Drilling Oil and Gas wells

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A Spectrum of D&C activity
 Overview
Where are the Hydrocarbons?
Why Drill Wells?
Where does Drilling fit?
Types of wells

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Types of Rig
Drilling Hardware
Drilling Fluid
Directional Drilling
Discussion Time
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WHERE ARE THE
HYDROCARBONS?
 What makes an oil or gas field?

• Mature source rock

• Migration focus
• Reservoir Late-moving

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• Seal
salt

• Structure TRAP RESERVOIR

• Relevant timing SEAL

Post
migration
MIGRATION trap

SOURCE
Source Rock S
• preservation of organic matter
• needs burial / heat
oil 110 – 130 C 2.5 – 3.5km
gas >150 C > 4km
• common source rocks include :

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mudstones, coal, limestone
• variety of environments
Reservoir R
• common reservoirs are sandstones, limestones
• porosity is decreased by compaction, cementation and clay

Original Sand
Compaction
(rigid grains)

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Grain -rimming
cement
“Clean Sand”
Compaction Pore -filling
(some ductile cement trend
grains)

“Dirty Sand” trend

Seal (or Caprock) C
• very small pore sizes
• capillary forces > buoyancy force
• cap rocks include : mudstones, evaporites
• evaporites are the best seal

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C

R
How do we explore?
The good old days - Zagros – Field mapping 1908

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Seismic reflection data

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C
R

S
3D Seismic – today’s primary tool

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Seismic reflection data
Girassol Field, Angola

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C
R

S
3D Visualization
Preliminary Development Well Planning - Angola
Drill Drill
Centre 1 Centre 2

Sea Bed

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Shallow Hazards

PP1 alt

Unit 1
Unit 4
Unit 1a Unit 3

Unit 2

Level of
OWC
 Why Drill Wells?
Collect data

Produce oil / gas

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Inject water / gas
 Where does Drilling fit?
Seismic
Exploration wells
140
Appraisal wells
120 Platform / production plant

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100
Production Rate

80
Production Development wells
60 - Production
- Injection
40

20
Abandonment
0 10 Years 20 Years 30 Years

Time
 What have BP said?

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Our resource progression Strategy
• build production with steadily improving cash
returns
• invest in the largest, lowest cost basins
Ref. 4Q 2004 Analysts Presentation, Feb.
• manage decline of existing production assets
 The Barrel Conveyor Belt
Exploration
capex
R&D / Field Development Capex
Trial $’s - Wellwork & D&C
- Facilities Upgrades
Appraisal capex - Development Facilities
-drilling
Technology
-other
Discoveries

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R&D NP3 adds

NP4 NP1-2 PUD PD

adds adds adds adds

Production
Key
= reserve stocks Wellwork Revex
= resource movements (Opex…) $$$($$$$)
BP Drilling & Completions Capex 2001-2011

8000

7000

6000

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millions of dollars

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
 Days Away From Work Cases (per 200,000 hours)
0.700

0.600 E&P Segment

0.500 Drilling and Wells

0.400

0.300

0.200

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0.100

0.000
1Q 99

2Q 99

3Q 99

4Q 99

1Q 00

2Q 00

3Q 00

4Q 00

1Q 01

2Q 01

3Q 01

4Q 01

1Q 02

2Q 02

3Q 02

4Q 02

1Q 03

2Q 03

3Q 03

4Q 03

1Q 04

2Q 04

3Q 04

4Q 04

1Q 05

2Q 05

3Q 05

4Q 05

1Q 06

2Q 06
Quarter

Fatalities
D&C Fatalities
4

0 0 0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

YTD
 Types of wells
Exploration
- are sometimes called a wildcat well, probe the earth where known
hydrocarbons exist to determined whether oil or gas are present.

Appraisal

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- are drilled to determine the extent of a field or the amount of area it covers.

Development wells/Production
- are drilled in a existing field to exploit the hydrocarbons.
Vertical wells

The wells are

 quick and
easy to drill

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and complete,
relatively
cheaply

Rig has to be

 directly over
the target

Mostly exploration
wells that are drilled in
isolation, once.
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Deviated wells

Cheaper

 Quicker
Easier

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Costs more

 Harder to do
Takes more time
 Why Directional Drilling?

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Platform of pad Salt Dome Drilling

Drainage Multilaterals
 Why Directional Drilling?

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Sidetracking Inaccessible Locations

Relief wells Fault Controlling

Horizontal wells

Can have the Rig

 in one place and

the target a long

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distance away.
One rig can
access many
targets

Costs a lot more

 Much harder to
drill
Takes more time
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How far can we drill?

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How far can we drill?

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How far can we drill?

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 Liberty Decision
BP Leases
Karluk 1

Endicott Zone 2
Duck Is. #3

Liberty Field Zone 1

Duck Island Unit Location Faults at LCU

Tern
Is #2 Faults at Top Kek.
Pt.Brower
28,500ft Tern
Is #1

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Liberty
#1

Point
Brower Tern
Is #3

Fo 32,200ft
g gy 30,100ft
Isl
an Badami Unit
dB
ay W. Mik
3 and 4
W. Mik 2

West East Badami

#2

Kad Kad
W. Mik 1

2 Miles
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RIG TYPES
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LAND RIG
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SHALLOW-WATER BARGE RIG
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JACK-UP RIG
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DRILLING PLATFORM
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SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE RIG
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DRILL SHIP
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 BP Step Out in GoM Deepwater
Empire Diana Mad Horn Thunder
State Bldg. Pompano Mars Ursa Hoover Holstein Dog Mtn Horse Atlantis Na Kika

1,000’

2,000’

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3,000’

4,000’

5,000’

Total Depth
6,000’

7,000’

8,000’
10,000’

15,000’

20,000’

Note: Conceptual illustration only 25,000’

30,000’
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Drilling Hardware
Hoisting System

Used for raising and

lowering the drilling
assembly, and for

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running casing,
completion equipment
and other tools in and
out of the hole.
Rotating System
A hexagonal or square pipe is connected to
the topmost joint of the drill string. The
rotary table and kelly drive bushing impart
rotation to the drill string while allowing it
to be moved up or down.

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As an alternative to the kelly and rotary
table, most modern rigs employ a Top
Drive system for rotating the drill string.
A powerful electric or hydraulic motor is
suspended from the traveling block.
Circulating System
During drilling, fluid is
continuously pumped
down the drill string,
through the bit, and up

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the annular space
between the hole and
the drill string. Its main
purpose is to bring up
the cuttings, cool the
bit, maintain hole
stability, and prevent
formation fluids from
entering the wellbore.
Circulating System & Solids Control

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Drilling Fluid
Estimating Wellbore Failure

Minimum
Stress
Hydraulic

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Fracture Shear
Pmud Failure

Maximum
Stress
 Mud Weight Window

Shear Failure Stable Borehole

Pore Pressure

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Overburden

Planned MW Minimum
Horizontal Stress
Minimum
Stress

Hydraulic
Fracture
Shear
Failure
Pmud
Tensile Failure

Maximum
Stress
0 ft Rig Datum - RKB

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BOP Stack
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 Porong, East Java, Indonesia

“The very earth is hemorrhaging and it seems no one knows what to do.”

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Porong, East Java, Indonesia

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Directional Drilling
Geometric Vs. Geologic Drilling

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Deviating a well.

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Modern Technology.

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& what ever you do don’t hit anything!

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Getting information from the well.

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MWD Continuous Wave Telemetry

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Real Time Formation Evaluation

Wet Sand

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Possible Hydrocarbon
Quality and volume of downhole
data

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Fit for purpose tools

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