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Chapter 01
Chapter 01
1.1.(a) Air flows adiabatically through a long straight circular section duct, 0.25 m diameter at
a measured mass flow rate of 40 kg/s. At a particular section along the duct the values of static
temperature T = 150 0 C and static pressure p = 550 kPa. Determine the average velocity of the
airflow and its stagnation temperature.
(b) At another station further along the duct, measurements reveal that the static temperature
has dropped to 147 0C as a consequence of wall friction. Determine the average velocity and the
static pressure of the airflow at this station.
Also determine the change in entropy per unit of mass flow between the two stations.
Solution
(a) From the gas law
p1 550 × 103
ρ1 = = = 4.53 kg/m 3
RT1 287 × 423
mɺ 40
c1 = = = 180 m/s Ans
ρ A 4.53 × 0.04908
π
where A = d 2 = 0.04908 m 2
4
c12 179.92
T01 = T1 + = 423 + = 439.1 K Ans
2C p 2 × 1004.5
As the flow is adiabatic, the energy of the air is conserved along the pipe, and h02 = h01
c22 c2
∴ C pT2 + = C pT1 + 1 ∴ c22 = c12 + 2C p ( −3) = 26373
2 2
T2 p γ T p
∆s = C p ln − R ln 2 = R ln 2 − ln 2
T1 p1 γ − 1 T1 p1
N.B.In this type of flow (called a FANNO FLOW) the entropy will always increase.
1.2. Nitrogen gas at a stagnation temperature of 300 K and a static pressure of 2 bar flows
through a pipe duct of 0.3 m diameter. At a particular station along the duct length the Mach
number is 0.6. Assuming the flow is frictionless, determine
Solution
γ
p0 γ − 1 2 γ −1
= 1 + M = 1.2755 ∴ p0 = 2.551 bar Ans.
p 2
T0 γ −1 2 T
and = 1+ M = 1.072 ∴ T = 0 = 279.9 K Ans.
T 2 1.072
π γR
and we have An = d 2 = 0.07069 m 2 and C p = = 1040 J/(kg K)
4 γ −1
Substituting values (and part evaluating) we have, for the LHS of the above equation
1 γ +1
−
γ M γ −1 2
2 γ −1 1.4 × 0.6 −3
1 + M = (1.072 ) = 1.0782
γ −1 2 0.4
Solution
From eqn. (1.12)
From eqn.(1.28a)
T2 p 150 50
∆s = C p ln − R ln 2 = 1.0045ln − 0.287 ln
T1 p1 200 150
∴∆s = −0.289 + 0.315 = 0.0263 kJ/kg ANS
4
1.5
g
1.7
gg
1.8
gg
gg
1.9
gg
1.6.Steam at a pressure of 80 bar and a temperature of 500 0C is admitted to a turbine
where it expandsto a pressure of 0.15 bar. The expansion through the turbine takes place
adiabatically with an isentropic efficiency of 0.9 and the power output from the turbine is 40
MW. Using a Mollier chart and/or steam tables determine the enthalpy of the steam at exit
from the turbine and the flow rate of the steam.
Use tables to find h1 = 3398 kJ/kg and s1 = 6.723 kJ/kg K at p1 = 80 bar and T1 = 5000 C .
( )
At the same value of entropy s2s = s1 use the steam tables or, more conveniently, a
Mollier chart we can determine h2s =2180 kJ/kg at p2 =0.15 bar.
Thus the isentropic enthalpy drop h1 –h2s = 1218 kJ/kg and the actual enthalpy drop is
Power output = mass flow of steam x actual enthalpy drop (in consistent units)
Wɺ = ( h1 − h2 ) mɺ
40 × 106
∴ mɺ = = 36.5 kg/s
1096.2 × 103
1.10. Carbon dioxide gas (CO 2) flows adiabatically along a duct. At station 1 the static pressure
p1 =120 kPa and the static temperature T 1 = 120 0C. At station 2 further along the duct the static
pressurep2 = 75 kPa and the velocity c 2 = 150 m/s.
Determine
(1) the Mach number M 2
(2) the stagnation pressure p02
(3) stagnationtemperatureT02
(4) the Mach number M 1
For CO 2 take R = 188 J/(kg K) and γ = 1.30.
For adiabatic flow h01 = h02 , ∴ h1 + 12 c12 = h2 + 12 c22 or C pT1 + 12 c12 = C pT2 + 12 c22
c12 − c22
Hence, T2 = + T1........ eqn A
2C p
c12 − 1502
or, T2 = 36884 / c1 = + T1 eqn.C
2C p
γ R 1.3 ×188
where C p = = = 814.7
γ −1 0.3
Eqn. C can be solved iterativly (or as a cubic) which should give c1 = 95.5 m/s .
c2 150
Results. (1) M 2 = = = 0.489
γ RT2 1.3 ×188 × 384.8
γ
γ − 1 2 γ −1 4.333
(2) p02 = p2 1 + M 2 = 75 ×103 1 + 0.15 × 0.4892 = 87.37 kPa
2
γ −1
(3) T02 = T2 1 + M 22 = 385.8 × [1 + 0.15 × 0.4892 ] = 399.6 K
2
95.5
(4) M 1 = c1 / a1 = = 0.308
1.3 ×188 × 393
11. Air enters the first stage of an axial flow compressor at a stagnation temperature of 20 0C and
at a stagnation pressure of 1.05 bar and leaves the compressor at a stagnation pressure of 11
bar. The total-to-total efficiency of the compressor is 83 per cent. Determine, the exit stagnation
temperature of the air and the polytropic efficiency of the compressor.
Solution
From eqn.(1.46a)
(γ −1) / γ
p02
−1
T02 s − T01 p01
ηc = = where T01 = 293 K
T02 − T01 T02
−1
T01
γ −1
p02 γ 11
0.2857
− 1 −1
T02 p01 1.05
Hence, = 1+ = 1+ = 2.1524
T01 ηc 0.83
From eqn.(1.50),
p02
ln
γ − 1 p01 2.349
ηp = = 0.2857
γ T02 0.7665
ln
T01
∴η p = 0.8756 Ans