TABULAR and

STATISTICAL GRAPHICAL
ANALYSIS WITH DISPLAYS of DATA

SOFTWARE
APPLICATION (LAB)
Prepared By
Cynthia SM Jacob
School of Business, Management, and Accountancy
 Learning Objectives
Organize categorical and
numerical data into a frequency
distribution table

Construct the appropriate graph

for a frequency distribution

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 Methods of Data Presentation
Data presentation refers to organization of data into tables,
graphs or charts, or any other way so that logical and
statistical conclusions can be drawn from the gathered
data.

Three methods of presenting data:

1. Textual
2. Tabular
3. Graphical
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 Textual Presentation
• The data gathered are presented in paragraph form.
• Collected data are written and read.
• The presentation is a combination of texts and figures.
Example:
• The unemployment rate in the Philippines dropped to 6 percent in June
2022 from 7.7 percent in the same month a year earlier, as the economy
recovered further from the coronavirus disruptions. The number of
unemployed was at 2.99 million, down from 3.77 million in June 2021.
Meantime, the number of employed came in at 46.59 million, up from
45.08 million the year before. Among sectors, people working in the
service sector accounted for 56.5 percent of the total employment,
followed by agriculture (24.5 percent) and industry (19.0 percent). The
labor force participation rate fell to 64.8 percent from 65.1 in June 2021.
In May 2022, the jobless rate was also at 6.0 percent.
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

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 Tabular Presentation
• Data are The table below shows the most recent prices per liter of
octane-95 gasoline, regular diesel, and other fuels. These
presented in a are retail (pump) level prices, including all taxes and fees.
statistical table. The information is updated weekly.

• It is a systematic
organization of
data utilizing
columns and
rows.
Source: GlobalPetrolPrices.com

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 Graphical Presentation
Bar Graph

➢Used to compare some characteristic among groups,

or to track changes over time

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Graphical Presentation: Bar Graph

Unemployment Rates in the Philippines

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Graphical Presentation: Bar Graph

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 Graphical Presentation –
Pie Chart

➢Designed to show how a whole is divided into various

parts, with the parts usually given in percentages

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Graphical Presentation: Pie Chart

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 Graphical Presentation
Line Graph

➢Used to present data that change continuously over time

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Graphical Presentation: Line Graph

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 Test Your Understanding
Case 1.

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 Test Your
Understanding
Case 2.

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 Frequency Distribution Table
Ungrouped and Grouped Data

Raw data, or data that have not been summarized in any

way, are also referred to as ungrouped data.
Data that have been organized into a frequency
distribution are called grouped data.
The distinction between ungrouped and grouped data is
important because the calculation of statistics differs for
the two types of data.

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 Constructing an FDT
✓Step1. Compute the range (R), the difference between the highest and lowest
values in the set.
R = highest observed value (HOV) – lowest observed value (LOV)

✓ Step 2. Determine the number of classes (k) that will be used using the
square root rule.
k = 𝑛 where n is the number of values in the data set
Since k is used to count the number of classes, its value should always be
rounded off to the nearest whole number.

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 Constructing an FDT
✓ Step 3. Determine the class size (c). Class size must be uniform for all
classes in the fdt. Its precision must be the same as that of the raw
data.
𝑹
𝒄=
𝒌
✓ Step 4. Set up the class limits , assigning the LOV as the lower limit of
the first class.

✓ Step 5. Tally the observations for each class and summarize the results
in the column “frequency ”.

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 Constructing an
FDT
ADDITIONAL FDT COLUMNS

A. True class boundaries (TCBs)– these remove discontinuity between classes,

and are used in graphing the FDT
Lower true class boundary (LTCB) = lower limit – ½ unit of precision

Upper true class boundary (UTCB) = upper limit + ½ unit of precision

B. Class mark (CM)– also referred to as the class midpoint, is the value halfway
between the two endpoints of a class
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
class mark = 2
or
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝐶𝐵 + 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝐶𝐵
class mark =
2

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 Constructing an
FDT
ADDITIONAL FDT COLUMNS

C. Relative frequency (RF ) – frequency of a class as a percentage of the total

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Relative frequency = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 × 100%

D. Cumulative frequency (CF ) – a running total of frequencies through the classes

of a frequency distribution

E. Relative cumulative frequency (RCF ) – cumulative frequency of a class as a

percentage of the total
𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Relative cumulative frequency = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
× 100%

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 Constructing an FDT – An Illustration
Consider the following grades of 40 students in a quiz in statistical
analysis. Summarize the data in a frequency distribution containing all
seven columns enumerated.
75 80 82 90 76 81 92 93 91 82
88 76 75 82 93 84 88 78 90 92
77 91 88 83 76 80 79 91 82 85
77 76 79 80 75 71 76 79 82 88
1. Identify the HOV and the LOV to compute the range.
R = 93 – 71 = 22

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 Constructing an FDT – An Illustration
2. Determine the number of classes to use
k = 40 ≈ 6.32 → 6
3. Determine the class size
22
c = = 3.666 ത ≈ 4 (to make it the same precision as the raw data)
6
CLASS LIMITS

4. Set up the class limits 71 - 74

75 - 78
79 - 82
83 - 86
87 - 90
91 - 94

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 Constructing an FDT – An Illustration
5. Tally the observations

CLASS LIMITS FREQUENCIES

71 - 74 1
75 - 78 11
79 - 82 12
83 - 86 3
87 - 90 6
91 - 94 7

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 Constructing an FDT – An Illustration
6. Add additional columns

CLASS LIMITS FREQUENCIES TCBs CMs RF(%) CF RCF(%)

71 - 74 1 70.5 – 74.5 72.5 2.5 1 2.5
75 - 78 11 74.5 – 78.5 76.5 27.5 12 30.0
79 - 82 12 78.5 – 82.5 80.5 30.5 24 60.5
83 - 86 3 82.5 – 86.5 84.5 7.5 27 67.0
87 - 90 6 86.5 – 90.5 88.5 15.5 33 82.5
91 - 94 7 90.5 – 94.5 92.5 17.5 40 1000.
TOTALS 40 100.0%

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Graphs of a Frequency Distribution Table
Histogram
A type of vertical bar chart used to depict a frequency
distribution; rectangular bars are constructed at the boundaries
of each class; a useful tool in differentiating the frequencies of
classes

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 Histogram
CLASS LIMITS CLASS FREQUENCIES
BOUNDARIES
71 - 74 70.5 – 74.5 1
75 - 78 74.5 – 78.5 11
79 - 82 78.5 – 82.5 12
83 - 86 82.5 – 86.5 3
87 - 90 86.5 – 90.5 6
91 - 94 90.5 – 94.5 7

scale break

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 Frequency Polygon
A line graph used to show
frequencies of the classes
CLASS LIMITS CLASS
FREQUENCIES
MARKS
71 - 74 1 72.5
75 - 78 11 76.5
79 - 82 12 80.5
83 - 86 3 84.5
87 - 90 6 88.5
91 - 94 7 92.5

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 Cumulative Frequency Polygon
Also referred to as a frequency ogive; a
graphical representation of the cumulative
frequency distribution; most useful when
the decision-maker wants to see running
totals; steep slopes can be used to identify
sharp increases in frequencies
CLASS CLASS CF
F
LIMITS BOUNDARIES
71 - 74 1 70.5 – 74.5 1
75 - 78 11 74.5 – 78.5 12
79 - 82 12 78.5 – 82.5 24
83 - 86 3 82.5 – 86.5 27
87 - 90 6 86.5 – 90.5 33
91 - 94 7 90.5 – 94.5 40

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