Directional Drilling

Directional Drilling
An Overview
© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 1

All rights reserved.
Introduction
z Historical Notes
z Directional Drilling Applications
z Drilling Technology Overview
z Well Planning
z Directional Control Methods
– Rotary Assemblies
– Steerable Systems
– Surveying Overview
• Data gathering techniques
• Calculation methods
z Conclusion

Historical Notes
Spring Pole method of early

drilling
Drilling rig
- salt production

Historical Notes (cont’d)
Raining Oil - A gusher before

shutting in
Rough necks resting - No rotary table

or kelly

Historical Notes (Continued)
First Openhole Single Shot Survey,

Long Beach, CA.
Long Beach CA., Shoreline Drilling

(1930’s)

Kick Off Sub (KOS) Double Tilt Universal (DTU) Motor

Bent Sub & Motor Motor Double Kick Off (DKO)
Motor Fixed Angle Build (FAB) Motor
2 4
1 3 5
BOS
BOS
BOS
BOS
Double Alignment Kick Off

(DAM) Motor Adjustable Kick Off
(AKO) Motor
7 6
BOS

Inclination
Resistivity Measurement
Neutron
Gamma Ray
Density
z Multiple depths of investigation for quantitative determination of formation

resistivity (Rt)
z Early bed boundary detection
z A near bit inclinometer, enabling quick response to inclination changes
z A steerable motor system, permitting variable build rates for up to 15°/100 ft
z Resistivity measurements available in either oil base or water base muds
z Dual azimuthal gamma ray sensors 180° apart, providing high and low side
measurements.
Applications Of Directional Drilling
Definition of Directional Drilling:
Directional drilling is the science of directing a

wellbore along a predetermined trajectory to
intersect a designated sub-surface target

z Multiple wells from offshore structures

z Relief wells

z Controlling vertical wells
Corrected Original Well Path

Well Path

z Sidetracking
Original Well Path

Sidetrack
Corrected Original Well Path
Well Path
Sidetrack
Original Well Path

z Inaccessible locations

Applications of Directional Drilling
z Fault drilling

z Salt dome drilling

z Shoreline drilling

z Horizontal Drilling - Long, Medium, and Short Radii
2°- 6°/100ft
3000-1000ft radii 6°- 60°/100ft
700-125ft radii
1.5°- 3°/ft
40-20ft radii
Long Radius Medium Radius
Short Radius

z Re-entry/Multi-lateral wells

Drilling Technology Overview
Build Rate (deg./100’, deg/30m) 3 6 12 18 24 30 60 90 120 150

Curvature Long Medium Short
Conv Rotary Specialty Motors
Tool Type Conventional Drilling Motors

Articulated Motors
Collar
MWD Type (Secondary Application) Probe (Primary Application)
(Secondary Application) Flexible (Primary Application)
Conventional - No Limit Composites
Pipe Rotation Premium - Limited Rotation

Slide Drill - No Rotation
Conventional - No Restrictions
Completions Special
Project Specific
Radius (ft.) 2000 1000 600 300 200 100 60 40

NTS
Radius (m) 600 300 180 90 60 30 18 12
Well Planning
Reference Systems and
z Depth Reference Coordinates
– Measured Depth
– True Vertical Depth
z Inclination Reference
– Vertical Reference
z High Side Reference
z Direction Measurement
– Azimuth Reference
– Quadrant Bearings

Well Planning
Reference Systems and Coordinates
z Depth Reference
– Measured Depth (MD)
– True Vertical Depth (TVD)
True Vertical
Depth Measured Depth
Along Hole Path

Well Planning
z Inclination (Drift)
– The angle (in degrees)
between the local vertical
(local gravity vector as
indicated by a plumb bob)
and the tangent to the well
bore axis at a particular point.
– By oilfield convention, 0° is
vertical and 90° is horizontal. 3° 10°
30
30°
Drift - Degrees from Vertical to High Side
(Vertical Plane)
Well Planning
z Toolface
– Rigsite use of the term High Side
o
“toolface” is often used as a 0 TFO
shortening of the phrase
“toolface orientation”. This can
be expressed as a direction from
North or topside of the wellbore.
High Side
– Toolface Orientation is the o
0 TFO
angular measurement of the
toolface of a deflection tool with
respect to either North or up 90
o
Low Side
(highside). o
180 TFO
TFO - Degrees from High Side to Tool Face Scribe

(Horizontal Hole Section Plane)

Well Planning
z Highside/Magnetic Toolface High Side

– Highside Toolface
• indicates whether a
component is facing up,
down, to the left or right
– Magnetic Toolface
• an angular measurement Magnetic TFO
from North. N
W
E
TFO
Magnetic TFO - Degrees from North to Tool Face Scribe
(Horizontal Plane)

Well Planning

Well Planning
z Azimuth (Hole Direction)
– The azimuth of a borehole at a
point is the direction of the
borehole on the horizontal plane,
measured as a clockwise angle
(0°- 360°) from the North
reference.
– All magnetic tools give readings
referenced to Magnetic North;
however, the final calculated
coordinates are referenced to
either True North or Grid North. N
W E
S Azimuth
Azimuth - Degrees from North to High Side

(Horizontal Plane)
Well Planning

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
– Type Of Directional Pattern
• Type 1 - Build And Hold
• Type 2 - “S” Type Well
• Type 3 - Deep Kick-Off and Build
• Type 4 - Horizontal

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
Kick-Off Point
z Type 1 - Build and Hold
z Type 2 - “S” Type Well Build-Up Section
End Of Build
z Type 3 - Deep Kick-Off and Build
z Type 4 - Horizontal
Tangent Section
Target

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
z Type 1 - Build and Hold Kick-Off Point
z Type 2 - “S” Type Well
Build-Up Section
End Of Build
Tangent Section
Start of Drop
Drop Section
End Of Drop
Hold
Target

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
Kick-Off Point
Build-Up Section
Target

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
Kick-Off Point
Build-Up Section
End Of Build
Target

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
– Target
– Kick-Off Point & Build Up Rate
– Tangent Section
– Drop-Off Section
– Horizontal Projection

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
– Target –
Target Area;

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
– Kick-Off Point & Build Up Rate
Surface
Location
Kick-Off Point
Horizontal
Section
S
Build-Up Rate
Degrees /100ft
Vertical
Section

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
– Tangent Section
Tangent Section
End of Build

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
– Drop-Off Section
Drop-Off Section

Well Planning
z Well Trajectory
– Horizontal Projection
Surface
Location
Horizontal
Section
Vertical
Section

Well Planning
Drilling Considerations
Drill String Design
z Determine maximum operating limit for WOB and
slack-off
z Determine required topside equipment and rig size
specifications
z Optimize well profile for minimum torque and drag
z Design BHA drillstring configurations
z Assess impact of doglegs or sidetracks on torque
z Determine overpull limits

Well Planning
Drill String Design
z Cumulative stress of the string
z Fatigue endurance limit (when rotating)
z Maximum top drive/rotary table torque
z Surface power requirements
z Rig/pipe overpull capacity
z Tooljoint make-up torque
z Surface pump pressure capacity
z Maximum WOB - buckling in the drillstring while drilling
z High wall forces leading to casing wear, key-seating
and high torque
Well Planning
Casing Design
z Off-set well information
z Casing set depths
– frac gradients
– legal requirements
– isolate problem zones
– optimize well completion
z Select hole sizes
z Select casing weight & grade
– burst pressure
– collapse pressure
– tensile load

Well Planning
Casing Design – Casing Selection Sheet
Casing & Liner Size, in. 4 4 1/2 5 5 1/2
Bit & Hole Size, in. 4 3/4 5 7/8 6 1/8 6 1/2 7 7/8
7 3/8
Casing & Liner Size, in. 6 5/8 7
7 3/4
8 3/8 9 5/8
Bit & Hole Size, in. 7 7/8 8 1/2 8 3/4 9 1/2 10 5/8 12 1/4
9 5/8 11 3/4 13 3/8

Casing Size, in. 8 5/8
9 7/8
10 3/4
11 7/8 14
Bit & Hole Size, in. 10 5/8 12 1/4 14 3/4 17 1/2
11 3/4 13 3/8
Casing Size, in. 11 7/8 14
16 20
Bit & Hole Size, in. 14 3/4 17 1/2 20 26
Casing Size, in. 16 20 24 30

Well Planning
z Bit Program
z Economic evaluation
– Cost/foot
z Rock mechanics stress evaluation
z Bit type recommendation

Well Planning
Drilling Fluid Program - Drilling “Mud” Functions
z Cool and lubricate the bit
z Clean the bottom of the hole
z Carry cuttings to the surface
z Permit cuttings removal from the mud at the surface
z Deposit an impermeable wall cake
z Over come formation fluid pressures
z Prevent caving of the borehole walls
z Avoid damage to productive zones
z Allow interpretable electric logs to be obtained
z Protect the drill pipe against corrosion

Well Planning
Drilling Fluid Program- Drilling “Mud” Characteristics
z Weight
z Rheology
z Plastic viscosity
– Yield point
– Gel strength
– Funnel
z Filtrate
– Quantity
– Quality
z Other
– Lubricity
– Corrosivity
– Osmatic effects 15
Well Planning
z Torque and Drag Considerations
– Depth Control
– Orientation Of Drilling and Completion Tools

Well Planning
Torque And Drag Considerations

T
FN
W = Buoyed Weight of Pipe

T = Axial Tension
FN = Resultant Normal Force
W
T
Well Planning
– Depth Control
Microsoft ClipArt Gallery
25ft movement
at surface
Depth Related
< 10ft movement downhole

Well Planning
z Torque And Drag Considerations
– Orientation Positioning
6 Rotations at
Surface (6 x 360°)
Depth Related
~ 1/2 Rotation Downhole (180°)

Well Planning
– To alter the effect of drag:
• Change the friction coefficient
• Change the directional profile of the well
• Change the string weight

Directional Control Methods
z Rotary Assemblies
– Side Force and Tilt Angle
– Fulcrum Principle
– Stabilization Principle
– Pendulum Principle
– Drill Collar Stiffness
z Effect of Bit Type
z Effect of Formation
z Steerable Motors
– Positive Displacement Motor
– Modes of Operation
• Oriented
• Rotary
Rotary Assemblies
z Side Force and Tilt Angle
– Factors affecting bit trajectory
• Gauge and placement of stabilizers
• Diameter and length of drill collars
• Weight on bit
• Rotary speed
• Bit type Hole Gauge
• Formation anisotropy and Side Force

at Bit
dip angle of the Bedding
planes Side Force
at Stabilizer
Resultant
• Formation hardness Force at Bit
• Flow rate Hole Axis Formation

Anisotropy
Bit Tilt Angle
• Rate of penetration

Rotary Assemblies
z The Fulcrum Principle
– is used to build angle (i.e. increase borehole
inclination)
z The Stabilization Principle

– is used to hold (maintain) angle and direction
z The Pendulum Principle

– is used to drop (reduce) angle

Rotary Assemblies
– is used to build angle (i.e. increase borehole inclination)
z The• Build
Stabilization Principle
rate will be increased by the following:
– Antoincrease
– is used in the distance
hold (maintain) anglefrom
andthe NB stabilizer
direction Weight
to the first ST stabilizer
– Increase in hole inclination
– is used to drop of
– Reduction (reduce) angle
drill collar diameter
– Increase in WOB
– Reduction in rotary speed
– Reduction in flow rate (in soft formations)
Component of Force
On High Side
Full Gauge
Near-bit
Stabilizer
Force

Rotary Assemblies



Rotary Assemblies


Bi
Fo t Si
rc de
WOB e
Force
Rotary Assemblies
z Effects of Formation on Bit Trajectory
– Isotropic
• Sandstone
– Anisotropic
• Shales
Bedding
Plane Fd
UNEQUAL Chip Volumes

Rotary Assemblies
z Dip Angle and Deviation Force
5000
Up Dip
Fd Deviation Force (LBF)

1000
Fd Deviation Force (N)
Down Dip Up Dip
2500 500
0 0
15 30 45 60 75
2500 500
Down Dip
1000
5000
Maximum deviation force as a function of formation Meaning of up-dip and down-

dip dip

Rotary Assemblies
Dog Leg Angle
S pot
Tr Dip Hard
an
si
t io
n
Dog Leg Angle
At high dip angles, deviation

At low dip angles, deviation tendency is up-dip
tendency is down-dip

Rotary Assemblies
30° 35°
35° 35° 35°

Be
dd
ing
Pla
ne
– Hole Inclination = 30° – Hole Inclination = 0° – Hole Inclination = 35°

– Real Dip Angle = 35° – Effective angle of dip equals real dip – Real Dip Angle = 35°
angle (35°)
– Effective Dip Angle = 30°+35°=65° – Effective Dip Angle = 0°
– There will be a up-dip deviation force
– There will be a down-dip deviation – There will be no deviation force
force

Steerable Motors

Steerable Motors
Double Adjustable Fixed Angle Build
Motor (DAM) (FAB) Motor
z Angle build configuration

– Oriented drilling only,
No drill string rotation
– Wellpath
• Controlled curvature
• Controlled direction
Θ Θ

Steerable Motors
Adjustable Kick-off
Double Tilted Housing Motor (AKO)
Motor (DTU)
z Angle hold configuration
z Course correction
– Oriented drilling
– Rotary drilling
• Behavior same as a
rotary drilling
assembly
• Hole slightly over size
Θ
Θ

Steerable Motor Deflection Devices
Bent Sub & Motor Kick Off Sub (KOS) Double Kick Off (DKO)
Motor Motor
1/2° - 3°/100ft Bent Sub ≤ 6°/100ft (30m)
(30m)
Large BOS
Large BOS 1/2° - 3°/100ft No Surface
(30m)
No Surface Rotation
Rotation Smaller BOS
No Surface
Rotation
Double Kick-Off
Sub
Kick-Off Sub
BOS BOS BOS

Fixed Angle Build Double Tilt Universal

(FAB) Motor (DTU) Motor
Flex Bent Sub

≤ 20°/100ft (30m)
Large BOS
No Surface ≤ 6°/100ft (30m)
Rotation
Small BOS
Surface Rotation
Bent Sub
Double Tilt
Housing
Tilted Drive Sub
BOS

Adjustable Kick Double Alignment Kick Off

≤ 12°/100ft (30m)
Off (AKO) Motor (DAM) Motor
Moderate BOS
Surface Rotation ≤ 20°/100ft (30m)
up Large BOS
to 8°/100ft (30m)
No Surface
Rotation Alignment
Bent Sub
Adjustable Kick-Off Sub
BOS

Positive Displacement Motor Overview
Bearing Deflection Stator By-Pass

Assembly Device Valve
Drive Sub a) Mono Lobe

(Bit Box) 1 Stage
b) Multi Lobe
Drive Sub Universal Joint Rotor

Assembly

PDM - By-Pass Valve
Open Closed
Drilling Fluid
Flow
Piston
Sleeve
Stator
Housing

PDM - Fluid Flow Path
Stator
(Elastomer)
Rotor
Direction
Of
Rotation
Fluid Flow
Universal
Joint

PDM - Lobe Configurations
1/2 2/3 3/4
5/6 7/8 9/10

PDM - Drive Line Components
Multi-part, Universal-Joint Shafts
Drilling Fluid
Flow Path
U-Joint Housing Drive Sub Rotor
Rotor
Universal Joint
Assembly

Flexible Shafts
Drilling Fluid
Flow Path
U-Joint Housing Drive Sub Rotor
Rotor
Flexible Shaft
Assembly

Bearing Assemblies - Mud Lubricated

Drilling Fluid
Pin Connection To
Universal Joint Flow Path
Assembly
Upper Radial Bearing Lower Radial Bearing

Assembly Assembly Drive Sub
Axial (Thrust) Bearing (Bit Box)
Assembly
Screw-On Stabilizer Sleeve
Bearing Housing

Bearing Assemblies - Sealed Oil Bath

Pin Connection To Drilling Fluid
Universal Joint Sealed Oil Flow Path
Assembly Reservoir
Marine Bearing Upper Rotary Thrust Bearing Lower Rotary

Face Seal Assembly Face Seal
Compensating Drive Sub
Assembly (Bit Box)
Upper Radial Lower Radial

bearing bearing

Sleeve Stabilizer Blade Type: Blade Matrix:
z Straight z Tungsten Carbide
z Spiral z Insert
z Tight Spiral
Blade Number: Blade Direction:

z 3 blades to z Left Hand
6 blades
z Right Hand
Integral Stabilizer
Blade Profile:
z Angle of Leading/Trailing Edge
z Area of Wall Contact (Blade Surface)

Oriented Mode
z Wellpath
– Controlled curvature
– Controlled direction
– No drill string rotation

Rotary Mode
z Wellpath
– Behavior same as a
rotary drilling assembly
– Hole slightly over size

Overview of Surveying
Why Wellbores are Surveyed
z Surveys are taken:
– To permit calculation of well coordinates at a series
of measured depths, thus specifying well path and
current bottomhole location
– To measure inclination and azimuth, hence well
direction
– To determine orientation of tool face
– To locate doglegs and allow calculation of dogleg
severity

Why Wellbores are Surveyed
z Accurate knowledge of the course of a wellbore is
necessary:
– To avoid collision with other wells
– To allow intersection by a relief well in the event of a
blowout
– To hit the geological target areas
– For equity determination
– To provide a better definition of geological and
reservoir data to allow for optimization of production
– To fulfill local and government regulations

Data Gathering Techniques
z Photographic film
– Disks / strip
z Memory modules
– Multi-shot / MWD
z Wireline
– Surface readout
z Mud Pulse Telemetry
– MWD

Technology Tree
Survey
Magnetic Gyroscopic
Low End High End Low End High End
OR OR / SS North
MS MWD Non SRG SRG Inertial
SS MS / ST Seeking
OR = Orientation
SS = Single-Shot MS = Multi-Shot ST = Steering Tools RG = Surface Readout Gyro
MWD = Measurement While Drilling

Magnetic Single-Shot
z Function
– Provides photographic
record of inclination,
direction and toolface
orientation at a single
point in the open hole
section of the well
z Limitations
– Requires non-magnetic
drill collars
– Temperature
– Must re-run to confirm
changes in toolface

Magnetic Multi-Shot
z Function
record of inclination and
direction throughout the
full open hole section of
the well
z Limitations
– Needs non-magnetic
drill collars
– Temperature
– Must be run when
tripping

Wireline Steering Tools
z Function
– Provides real-time
surface readout of,
inclination, direction
and toolface as drilling
progresses
z Limitations
drill collars
– Requires conducting
wireline
– Temperature
Electronic Multi-Shot
z Function
– Records inclination,
direction and toolface
– Records raw magnetic
and gravity field data
– All data electronically
measured and recorded
z Limitations
drill collars
– Temperature

Gyro Single-Shot
z Function
record of inclination,
direction and toolface at
a single point in the
wellbore
z Limitations
– Needs surface reference
direction Accuracy
effected by gyro drift
– Temperature
– Must re-run to confirm
changes to toolface
orientation

Gyro Multi-Shot
z Function
record of inclination and
direction throughout the
required section of a
wellbore
z Limitations
direction
– Accuracy effected by gyro
drift
– Inclination limits
– Temperature
Surface Readout Gyro
z Function
– Provides surface readout of
inclination and direction
throughout the required
section of a wellbore
– Provides surface readout of
orientation in magnetic
environments
z Limitations
direction
– Accuracy effected by gyro drift
– Inclination and Temperature
limits
North Seeking Rate Gyro
z Function
– Provides real-time
inclination, direction
and toolface at any point
in the wellbore
z Limitations
– Needs conducting
wireline
– Latitude
– Inclination > 70 °
– Moving environments

MWD Architecture
z Probe systems
– Battery powered
– 150°C (302°F)
– Modular
– Slim hole
z Collar systems
– Turbine powered
– 125°C (257°F)
– Non-retrievable
– Large hole

Retrievable Directional MWD
Flow Sub
Pulser Assembly
z Function
Lifting Sleeve – Compact MWD service with
Pulser Driver full suite of directional
Module
parameters.
Battery Pack
2" Probe O.D.

– Fully retrievable and
replaceable
Directional
Sensor Package
(DSP)
Spacing
z Limitations
Lander Assembly – Dated technology
Non-Magnetic – No FE Support
Drill Collar
– Only Western Hemisphere
UBHO Sub
– Size / Flow limits

Probe MWD
Alignment
Sub
z Function
Lifting
Sleeve
Transmitter
– Act as the platform for future
Pulser probe systems and motor
Driver
Module Battery integrated tools
Pack
– Provide a modular bus structure
Digital – Provide the foundation for small
Attitude
Sensor
hole and short radius MWD / FE
Flow
systems
Switch
Gamma
Module
z Limitations
End Cap Non-Magnetic
Drill Collar
– Not retrievable or replaceable

MWD (Short Radius)
• Efficiency
– Eliminate wireline
– Compliment Drilling Systems
• Safety
NaviGamma SR – No split bushings
MWD – BOP Operation
– Continuous circulation
• Cost
– Cost savings
– Assist the overall drilling project
economics
Interchangeable Sensor Modules

Directional Gamma
Short Radius Motor

Collar MWD
z Function
– Provide extremely
reliable borehole
surveying and drillstring
orientation in large hole,
non-magnetic
environments.
– Act as the platform for
all gamma, dynamic,
resistivity, and nuclear
measurements in large
size wellbores.
z Limitations
– Hot hole environments
Drilling Dynamics MWD
6¾” OD 8¼” (21cm) OD z Function

17.15cm 7¾” (19.7cm) OD
– Collect and transmit, real-time
measurements of downhole
weight-on-bit, and downhole
torque.
– Provide real-time data to
enhance drilling performance.
Sleeve Stabilizer
LOR Series 85 z Limitations
– Advanced interpretation and
Torque & collection techniques.
Weight Sensors
– Limited to use in Collar MWD.
Survey Calculation Methods
z Measured Values z Calculated Values

– Measured (along hole) – TVD
depth – Northing
– Inclination – Easting
– Azimuth – Vertical section
– Dogleg severity

z Tangential
z Balanced Tangential
z Average Angle
z Ten Chord
z Mercury
z Acceleration
z Radius of Curvature
z Minimum Curvature

∆ TVD1 = (CL x cos lavg z Average Angle
)
∆ Lat = CL x sin lavg x cos Bavg
)
∆ Dep = CL x sin lavg x sin Bavg )
lavg = I2 + I1 Station (1) - actual
2
Bavg = B2 + B1
Assumed course
2 ∆ TVD1
where: I2
TVD = true vertical depth Actual course

Bavg
Lat = latitude (North-South)
Dep = departure (East-West)
CL = course length Station (2) ∆ Lat N
UP W
I = inclination angle Projection of
actual wellbore
E
B = bearing angle
S
∆ Dep
B1 I2

z Radius of Curvature Station (2) - actual
∆ Lat = 1802 ∆MD (cos I1 - cos I2) (sin B2 - sin B1)

π2 (I2 - I1) (B2 - B1)
I1
∆ Dep = 180 ∆MD (cos I1 - cos I2) (cos B1 - cos B2)
2
∆ TVD
π2 (I2 - I1) (B2 - B1) Actual
wellbore
∆ TVD = 180 ∆MD (sin I2 - sin I1)
π (I2 - I1)
∆MD
cL
B1 ∆ Lat
N
Station 2 W UP
E
∆ Dep B2 S
I2

z Minimum Curvature Method

∆ North = ∆MD [sin I1 cos A1 + sin I2 cos A2] RF
2
∆ East = ∆MD [sin I1 sin A1 + sin I2 sin A2] RF

2 A1 DL
2
∆ Vert = ∆MD [cos I1 + cos I2] RF DL
2 2
I1 ∆ MD
DL
∆ Vertical
N
A2 ∆ North UP W
E
S
I2
© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated
∆ East 303-025 / 100
Build Rate (deg./100’, deg/30m) 3 6 12 18 24 30 60 90 120 150
Curvature Long Medium Short

Conv Rotary Specialty Motors
Tool Type Conventional Drilling Motors
Articulated Motors
Collar
MWD Type (Secondary Application) Probe (Primary Application)
(Secondary Application) Flexible (Primary Application)
Conventional - No Limit Composites
Pipe Rotation Premium - Limited Rotation

Slide Drill - No Rotation
Conventional - No Restrictions
Completions Specia
l
Project Specific
Radius (ft.) NTS 2000 1000 600 300 200 100 60 40
Radius (m) 600 300 180 90 60 30 18 12
Current Drilling System Tool
Configurations
z Long Radius
z Medium Radius
z Short Radius
Long Radius
Medium Radius
Short Radius

Configurations
z Long Radius
Long Radius
Medium Radius
Short Radius

Configurations
z Long Radius - Tool/Hole Size Matrix Configuration
MOTOR HOLE SIZE MOTOR MAXIMUM RADIUS STEERABLE RADIUS

SIZE TYPE BUR BUR
in. in. °/100ft-°/30m ft. m. °/100ft-°/30m ft. m.
3-1/8 3-1/2 to 4-3/4 AKO 40 143 43 20 286 86
3-3/4 4-1/4 to 5-7/8 AKO 16 358 107 5 1146 344
4-3/4 5-7/8 to 7-7/8 AKO 17 107 101 10 573 172
DTU 3.7 1549 465 3.7 1549 465
6-1/2 7-7/8 to 8-3/4 AKO 20 286 86 9 637 191
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 382
6-3/4 8-3/8 to 9-7/8 AKO 19 302 90 8 716 215
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 1273
8 9-1/2 to 12-1/4 AKO 14 409 123 7.5 764 229
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 1273
9-1/2 12-1/4 to 17-1/2 AKO 12 478 143 7 819 246
DTU 3.6 1592 477 3.6 1592 477
11-1/4 17-1/2 to 26 AKO 11 521 156 7 819 246
DTU 4 1432 428 4 1432 428
* Long radius tool configuration may require top and bearing assembly stabilization, if so the
maximum BUR and steerable BUR will be lower than indicated.
Configurations
z Medium Radius
Long Radius
Medium Radius
Short Radius

Configurations
z Medium Radius - Tool/Hole Size Matrix Configuration
MOTOR HOLE SIZE MOTOR MAXIMUM RADIUS STEERABLE RADIUS
SIZE TYPE BUR BUR
in. in. °/100ft-°/30m ft. m. °/100ft-°/30m ft. m.
3-1/8 3-1/2 to 4-3/4 AKO 40 143 43 20 286 86
3-3/4 4-1/4 to 5-7/8 AKO 16 358 107 5 1146 344
FAB 20.9 274 82 0 0 0
4-3/4 5-7/8 to 7-7/8 AKO 17 107 101 10 573 172
DTU 3.7 1549 465 3.7 1549 465
FAB 19.4 295 89 0 0 0
FAB* 25 229 69 0 0 0
6-1/2 7-7/8 to 8-3/4 AKO 20 286 86 9 637 191
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 382
6-3/4 8-3/8 to 9-7/8 AKO 19 302 90 8 716 215
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 1273
FAB 20 286 86 0 0 0
8 9-1/2 to 12-1/4 AKO 14 409 123 7.5 764 229
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 1273
FAB 12.4 462 139 0 0 0
9-1/2 12-1/4 to 17-1/2 AKO 12 478 143 7 819 246
DTU 3.6 1592 477 3.6 1592 477
11-1/4 17-1/2 to 26 AKO 11 521 156 7 819 246
DTU 4 1432 428 4 1432 428
* If short power section is used Maximum BUR 25°/100ft (/30m)

Configurations
z Short Radius
Long Radius
Medium Radius
Short Radius

Configurations
z Short Radius - Tool/Hole Size Matrix Configuration
3-1/8" Short Radius 3-3/4" Short Radius 4-3/4" Short Radius 4-3/4" 30m Radius 6-1/2" Short Radius
MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS
System R18 System R12 System R12 System R30 System R30
Tool Size (inches) 3-1/8 3-3/4 4-3/4 4-3/4 6-1/2
Motor OD (inches / mm) 3-1/8 / 79.4 3-3/4 / 95.3 4-3/4 / 120.7 4-3/4 / 120.7 6-1/2 / 165.10
Curve Radius (feet / meters) 60 - 143 / 18-44 40 - 85 / 12-26 40 - 100 / 12-30 80 - 180 / 24.5-55 85 - 190 / 26-58
Curve BUR (°/100 ft.) 40 - 100 67 -146 58 -146 32 -71 30 - 67
Hole Size Drilled (inches) 3-7/8 4-1/2, 4-3/4 5-7/8, 6 5-7/8, 6 8-3/8
Motor Length (ft. / m) 14 / 4.3 12 - 17 / 3.5-5.2 12 - 17 / 3.5-5.2 12 - 17 / 3.5-5.2 15-17 / 4.7-5.3
Motor Weight (lbs / kg) 330 / 150 400 / 180 650 / 295 700 / 320 660 / 330
Minimum Hole Size Above
KOP - (1/8"over bit size, inches) 4 4-5/8, 4-7/8 6, 6-1/8 6, 6-1/8 8-1/2
Minimum Casing Size Above 5-1/2" 20#, 4-1/2" bit 7" 29#, 5-7/8" bit 7" 26#-32#, 5-7/8" bit
KOP - ( inches) 4-1/2" 11.6# 5-1/2" 17#, 4-3/4" bit 7" 26#, 6" bit 7" 23# - 29#, 6" bit 9-5/8" 36#, 8-3/8" bit
Max. Op. Temp. (°F / °C) 260 / 127 260 / 127 260 / 127 260 / 127 260 / 127
MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS 3-1/8" Short Radius 3-3/4" Short Radius 4-3/4" Short Radius 4-3/4" 30m Radius 6-1/2" Short Radius
Flow Rate (GPM / l/min) 80-160 / 300-600 133-185 / 500-700 132-230 / 500-850 132-230 / 500-850 265-480 / 1000-1800
Bit Speed (RPM) 182-365 260-370 150-255 150-255 110-200
Max. Diff. Press. (psi / bar) 613 / 40 683 / 48 341 / 24 512 / 36 430 / 30
Op. Torque (ft-lbs / Nm) 440 / 600 679 / 920 605 / 820 1048 / 1420 2150 / 2900
Box Up 3" CDP Pin 2-7/8" Hydril PH6 2-7/8" Hydril PH6 NC 38 NC 38
Make Up Torque (ft-lbs / Nm) 2655 / 3600 3500 / 4747 3500 / 4747 12800 / 17360 12800 / 17360


Directional Drilling

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Directional Drilling

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 1

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 2

Spring Pole method of early

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 3

Raining Oil - A gusher before

Rough necks resting - No rotary table

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 4

First Openhole Single Shot Survey,

Long Beach CA., Shoreline Drilling

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 5

Kick Off Sub (KOS) Double Tilt Universal (DTU) Motor

Double Alignment Kick Off

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 6

z Multiple depths of investigation for quantitative determination of formation

Definition of Directional Drilling:

Directional drilling is the science of directing a

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 8

z Multiple wells from offshore structures

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 9

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 10

z Controlling vertical wells

Corrected Original Well Path

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 11

Original Well Path

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 12

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 13

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 14

z Salt dome drilling

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 15

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 16

z Horizontal Drilling - Long, Medium, and Short Radii

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 17

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 18

Build Rate (deg./100’, deg/30m) 3 6 12 18 24 30 60 90 120 150

Tool Type Conventional Drilling Motors

MWD Type (Secondary Application) Probe (Primary Application)

(Secondary Application) Flexible (Primary Application)

Conventional - No Limit Composites

Pipe Rotation Premium - Limited Rotation

Radius (ft.) 2000 1000 600 300 200 100 60 40

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 20

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 21

TFO - Degrees from High Side to Tool Face Scribe

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 23

z Highside/Magnetic Toolface High Side

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 24

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 25

Azimuth - Degrees from North to High Side

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 27

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 28

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 29

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 30

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 31

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 32

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 33

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 34

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 35

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 36

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 37

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 38

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 39

© 1997 Baker Hughes Incorporated 303-025 / 41

Casing & Liner Size, in. 4 4 1/2 5 5 1/2