MARCH
31 MARCH-06 APRIL
07-13 APRIL
14-20 APRIL
21-27 APRIL
28 APRIL-04 MAY
05-11 MAY
12-18 MAY
18
-3
-19
8 122
-9
-18 -43 -29 -39
51
-61
-93 -95 -92 -89 -56 41
12
-54 -82
329 -99 -100 -29 -19
-100 -80 -21 -96
-77
-80 -62
-79 -79
-100 -99 -100 -100 -99 -82
-100 -87 -98
-99 -59
-100
-93
96 -100 -90 -91 -83 -94
-100 -100
-100
-15 -92 -98 -33
-89
-100 -100 -100 -100 -100
-100 -67 -100
-100
91 -100 -100
-57
Rainfall deviation (%)

-73
0 -100 -100
-19 -100 -100
-100 -100 -88 -83 -100
-98 -100 -100 -100

-100 -100 -80 -100
-92
20
-100 -100 -100 -82
-100 -100 -100 -96
-100 -100 -100

-100 -100
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Fig 3: Weekly rainfall departure during February-May 2022

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Fig 4: Weekly mean maximum temparature departure in 10 meteorological subdivisions (northern and central India) during
l l ICAR-Central Research Insti
l Santoshnagar, Hy
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Himachal Pradesh - - Jammu &Kashmir - - Utta rakha nd - Punjab - - HCD

- - West Rajasthan - - East Rajathan - - West MP - - East MP - - West UP
Fig 5: Weekly mean maximum temperature departure in different meteorological subdivisions during March-May 2022
4. Heat wave impacts on agriculture during
All India2022
Coordinated Researc
During the months of March and April 2022, several states have recorded higher minimumSantoshnagar, Hy
and maximum temperatures. These extreme temperatures have considerable impact on
crop growth and yield and caused substantial economic damage. The observed heat wave
effects on crops, horticulture, livestock, poultry, fisheries and groundwater are elaborated
in this section.
4.1 Crops
Increase of minimum and maximum temperatures during March and April 2022, resulted
in dry winds, high evapotranspiration and moisture stress. Several districts of Punjab
were affected with heat wave events due to increase in temperature which has resulted in
yellowing and shriveling of wheat grain, forced maturity, resulting in reduction in yields
up to 25%. Increased whitefly infestation, poor vegetative growth and poor pod setting was
observed in green gram causing reduction in yields up to 20%. Retarded growth and fall
army worm attack was observed in maize, led to reduction of yields up to 18% in maize in
Faridkot, Bathinda and Gurdaspur districts of Punjab. Increase in maximum temperature up
to 5°C over normal was observed in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, effected the rabi
crops. Heat wave caused poor vegetative growth and poor pod setting in chickpea, wilting
and forced maturity in wheat, resulting in yield reduction in these crops. Several districts
in Haryana were also affected with heat wave, which resulted in wilting and shriveling of
grains in wheat and chickpea. Heat wave led to reduction of wheat yield up to 10 to 15%
particularly in the late sown wheat and up to 19% in chickpea. Extreme temperature in
Datia, Morena and Tikamgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh resulted in early maturity and
lower grain weight of wheat and chickpea.
Impact of heat wave on wheat and chickpea in the states of Punjab and Madhya Pradesh
Wheat and late sown mustard were also got affected in several districts of Uttar Pradesh.
Heat waves resulted in reduction of wheat yield by 11 to 21% in Baghpat and Kushinagar,
9 to 21% in Gorakhpur, 15 to 20% in Gonda and 32 to 34% in Jhansi. In Gorakhpur
and Kushinagar districts of Uttar Pradesh, mustard and cow pea yield were reduced by
14 to 18% and 9 to 11%, respectively. Similarly, several NICRA villages in Rajasthan
experienced heat wave and recorded yield losses up to 4 to 5 q/ha in wheat and 2 to 3 q/ha
in mustard compared to normal.
23
4.2 Horticulture
4.2.1. Fruits
In Himachal
ICAR-Central Pradesh,
Research viral
Institute forinfection
Drylandand petal fall in both royal and spur type apples were
Agriculture
Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059 malformation, flower and fruit drop in mango
observed. Similarly, low fruit set in plum;
was observed in Chamba, Kullu and Bilaspur districts of Himachal Pradesh.
Impact of heat wave on apple in Chamba and Kullu districts and mango
in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh
Increase in temperature led to high incidence of insect pests, sun burn, less fruit set in lemon,
scorching and fruit dropping of Kinnow in Faridkot and Bathinda districts of Punjab. Heat
waves resulted in reduction of Kinnow yield up to 23% in Bathinda and Faridkot districts.
Scorching of leaves of lemon and fruit drop in Kinnow in

Bathinda and Faridkot districts of Punjab
Mango orchards in several districts of Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar were
affected. Severe flower and fruit drop, reduction of fruit size was observed in mango in
Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, Godda district of Jharkhand and Darbhanga district
of Bihar. The Kesar and Alphanso varieties of mango which are grown in Konkan and
Marathwada regions, got impacted by Tauktae cyclone, very low temperature, isolated
unseasonal rainfall and fog in December-January and high temperature in the month of
March resulting in lower yields.
Drying of leaves and plants in guava, lemon and mango; flower and fruit drop in papaya
was observed over Bhilwara and Sirohi districts. Flower and fruit drop in pomegranate and
lemon was observed in Pali district of Rajasthan.
24
Santoshnagar, Hy
Impact of heat waves on lemon, mango and pomegranate

in different districts of Rajasthan
4.2.2. Vegetables
Extreme temperatures resulted in poor vegetative and stunted growth in vegetables like
cabbage and cauliflower in several districts of Himachal Pradesh. Reduction of vegetable
yields up to 50% compared to normal was observed in Chamba district of HP. Similarly,
heat waves in several districts of Jammu and Kashmir resulted in poor vegetative growth,
reduction of plant canopy, severe flower and fruit drop in several vegetable crops, early
drying of cucumber, bitter gourd, cracking and scalding in tomato, caused reduction of
fruit size and weight loss by 40 to 50%. Heat waves also led to reduction of cucumber
and bitter gourd yield by 30 to 50%, and more than 40% in tomato compared to normal
situation in Kathua and Bandipora districts of Jammu and Kashmir.
Reduction in plant canopy, severe flower and fruit drop, forced ripening of fruits, fruit
burning and sunscald in tomato, reduction of fruit size and weight by 40% was observed.
Heat wave resulted in reduction of tomato yield by 40 to 50% in Bathinda and Sirsa districts
of Punjab and Haryana, respectively.
Impact of increased temperature in vegetables in Bathinda district of

Punjab and Sirsa district of Haryana
Increased maximum temperature led to stunted plant growth, early onset of reproductive
phase, high infestation of white flies, wilting and scorching of okra, reduction of fruit size
and weight by 40 to 50% due to forced ripening of fruits, cracking and sunscald symptoms
in tomato, and reduction of bulb size of onion by 30% was observed in Uttar Pradesh. Due
to heat wave, yields of okra, tomato and onion was reduced by 20 to 25% in Gorakhpur,
25 to 40% in Gonda and Jhansi and 25 to 30% in Kushinagar, respectively as compared to
normal situation.
25
4.3 Livestock
Hot weather increasedProject
the bodyon Agrometeorology
temperature of livestock and milch animals by 0.5 to
3.5°C. Increase in temperature led to increase of water intake and loss of appetite in milch
animals Institute
resulting for Dryland
in reduction in milk Agriculture
yield in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir. In
Bathinda and Faridkot districts of Punjab, dairy animals faced the problem of increased
calf mortality and skin infection. Due to the high temperature, milk production got reduced
in dairy animals in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh. In Godda district of Jharkhand,
livestock lost appetite and recorded higher body temperature, which led to reduced milk
yield up to 15%. In Gorkhpur and Jhansi districts of Uttar Pradesh, heat wave resulted in
less availability of green fodder for milch animals and reduction in milk yield up to 11%
was noticed.
4.4 Poultry
Heat wave reduced the egg production up to 10% in layers during the initial 2 days of heat
wave and then the drop was maintained at about 4-7% during the subsequent days based on
the ambient temperature. The body weight loss in broiler chicken was about 500-600 g/bird
compared to the prescribed standard (about 2 kg at day 35). During the summer season, the
reduction in performance was closely associated with significant reduction in feed intake
(15-20% in broilers and up to 35g/bird/day in egg laying chicken). The reduced feed intake
also associated with reduced egg weight by about 3-5g.
Heat wave increased the mortality of layers up to 3.5-4.0% per month against the regular
mortality of 0.5% per month. Similarly, in broiler chicken heat wave increased mortality up
to 8%. Immune suppression was attributed as the cause for disease outbreak and mortality
during the acute heat stress.
Impact of heat wave on poultry in TDC-NICRA districts of J&K and Punjab
4.5 Fisheries
Warming of water impacts fish diversity, distribution, abundance and phenology. Most fish
species have a narrow range of optimum temperatures related to their basic metabolism and
availability of food organisms. Even a difference of 1oC in seawater affect their distribution
and life processes. Heat wave affects the fish farming in plain areas due to water scarcity.
26
Rainbow trout farming is prominent in the coldwater regions of India. The total trout
production is approximately 2500 tonnes in different hill states. The ideal water temperature
for production of trout is one that does not rise too high beyond 18oC. The best possible
water supply is one in which the temperature remains in the range of 13-18oC for longer
Santoshnagar, Hy
period. The temperature of water supply should never exceed 18oC. Increasing water
temperature directly affects fish as well as reduces the dissolved oxygen content in pond
water.
4.6 Groundwater
The extreme temperatures or heat waves increased the transpiration and resulted in
increase in the number of irrigation for crops. At several locations, heat wave enhanced
consumption of water resulting in greater withdrawal of groundwater causing the depletion
of the groundwater and greater use of electricity resulting in higher emissions.
4.7 Humans
Heat waves posed severe challenges to human health and have created public health
emergencies. Prolonged heat exposure causes heat strokes and heat exhaustion and causes
various respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Livelihoods of poor and marginal farmers
is negatively impacted due to the loss of working days. Apart from the impact on farmers,
heat waves disproportionately impact the lives of agricultural laborers, small street vendors,
brickmaking workers, construction workers, and rickshaw pullers. In India, it is estimated
that heat wave results in loss of working hours by 9.04% of agriculture workers, 5.29% of
industry workers, 9.04% of construction workers and 1.48% of other service workers by
2030 (International Labour Organization, 2019). Heat waves have an adverse impact on
these workers’ productivity and thereby affect the overall economy of India.
27
5. Technologies/strategies
ndia Coordinated for heat wave management
Research Project on Agrometeorology
Santoshnagar,
5.1 Crops Hyderabad-500 059
Increase in temperatures in many parts of India has triggered the heat wave conditions
during March-April 2022, impacting the yields of rabi crops particularly wheat. The
prevailing maximum temperatures have increased by 4-5oC compared to the previous year
at several locations. Wheat crop experienced heat stress during 3rd and 4th weeks of March
where the crop is at milking stage and resulted in shriveled grains, affecting both quality
and weight of output.
In India, wheat crop was sown in an area of about 31 million ha during 2021-22 crop
season. Out of this approximately 75 per cent lies under timely sown (planted on or before
November 15). Timely sown crop was in excellent condition under NWPZ (Haryana,
Punjab, West UP) and NEPZ (east UP, Bihar and West Bengal) till second week of March
but suddenly rise in temperature affected the crop. The late sown crop (in about 6-7 million
ha area) got affected severely.
Table 5: Wheat varieties possessing heat tolerance traits (HSI<1.0) for different zones of India
Zone Varieties
North Western DBW327, DBW332, DBW 303, DBW 187, WH 1270, DBW 222, HD
Plains Zone 3226, PBW 723, HD 3086, JKW261, HD 3298, HI 1621, HD 3271, PBW-
(NWPZ) 725, PBW 757, DBW 173, DBW 90, WH 1124, DBW 71, HPW 368, HD
3059, DBW296, HUW838, HI 1628, NIAW 3170, HD 3237, HI 1620
North Eastern DBW222, HD 3249, DBW 187, NW 5054, K 1006, DBW 39, Raj 4120, K
Plains Zone 307, HD 2824, HI 1621, HD 3271, DBW 107, HD 3118, HD 3293, DBW
(NEPZ) 252, HI 1612, K 1317, HD 3171
Central Zone Bread Wheat: DBW187, GW513, HI1636, HI 1544, GW 366, GW 322,
(CZ) JW-3288, GW 273, HI 1634, CG 1029, MP 3336, MP 1203, HD 2932, MP
4010, DBW 110, MP 3288, MP 3173, HI 1531, HI 1500
Durum Wheat: HI8823(d), HI 8759(d), HI 8737(d), HI8498(d), DDW
47(d), UAS 466(d)
Peninsular Zone Bread Wheat: DBW 168, MACS 6478, UAS 304, MP1358, NIAW 3170,
(PZ) GW366, HI 1605
Durum Wheat: DDW48, MACS 3949(d), NIDW 1149 (d), MACS
4058(d), GW 1346(d), HI 8777(d), UAS 446 (d)
28
Various technologies are available to minimise the yield loss in wheat due to heat wave
and some of them are transferred to farmers’ fields. Several heat tolerant wheat varieties,
PBW 803, DBW 187 and DBW 222 can tolerate high temperatures and can produce
normal yields compared to local variety HD-3086 (Table 5). Technologies such as residue
Santoshnagar, Hy
management of rice by various machines enable timely sowing of wheat. Direct seeding of
rice can result in early maturity by 10 days which can enable timely sowing of wheat. Spray
of KNO3 @ 0.5% at boot leaf and anthesis stages can minimise the yield loss. Providing
additional irrigation through effective methods during heat stress period can alleviate the
stress with optimal water use.
Wheat variety HPW 368 Wheat variety JW-3288 Wheat variety PBW-725
in Kullu district in Satna district in Faridkot district
5.2 Horticulture
In Uttar Pradesh, about 5°C temperature increase in March from the normal, has resulted
in mango flower drop and lots of Jhumka problem in mango due to poor pollination. Due
to recent increase in temperature in Vidarbha region, citrus orchards witnessed fruit drop
in several areas. In order to mitigate these problems, ICAR-Central Citrus Research
Institute (CCRI) and ICAR-Central Institute for Sub Tropical Horticulture (CISH) have
issued advisories for orchard growers to be followed during the months of April-May.
• If the orchard is more than 6 years age, 150-240
litres water/day/tree is required. Drip irrigation
with organic mulch should be preferred. In
conventional method of irrigation, time of
irrigation is to be prolonged.
• Mulching helps in maintaining the soil moisture
for long period. Mulch the soil with paddy
straw or locally available organic or inorganic
material. Black polythene material would be
essential to prevent excess evaporation. Mulching in orchard
• Foliar spray of 2-4% Kaolin is recommended
depending on the severity to reduce the transpiration. Two foliar spays of Potassium
nitrate 1 – 1.5% may also be done at an interval of 15 days during April-May.
29
• Apply Copper oxychloride 50 WP @ 25g/10 litre water for controlling fruit blight
infection.
• Water stress conditions often aggravate the mite problem during these months.
ICAR-Central Therefore,
Research Institute for Dryland
foliar application Agriculture
of Dicofol 18.5EC @27 ml or Propargite 57EC @ 20 ml
or Ethion 50EC @20 ml in 10 litre water twice at 15 days interval is necessary during
summer, particularly during the stress in late summer.
• The sudden rise in temperature has also triggered new vegetative flush in mango,
which acted as powerful sink for assimilates than the fruits resulting severe fruit drop
in mango. The fruit set also reduced due to minimal activity of pollinators owing to
heat wave.
• Frequently irrigate citrus field to counter the effect of heat waves was suggested at
many locations.
Technological options to mitigate the effect of heat wave on vegetables

Tomato
• Maintain soil moisture near to field capacity by frequent irrigation. In drip irrigated
crop, system need be operated twice for half-an hour daily (morning and evening).
Under surface irrigation system, tomato crop should be irrigated twice a week with 4
cm water each time.
• Use organic mulch of 5-7 cm thickness around the plant to maintain congenial soil and
micro-climate nearby plants.
• Use 3-4 rows of maize as border crop to reduce the impact of heat wave on main crop.
Border crop should be repeated at every 20-25 m distance.
• Two sprays of plant growth substances such as Salicylic acid (250 µmol/ lit) or Sodium
nitroprusside (SNP @ 25 µmol/ lit) is also helpful in improving fruit set and size.
• Cultivate high temperature tolerant hybrids such as, Kashi Tapas and Kashi Adbhut.
Cucurbitaceous vegetables (Sponge gourd, Cucumber, Muskmelon)

• Soil moisture management, application of organic mulch and maize as border crop as
in the case of tomato is recommended.
• Use shading net of 50% (1.5-2.0 m above the field surface) to reduce the intensity of
solar radiation.
• Make 2-3 sprays of pesticides (Lambda Cyhalothrin 2.5% EC @ 1 ml/lit or mixture of
Acetamiprid (0.5 g) + Pyriproxyfen (1 ml/ lit).
30
Radish
• Maintain higher soil moisture in the field by frequent irrigations. National Innovations in Cli
• Use shading net of 50% (1.0-1.5 m above the field surface) to reduceICAR-Central Research Insti
the intensity of
solar radiation. Santoshnagar, Hy
• Growing of high temperature tolerant variety such as Kashi Rituraj.
• Make two sprays of water-soluble NPK (18:18:18) @ 4 g/lit to enhance plant growth.
Okra
• Maintain higher soil moisture in the field by frequent irrigations.
• Organic mulch of 5-7 cm thickness and frequent irrigation to make micro-climate
favourable
• Make 2-3 sprays of Lambda Cyhalothrin 2.5% EC @ 1ml/lit or mixture of Acetamiprid
(0.5 g) + Pyriproxyfen (1 ml/ lit) for control of Jassids and white flies.
Cowpea
• Maintain higher soil moisture in the field by frequent irrigations.
5.3 Livestock
Animals play a major role for providing subsidiary income to the farmers and major income
to the land less laborers. Heat wave affects livestock sector as animals are more vulnerable
to heatwaves. Heat wave results in low milk yields and meat productivity, reduce
reproduction rate and mortality. To overcome these impacts various technological options
were suggested.
• Provide insulation on top of the shed

with sprinklers and use of foggers in
animal sheds to sprinkle the water on
animals and maintain optimum body
temperature conditions.
• Install fans and coolers in animal sheds
to bring down the temperatures and to
reduce the impact of heat stress.
• Use shade nets for animal sheds to
reduce the direct sun light and reduce
the heat stress. Silage feeding to dairy animals
31
• Proper ventilation and air circulation must be ensured in the animal sheds which can
minimise Project on Agrometeorology
heat stress.
• Provide proper ration including concentrates during morning and evening to increase
ICAR-Central the
Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture
feed intake.
• Proper feed supplementation with mineral mixture @ 50 g/day/animal and UMMB
blocks to be taken up to provide sufficient nutrients and to enhance the milk yields up
to 1-1.5 l/day/animal.
• Encourage indoor feeding with green fodder instead of outdoor grazing to reduce the
heat stress and increase the feed intake
• Water bath to lactating animals to reduce the sun stroke.
5.4 Poultry
Variation in ambient temperature and humidity are the most important environmental
variables which influence the production of poultry. As the chicken is homoeothermic and
the thermoregulation is a physiological limitation, sudden variation in temperature adversely
affect the performance and wellbeing of the poultry. Chicken remains comfortable in a
temperature range of 17 to 25°C. A gradual variation in these environmental variables may
marginally influence the bird performance, but sudden and steep variation is very harmful
for birds.
Measures to minimize the losses during heat stress

• Poultry house temperature can be reduced up to 3-5°C by providing insulation on
top of the roof with water sprinklers, providing foggers inside the house with forced
ventilation, providing side curtains and sprinkling water on the curtains are some
approaches to minimize the losses.
• Increase the nutrient density (primarily energy and amino acids) of diets by about 10%
to compensate the reduced feed (nutrient) intake during heat stress.
• Feed the birds during early morning
(before 5 AM) and late evening (after
5 PM) to increase feed intake and
avoid production of metabolic heat
during peak hours of high ambient
temperature.
• Provide cool water during hotter part of
the day to keep the body temperature
under control.
Gramapriya poultry breed
32
• Provide osmolytes (betaine, potassium), anti-oxidant vitamins (vitamin C, E, A), trace
minerals (Z, Cu, Mn, Se, Cr, etc.), electrolytes and herbal extracts in diet and or water.
• Environmental control of house with tunnel ventilation (air velocityICAR-Central
of 350 feet per
Research Insti
minute) will reduce the house temperature to the tune of 10 to 12°C comparedSantoshnagar,
to the Hy
ambient temperature.
• Supplementation of ashwagandha extract (0.75%), turmeric extract (0.1%) and amla
powder (1.0%) in the diet improved the performance of birds by alleviating heat stress
during summer season.
• Betaine hydrochloride (natural osmolyte) @ 0.2% or selenium and chromium @ 0.3
ppm were found to improve the antioxidant status and alleviate summer stress in
commercial broilers.
• A customized electrolyte mixture containing potassium chloride (40.0%), sodium
citrate (7.5%), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (2.0%), disodium hydrogen phosphate
(2.0%) and sodium bicarbonate (48.5%) through feed is recommended at the dose of
1.0 kg per ton of feed to withstand heat stress in poultry birds.
5.5 Fisheries
Rainbow trout farming is prominent in the cold-water regions of India. The total trout
production is estimated to be around 2500 tons (approximately) from different hill states.
The ideal water temperature for production of trout is one that does not rise too high beyond
18°C. The best possible water supply is one in which the temperature remains in the range
of 13-18°C for as long as possible. The temperature of water supply should never exceed
180°C. There are cumulative effects of heat waves, which influence the growth and survival
of growing trout. For example, increasing water temperature directly affects to fish as well
as reduces the dissolved oxygen content in pond water.
Possible interventions for minimizing the impacts of heat wave or increasing water
temperature
• To hold one ton of fish, nearly 3-4 LPS (180-240 LPM) of water flow is required
at an average temperature of 15°C. In higher water temperature, water flow should
be increased as 300-350 LPM to maintain sufficient level of dissolved oxygen
i.e > 7 ppm.
• Water depth in the fish pond should be raised from 0.8 m to 1.0 m by adding fresh
water.
• Thinning of the growing stock should be done @ 10-15 kg/m3 compared to 15-20 kg/
m3 under normal condition.
• Reduce the quantity of feed by 10-20% compared to normal condition.
33
5.6 Groundwater
Increase in temperature increases atmospheric water demand for crops and creates stress on
groundwater usage. Groundwater is the major source of irrigation for rabi crops. Providing
protective irrigations during heat wave situations can minimise the effects of heat stress
and minimise the yield loss.
Technological options to increase ground water level and reduce adverse effect of
heat wave by providing irrigation
• Providing irrigations in multiple times, through efficient irrigation systems minimise
water loss and enhance water use efficiency.
• Focus on enhancing storage by renovation/construction of rain water harvesting
structures, well recharge structures to increase the ground water which can be used
for irrigation.
• Increasing the efficiency of irrigation water use with technologies such as laser land
leveling, raised beds, mulching, etc. which reduces pressure on ground water.
5.7 Humans
Higher temperatures and intense heat have a devastating impact on human health particularly
the farmers and agricultural workers who are exposed to the heat. To minimise the impact
during the heat wave, the following measures are to be followed
• Avoid going out in the sun, especially between 12.00 noon and 3.00 p.m.
• Farmers have to avoid strenuous activities when the outside temperature is high.
Schedule farm operations either morning or evening hours to reduce the heat stress.
• While leaving to field, use a damp cloth on head, neck, face and limbs.
• Wear appropriate clothing which are light weight, loose fitting cotton clothing that
allows ventilation of air to the body.
• While working in the field, farmers must drink small amount of water frequently
throughout the day; avoid tea, coffee and carbonated soft drinks; avoid high-protein
food; use ORS, homemade drinks like lassi, lemon water, buttermilk, etc.
• After returning to home from fields, take bath with cold water.
• If person feel faint or ill, consult doctor immediately.
34
6. Learnings from NICRA Project
Santoshnagar, Hy
National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA), a flagship project
implemented by Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and
Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India aims at demonstration of promising climate
resilient technologies to minimize the impacts of climate change on agriculture. Climate
resilient technologies are being demonstrated in 151 village clusters representing very
high- and high-risk prone districts. An enabling environment is created in the village for
enhancing the adoption of these technologies so as to increase resilience of farmers to
climate change and variability. As part of the TDC of NICRA, several resilient practices
were identified which are promising and can minimise the impact of climatic stresses. The
impact of the technologies during the current heat wave is presented.
(i) Punjab
Terminal heat is an important climatic stress experienced by many districts of Punjab
during 2022 which impacted wheat yield significantly. As part of the NICRA, resilient
technologies are being demonstrated in Faridkot and Bathinda. During the third and fourth
week of March 2022, maximum temperatures were higher by 4-5oC and higher temperatures
prevailed for two weeks. Resilient technologies introduced significantly minimised the
impact (Table 6).
Table 6: Promising technologies which minimized yield loss due to heat wave in wheat during
2022 (Normal yields during 2021 are 45-50 q/ha)
Technology Yield (q/ha)
Early sowing of wheat during 20-30th Oct, 2022 after short duration rice 43-44 (95%)*
Timely sowing of wheat during 1st and 2nd week of November 43 (95%)
Heat tolerant wheat varieties PBW-803, DBW-187 and DBW-222 44-45 (97%)
Wheat sown with happy seeder 45-46 (97%)
Providing irrigation during heat stress 46-47 (98%)
Timely sowing with happy seeder 45-46 (97%)
Late sowing of wheat after Nov 15th 2022 41-42 (93%)
*Parenthesis values indicates the per cent yield obtained compared to normal year (2021)
35
Timely sowing of wheat significantly minimised the impact of heat stress and helped to
realize normal Project
yields in Punjab.on Agrometeorology
Technologies such as direct seeding of rice with short
duration varieties such as PR-121, 122, 124, 126,127 helped in timely sowing of wheat.
Further, Institutewith
wheat sowing forhappy
Dryland Agriculture
seeder, super seeder with rice residue management such
as baler cum knotter, chopper cum spreader, shredder, zero –till wheat sowing, rice residue
incorporation followed by wheat sowing helped in quick sowing of wheat crop immediately
after the harvest of rice which have realized wheat yields up to 97% of normal yields.
Further, adoption of heat tolerant wheat varieties PBW-803, DBW-187 and DBW-222 and
spray of KNO3 @ 0.5% at boot leaf and anthesis stages further minimised yield loss.
Direct seeding of rice followed by timely sowing of wheat with ZT seed drill
minimized yield loss at several locations of Punjab
In animals, foggers and proper ventilation and air circulation in the animal sheds minimised
heat stress. This has stabilized milk yields at several locations. Similarly, installation of
coolers was also taken up in few locations which have resulted in normal milk yields
comparable to 2021. Feed supplementation with mineral mixture and UMMB blocks
enhanced the milk yields up to 1-1.5 l/day/animal.
36
(ii) Uttar Pradesh
Terminal heat stress occurs frequenty over Bundelkhand region. As part of the NICRA,
resilient technologies are being demonstrated in Baghpat, Jhansi, Hamirpur, Chitrakoot,
Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Bahraich, Gonda, Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar and
Santoshnagar, Hy
Sonbhadra to minimise the impacts of climatic stresses. During the third and fourth week
of March 2022 maximum temperatures are higher by 3-4oC over the normal temperature
which impacted yields of several crops (Table 7).
Table 7: Promising technologies which minimized yield loss due to heat wave during 2022
(Normal yields during 2021 for wheat 41-48 q/ha and mustard 21q/ha)
Baghpat
Timely sowing of heat tolerant wheat variety DBW 173 45-46 (95%)*
Gorakhpur
Early wheat sowing with ZT seed drill 41-42 (93%)
Early sowing of mustard with heat tolerant variety RH-749 17 (81%)
Gonda
Timely wheat sowing with ZT seed drill (I fortnight of Nov.) 38 (92%)
Jhansi
Timely sowing of heat tolerant wheat varieties Raj-4120, 4079 43 (94%)
Kushinagar
Timely sowing with ZT wheat with varieties DBW-187, 252 43 (94%)
(Ist fortnight of Nov.)
Technologies such as mulching in sugarcane, ridge and furrow conserved the soil moisture
and minimised the stress. Heat tolerant wheat variety DBW 173, Raj 4120 and Raj 4079
has contributed to 94-95% yields and minimised the yield loss. In frequently flood prone
areas of Gonda and Kushinagar districts, zero till sowing of wheat enabled timely sowing
i.e. immediately after kharif rice and also in kharif fallows and minimized yield loss.
In livestock, feeding with green fodder, concentrates and mineral mixture @ 50 g/day
along with providing shade has reduced the impact of heat stress on animals and minimized
the milk yield loss compared to farmers’ practice at several locations in Uttar Pradesh.
Early wheat sowing with ZT Heat tolerant wheat variety Low cost animal shelter to
seed drill in Gorakhpur Raj 4079 in Jhansi protect from heat stress in
Kaushambi district
37
(iii) Bihar
Heat wave is the major constraint impacting the rabi crop yields in many districts of
Bihar. During 2022, the third and fourth week of March, maximum temperatures reached
3-40C higher for two weeks impacting rabi crop yields. As part of the NICRA, resilient
technologies are being demonstrated in Buxar and Supaul (Table 8).
2022 (Normal yields during 2021 for wheat 28-37 q/ha)
Wheat sowing by 15-30 Oct, 2022 34-35 (91-95%)*
Wheat sowing during I fortnight of Nov, 2022 34 (91%)
ZT sowing of wheat with heat tolerant variety WR 5444 35 (95%)
Spray of KNO3 @ 0.5% at boot leaf stage and flowering 36 (97%)
Providing irrigation during heat stress 36 (97%)
Timely wheat sowing (I fortnight of Nov.) + ZT sowing + Heat tolerant 35 (95%)

variety
Wheat sowing during 15-30 Dec., 2022 34 (91%)
Short duration wheat varieties Sri Ram 303 and 304 under late sown 26 (88%)
condition (II fortnight of Dec.)
At Buxar, zero till helped in taking up of wheat crop during the third and fourth week of
November, which is generally taken up immediately after the harvest of long duration
paddy varieties (MTU-7029) which is widely grown. Heat tolerant variety WR 5444 has
obtained 95% yields compared to normal year and reduced the yield loss. Spraying of
Potassium Nitrate @ 0.5% at boot leaf stage and flowering has significantly minimized
yield loss due to terminal heat stress. Further providing irrigation at milking stage
significantly contributed to wheat yields. Short duration wheat varieties Sri Ram 303 and
304 are suitable options for late sown condition (II fortnight of December) compared to the
farmers’ practice.
38
Santoshnagar, Hy
Timely wheat sowing with Zero Till seed drill in rice Mineral mixture
fallows minimized yield loss in wheat in Bihar supplementation
In animals, providing shade, water bathing to animals, feeding with green fodder,
concentrates and mineral mixture @ 50-70 g/day has reduced the impact of heat stress
on animals and minimized the milk yield loss compared to farmers’ practice at several
locations of Bihar.
39
(iv) Madhya Pradesh
Several districts Project
of Madhya on Agrometeorology
Pradesh experienced heat wave like situation in the month
of March. Maximum temperatures were Agriculture
higher by 3-4oC for two weeks in March 2022
compared to theInstitute
previousfor Dryland
year. Agriculture
The abnormal rise in temperatures has adversely impacted
crop yields. As part of the NICRA, resilient technologies are being demonstrated in
Tikamgarh, Jhabua, Datia, Ratlam, Morena and Chhatarpur (Table 9).
2022 (Normal yields during 2021 for wheat 37-42 q/ha)
Ratlam
Heat tolerant wheat variety HI-1605 40 (95%)*
Tikamgarh
ZT sowing of wheat 37 (97%)
Providing irrigation during heat stress 37 (95%)
Datia
Heat tolerant wheat variety RVW-4106 41 (97%)
Dry sowing of wheat 40 (95%)
Heat tolerant and late sown variety of chick pea RVG202 20 (95%)
Timely sowing of mustard variety Pusa Bold 20 (95%)
Heat tolerant wheat variety HI-1605 has significantly minimised the yield loss in Ratlam.
Dry sowing of wheat helped farmers for sowing timely (before 20th Nov.) which is otherwise
delayed by 8-10 days. Heat tolerant and late sown variety of chick pea RVG202 and timely
sowing of mustard variety Pusa Bold escaped the heat stress at maturity.
In animals, installing foggers and fans, providing shade nets, water bath to animals can
maintain optimum body temperature in animals. This has reduced the impact of heat stress
on animals and minimised the milk yield loss compared to farmers’ practice.
Heat tolerant wheat variety Use of foggers, fans and providing ventilation to reduce
RVW-4106 in Datia heat stress in animals
40
(v) Haryana
Many districts of Haryana experienced heat wave during the third and fourth week
National of
Innovations in Cli
March, 2022 impacting wheat yields significantly. As part of the NICRA, resilient
technologies are being demonstrated in Sirsa. Sirsa experienced 3-5oC higher temperature
Santoshnagar, Hy
when compared to previous year 2021(Table 10).
2022 (Normal yields of wheat during 2021 are 48q/ha)
Early sowing of wheat during 20-30th Oct, 2022 44-46 (92-96%)*
Timely sowing of wheat during I Fortnight of November 44 (92%)
Wheat sown with happy seeder 46 (96%)
Providing irrigation during heat stress 46-47 (96-98%)
Timely sowing with happy seeder 47 (98%)
Late sowing of wheat after Nov 15th 2022 43-45 (90-94%)
Timely sowing of wheat during the first fortnight of November, wheat sowing with happy
seeder and super seeder with rice residue management helped in sowing of wheat crop
immediately after the harvest of rice on residual soil moisture and irrigation during heat
stress at anthesis and milking stages further minimized the yield loss.
Providing proper ventilation to animal sheds minimized heat stress and stabilized the milk
yields. Increasing the availability of green fodder, feed supplementation with mineral
mixture, timely vaccination was taken up to reduce dehydration in animals and providing
enough nutrients enhanced milk yields up to 1-1.5 l/day/animal.
Timely sowing of wheat with happy seeder minimised Providing shade net
yield loss in Haryana to animals
41
(vi) Maharashtra
National Innovations in Climate
During March-April, JalnaResilient Agriculture
experienced a maximum temperature of 39.6-42.8oC and in
Nandurbar the Institute
maximumfortemperature
Dryland Agriculture
has increased upto 41.5-43.0oC, higher by 4oC
compared to 2021. 059 in temperatures has impacted horticultural crops.
The sudden increase
Resilient technologies such as straw mulching in orchards has significantly reduced the
impact of heat stress and minimized water use. Plastic mulching with frequent irrigations
with drip helped in reducing the heat injury to fruit and vegetables and helped to realize
normal yields. Covering the trees with shade nets and cotton cloth reduced sun scalding
and scorching of leaves and stems and sunburn on fruits.
Straw mulching and covering with shade nets in Pomegranate, Mulberry and Grape
orchards in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra
In animals, installing foggers and fans, providing shade nets, water bath to animals has
reduced the body temperature which helped to realize the normal milk yields. Feed
supplementation with concentrates, silage has further enhanced the milk production
compared to farmers’ practice at various locations. These low-cost technologies can be
scaled to overcome the heat stress in the entire state.
Water bath to animals, shade net to the animals and silage bags to minimise the impact of
heat stress in Ahmednagar and Nandurbar districts of Maharashtra
42
7. Way Forward All India Coordinated Researc
Unlike the earlier heat wave events, the extreme heat during 2022National Innovations
is widespread in in Cli
ICAR-Central
occurrence covering several parts of the country. It is predicted that extreme Research Insti
events such
as the current one is going to occur more frequently and severely in the years to come Santoshnagar,
due Hy
to climate change. In view of this, concerted efforts are needed to forecast such events
in advance, monitor their occurrence and to understand their impacts comprehensively.
Though efforts are in place to develop crop varieties and technologies which can minimise
the impact to multiple stresses, there is a need to intensify such efforts across agriculture,
horticulture, livestock, fisheries and poultry sectors in view of the impending increase in
frequency and severity of such extreme events.
Due to the efforts of the National Agricultural Research System, several technologies are
currently available which can minimise the negative impacts of heat waves. As part of
NICRA, technologies are being demonstrated in 151 risk prone districts of the country and
promising technologies are identified for each of the districts. As presented in the bulletin,
these technologies minimised the impact during the current heat wave and could achieve
yields to the extent of 95-97% of the normal yields in case of wheat. There is a need to
popularize the promising technologies so that they can reach large number of farmers.
There is a need to scale these technologies by way of integrating in the ongoing development
programs. As contingency plans are prepared for all the districts of the country, the
promising technologies needs to be included in the contingency plans. Promising heat stress
tolerant varieties can be spread by integrating in to the ongoing developmental programs
like National Food Security Mission (NFSM). Practices related to residue management
by way of machinery can be scaled through custom hiring centers, farm machinery banks
and through National Submission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM). Promising
technologies related to horticulture can be integrated into the Mission for Integrated
Development of Horticulture (MIDH). Similarly, other promising resilient practices which
can minimize the impact of climatic stresses can be scaled through mainstreaming in to
the ongoing developmental programmes for their largescale spread among the farming
community.
There is also a need to strengthen the weather forecasts including extreme weather
events and agro-advisory services so that farmers can take informed decisions about the
impending weather. Strengthening the existing district agromet field units (DAMUs),
issuance of agro-advisories based on downscaled forecast at the block level, disseminating
advisories to large numbers of farmers is the need of the hour. Further, the spread of the
promising technologies by KVKs, state extension departments, NGOs, etc. by integrating
these technologies into their ongoing programs will help in their spread among the farming
community. Largescale awareness and capacity building is also needed for enhancing
adoption of promising technologies. Such efforts will enhance resilience of the various
sectors of Indian agriculture to extreme events.
43
ndia Coordinated Research Project on 8.Agrometeorology
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ResearchGate

Technical Report · June 2022

Santanu Kumar Bal

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Climate Change and Agriculture View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

Heat Wave 2022 (NICRA)

ICAR – Central Research

Executive Summary vii

National Innovations in Cli

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its recent report

This analysis is an attempt to address the problem faced by Indian

It has caused yield reductions in rabi crops especially under late

I appreciate the efforts of the scientists of ICAR-CRIDA, AICRP-AM

Favorable conditions for heat wave in India

2.2. Heat wave declaration criteria

2.3. Heat wave characteristics

2.4. Heat wave impacts on agriculture

2.4.2. Physiological impacts

2.6. Heat wave prone districts of India

North India: Punjab, Allahabad and Lucknow (UP), Gaya

West India: Vidarbha and Marathwada (Maharashtra), Churu

Central India: Jashpur (Chhattisgarh), Harda (Madhya

Source: Bal and Minhas, 2017

Source: AICRP on Agrometeorology

Source: AICRP on Agrometeorology

National Innovations in Cli

Raipur-Tc mpc1•:.1 ture R:.1ipur-R:.1info ll

National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture

ICAR-Central2 Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

1':.anpur-Temperature h::1npur- R:1infal l

J ~, balpur-Tem perat ure J:1b:1 Jpur-Rainfa ll

Weekly temperature deviation maps of meteorological subdivisions Jammu & Kashmir,

ndia Coordinated Research Project on Agrometeorology

Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059 z

Source: AICRP on Agrometeorology

ICAR-Central Research Insti

Rainfall deviation (%)

-100 -100 -88 -83 -100

-98 -100 -100 -100

-100 -100 -100

-100 -100 -100

Fig 3: Weekly rainfall departure during February-May 2022

Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059

Himachal Pradesh - - Jammu &Kashmir - - Utta rakha nd - Punjab - - HCD

Source: AICRP on Agrometeorology

Scorching of leaves of lemon and fruit drop in Kinnow in

Impact of heat waves on lemon, mango and pomegranate

Impact of increased temperature in vegetables in Bathinda district of

Impact of heat wave on poultry in TDC-NICRA districts of J&K and Punjab

Technological options to mitigate the effect of heat wave on vegetables

Cucurbitaceous vegetables (Sponge gourd, Cucumber, Muskmelon)

• Provide insulation on top of the shed

Measures to minimize the losses during heat stress

Technology Yield (q/ha)

Wheat sown with happy seeder 45-46 (97%)

Providing irrigation during heat stress 46-47 (98%)

Timely sowing with happy seeder 45-46 (97%)

Late sowing of wheat after Nov 15th 2022 41-42 (93%)

Technology Yield (q/ha)

Wheat sowing by 15-30 Oct, 2022 34-35 (91-95%)*

Wheat sowing during I fortnight of Nov, 2022 34 (91%)

ZT sowing of wheat with heat tolerant variety WR 5444 35 (95%)